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大学英语教程(1)全本翻译

大学英语教程(1)全本翻译
大学英语教程(1)全本翻译

How to Adjust to College Life

Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D.

Perhaps you were class president in high school. You could have graduated in the top percentile of your graduating class; perhaps you were even valedictorian. Actually, it doesn?t really matter what you did in high school as you make the transition to college.

You start college with a clean academic slate, along with a lot of independence and a myriad of critical decisions as you begin the transition into adulthood. The decisions that you make and the actions you take during this first year of college will have a major impact on the rest of your college experience.

The first few weeks on campus are extremely critical for all new students. It is during this time that you make critical decisions that will have an effect on the rest of your life. Some of these tips are critical during your first weeks, while the others are meant for longer-term guidance and survival. Whatever you do, be sure to be yourself and try to enjoy your college experience as much as possible.

Learn to cope with homesickness. It?s only natural that there will be times when you miss your family, even if you were one of those kids who couldn?t wait to get away. Find a way to deal with those feelings, such as making a phone call or sending some email home.

Don?t procrastinate; prioritize your life. This is the cardinal rule of adjusting to college life and making the most out of that first year, but it?s the rule that?s also the most easily broken. Whatever you do, don?t procrastinate o r put off assignments until the last minute. If you wait until the last minute, you won?t be able to produce the best product, and your instructor will be able to see that immediately.

Tackle roommate conflict. Learning to live with someone new can be one of the most challenging aspects of going to college. Different living habits are the most common source of roommate conflict (i.e. neat vs. messy; quiet vs. noisy; early-to-bed vs. up-all-night). To avoid roommate conflict you should communicate your needs and expectations respectfully, while recognizing your own habits that might affect your relationship. Your Roommate Contract is a great way to clarify expectations and enhance communication between you and your roommate(s). In the event of a conflict, try talking with your roommate(s) first to resolve the issue.

Go to class. Obvious, right? Maybe, but sleeping in and skipping that 8 am class will be tempting at times. Avoid the temptation. Besides learning the material by attending classes, you?ll also receive vital information from the professors about what to expect on tests, changes in due dates, etc.

Seek a balance. College life is a mixture of social and academic happenings. Don?t tip the balance too far in either direction. Study hard so you can play hard.

Get involved on campus. A big problem for a lot of new students is a combination of homesickness and a feeling of not quite belonging. A solution? Consider joining a select group of student or ganizations, clubs, sororities or fraternities, or sports teams. You?ll make new friends, learn new skills, and feel more connected to your school. Stay on campus as much as possible. The more time you spend on getting to know the campus and your new friends, the more you?ll feel at home at school.

Strive for good grades. Remember the words of the opening paragraph; while good grades could have come naturally to you in high school, you will have to earn them in college—and that means setting some goals for yourself and then making sure you work as hard as you can to achieve them.

Take advantage of the study resources on campus. Just about all colleges have learning labs and tutors ava ilable. If you?re having some troubles, these resources are another tool available to you. Another idea: form study groups.

Make time for you. Be sure you set aside some time and activities that help you relax. Whether it?s watching your favorite movies o r writing in a journal, be good to yourself.

Don?t feel pressured to make a hasty decision about a career or a major. It doesn?t matter if it seems as though everyone else seems to know what they?re doing with their lives—believe me, they don?t—college is the time for you to really discover who you are and what you want to be. It?s not a race; take your time and enjoy exploring your options.

Take responsibility for yourself and your actions. Don?t look to place the blame on others for your mistakes; own up to them and move on. Being an adult means taking responsibility for everything that happens to you.

Make connections with students in your classes. One of my best students said his technique in the first week of classes was to meet at least one new person in each of his classes. It expanded his network of friends—and was a crucial resource at times when he had to miss a class.

Find the Career Services Office. Regardless of whether you have your entire future mapped out, seek out the wonderful professionals in your college?s career services office and get started on planning, preparing, and acting on your future.

Keep track of your money. If you?ve never had to create a budget, now is the time to do so. Find ways to stretch your money and avoid all those cre dit card temptations you?ll soon be receiving.

Don?t cut corners. College is all about learning. If you procrastinate and cram, you may still do well on tests, but you?ll learn very little. Even worse, don?t cheat on term papers or tests. When you follow these suggestions you will certainly adapt to college life quickly, easily and without needing a lot of time to settle in. You will be off and running and should consider theses tips as your success guide for settling into college.

译文

如何适应大学生活

或许你在高中时是班长,或许你的毕业成绩名列前茅,甚至有可能你还是致告别词的学生代表。实际上,无论你在高中里做了什么,当过渡到大学时,这些都不重要。

学术上还是一片空白,拥有很强的独立性,以及伴随着大量的重要决定,你开始了大学生活,同时也在走向成人。大学第一年里你所做的决定以及采取的行动将会极大地影响你之后的大学生活。

对所有新生来说大学教育最初的几周是非常关键的,在此期间你所作的重大决定将会影响你的余生。对你来说,有些建议在最初几周里是非常重要的,而有些建议则会成为长期的指导和生存技巧。无论你做什么,确定做你自己并尽量享受大学的乐趣。

学会克服想家情绪。你会经常想家,这是非常自然的,即使你是一个迫不及待要逃离家庭的孩子。找到处理这些情感的办法,比如给家里打电话或发邮件。

不要拖延;规划你的生活。这是适应大学生活,充分利用大学第一年的主要原则。但这也是

最不容易遵守的一条原则。不论你做什么,请不要拖延,把作业留到最后一刻。如果你留到最后一刻,你就交不出高质量的作业,这一点老师立刻就能看出来。

处理好与室友的冲突。学会与人相处可能是步入大学的重大挑战之一。不同的生活习惯是导致室友间冲突的最常见的原因(比如:整洁和凌乱,安静和喧闹,早睡和熬夜)。要避免室友间的争吵,你应该礼貌地表达你的需要和希望,同时也要意识到自己的一些习惯和癖好可能会影响人际关系。室友协议是表明自己希望加强与室友沟通的一个好办法。倘若发生冲突,首先要试着与室友交流来解决问题。

按时去上课。毫无疑问,不是吗?或许是这样,但睡懒觉不去上8点钟的课有时是很具诱惑力的,你要抵制住这种诱惑。除了要按时上课,学习知识外,你还要从教授那里获取重要信息。比如考试要求,规定日期的变更等。

寻求平衡。大学里学生不仅要学习,还要参与社会活动,要处理好两者的关系。“努力学习,痛快玩耍”。

参与校园生活。对很多新同学来说,他们面临的问题是想家和没有归属感。如何解决?考虑加入一个社团组织,譬如说学生社团,俱乐部, 妇女联谊会或兄弟会,亦或运动队。你会结交新朋友,学习新技能,这样你会感觉到你与学校的联系更加紧密。尽可能多地呆在学校里,你对学校和朋友了解的越多,你就越有家的感觉。

争取好成绩。记住这几个字。在高中的时候, 你可能会比较容易地获得好成绩,然而在大学里你需要争取,这就意味着给自己设定一些目标,然后确保努力去实现它们。

利用校园里的学习资源。几乎所有的大学都有学习实验室和导师。当你有困难的时候, 你可以利用上述资源。另一种方法就是组成学习小组。

为自己腾出时间。保证你能留出一些时间来参加活动,以放松自己并释放一天或一周的压力。不管看你最喜欢的电视节目,还是写日记,都会对你有益。

不要因为感到有压力而对职业或专业做出草率决定。如果你感到好像周围的每个人都了解在生活中所做的一切,这也不要紧---相信我,他们并不知道---对你来说,大学生活能够让你真正了解自己,喜欢什么,擅长什么,和你想成为什么。这不是一场比赛;不用着急,享受这个探索选择的过程。

为自己和自己的行为承担责任。不要因为自己的错误去指责别人;承认错误,并进一步承担。作为一个成人意味着承担发生在你身上的一切责任。

保持和班里同学的联系。我的一个学生说他有一个办法,就是在第一周的每节课上至少结交一位新同学,这可以扩大他的朋友圈——当他不得不逃课的时候,这有时可以作为他重要的资源。

找到就业服务办公室。不管你进入学院时是否规划出整个未来,都要在大学就业服务办公室寻求好的专业,并开始对你的未来进行规划,准备和实施。

掌握你的费用。如果你从来没有要做一个预算,现在是时候去这样做了。想办法精打细算——尽你所能,避免很快就收到信用卡的付款要求。

不要走捷径。大学就是学习。如果你临时抱佛脚,你可能在考试中取得好成绩,但你学到的会很少。千万不要在学期论文和考试中作弊。

如果你遵循这些建议,你一定会很快地,轻松地适应大学生活。你应该把这些建议看做你适应大学生活的成功指南,你将会生活自如。

Vocabulary

A Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words listed in the box. Change the forms of these words if necessary.

1. Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood.

2. Now that the situation becomes critical, one must keep calm.

3. The natural environment for the survival of children has improved.

4. Beautiful colored illustrations enhanced the book.

5. He tried to tempt me to cheat in the examination.

6. Scientists explore what is and engineers create what has never been.

7. While the inclination to procrastinate is common, one must fully consider the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays.

8. The news that he was in trouble determined me to act at once.

9. She?s too hasty; she should learn to think twice before speaking.

10. Approval of the plan presupposes that the money will be made available.

11. Intensive efforts are being made to resolve the dispute.

12. Her work has been crucial to the project?s success.

B Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the words in the box. Make changes wherever necessary.

transition relax adapt resolve academic

available tackle assignment procrastinate social

According to statistical data from the National College Health Association, stress is the number one impediment to academic performance among college students. College life can be stressful, to be sure, but there are a number of resources available to help freshmen get rid of stress. There are things you can do to make the transition easier.

Beginning college usually involves adapting to a whole new lifestyle, which can be very stressful if you're not adept at tackling this change. Developing fulfilling relationships is a great way to acclimate yourself to the college environment and reduce some of this stress. To reduce your stress level, it may help to make yourself a daily or weekly schedule so you can focus on assignments as they become due. Procrastination can lead to stress if you let your academic work build up to much, so try to resolve the issues as you've scheduled them to avoid getting behind.

College involves a great deal of work, but it's important to be able to relax, too. Some students relieve stress through exercising, socializing, attending films or plays, or playing games. Not everyone relaxes in the same way, so find what works for you.

C Rewrite the following sentences with the help of the phrases and expressions in the box. The italicized part in each sentence may be of help in your task. The first sentence is done for you.

1. He makes use of her ignorance and simplicity; it isn't cricket.

He takes advantage of her ignorance and simplicity; it isn't cricket.

2. These by-products have a greater direct impact on our lives.

These by-products have a greater direct effect on our lives.

3. Countless lights twinkled like stars in the distance.

A myriad of lights twinkled like stars in the distance.

4. As a doctor, Brooks has to follow the latest developments in medicine.

As a doctor, Brooks has to keep track of the latest developments in medicine

5. She is determined to do irrespective of / despite all consequences.

She is determined to do regardless of all consequences.

6. In case of his death, his daughter will inherit the money.

In the event of his death, his daughter will inherit the money.

7. Inexperienced she was, she could deal with the difficulties wonderfully well.

Inexperienced she was, she could cope with the difficulties wonderfully well.

8. You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.

You must adjust to the norms of the society you live in.

9. The scientists struggle for a breakthrough in cancer research.

The scientists strive for a breakthrough in cancer research.

TRANSLATION

有些大学有两种主要的教学方式:研讨会和演讲。这种与高中的教学方式大相径庭的方法会对大一新生产生重大影响。研讨会是在友好轻松的气氛中围绕课文或是预定的话题进行讨论。这种方式有利于学生提出创新观点、全面考虑问题以及如何处理难题。通过团队合作,同学之间增进了友谊,扩大了朋友圈。演讲的价值在于将书本上没有的信息呈现给众多听众,在于将直观的材料呈现给听众。

There are two main forms of teaching in Nottingham University: seminar and lecture. They are very different from the sort of teaching most often used in high schools and have a major impact on freshmen.

In seminars you will have a discussion focusing on a text or topic set in advance in a friendly and informal atmosphere. The purpose is to provide an opportunity to try out new ideas and to think through problems with fellow-learners,and learn how to cope with difficulties. Students develop friendship through groups and expand their network of friends.The value of the lecture is that it can present to a large number of people information which is not readily available in books, and that it can show visual material to a wide audience.

You will feel strange since there are fewer teaching hours in the school timetable. Each week in the first year you may attend about six lectures and four to six seminars or tutorials. For the rest of the time you are working on your own, doing the necessary reading in preparation for tutorials or writing seminar papers. When writing an essay or carrying out a project work, you can often discuss with your companions about the title and topic.

How College Is Different from High School

Jennifer Klein and Alicia LaPolla

In the movie Old School, Luke Wilson and Vince Vaughn start a fake1 fraternity just so they can relive2 their college experience. To keep their status as a student organization, they must excel3 in a wide range of tasks that prove they are true college students. They master everything from academics to community service. Although the tale is just a movie, and you shouldn’t believe everything you hear, sometimes Hollywood gets a few things right. College really is the best time of your life. It is a time to be involved in4 everything your college or university will have to offer. When you reach your 30s, you will likely5 look back at your college experience and wish you

really could do it all over again. College is a time when the “cool kids” disappear. Who you eat lunch with does not define you as a person. There is no such thing as “un-cool.” Welcome to college, where you are now considered an adult.

High School vs. College: Being a First-Year Student/Orientation6

Being a first-year student is fun! Unlike high school, where your first year is usually filled with anxiety and the occasional wrong-classroom mishap7, colleges prepare first-year students with an orientation that builds a strong bond among class members. Many colleges offer additional early orientation programs8 (usually a camping trip or gathering hosted in a nearby city) to foster9 relationships before the school year even begins. Attend as many orientations options as possible. It will make your college transition easier if you already have bonds with your classmates. Once orientation is over and the upper-class students are back on campus, you will find that they are excited to meet the first-year students, and you become very comfortable in the college setting very quickly.

High School vs. College: The Learning Environment

Get used to saying “Professor” or “Dr.” Your teachers are no longer Mr. or Ms. Brown, but Professor or Dr. Brown, and guess what? You are expected to have an opinion! You are no longer a passive learner who just sits and listens to a teacher, occasionally writes a paper, and takes a test in which you are expected to simply reiterate10 what you have learned or been told by the teacher. You will not be provided with notes; rather, you are expected to figure out11 on your own12 what's important. (Professors are available during their office hours13for help if what's important is ever unclear.) In college your professors are expecting you to voice14 your thoughts, a nd disagreeing with the professor’s opinion is considered an interesting debate, not deviant15 behavior. Class participation and providing your own perspective16 and analysis are key to success in the college learning environment.

High School vs. College: Your Social Life

Balancing academic and social life is difficult. This balance is something that most likely your parents helped you with in high school. Now that you are in college, you can no longer rely on17 your parents for structure, rules, or academic motivation18. All of these are now in your hands. Being at college can be socially overwhelming19—an array of evening and weekend activities is open to you, including lectures, club/organization events, formals20, dorm events, and of course, parties. In addition, many students go to schools in a locale21 they have not lived in before, so a lot of time is spent exploring your new surroundings. Some students become so involved in social activities that they neglect their academics. While it is good to explore new surroundings and take advantage of22 social opportunities, it is imperative that you cut out time to focus on your studies. Some students find it helpful to spend studying time in the school library, where they can focus without any interruption. Forming study groups with peers23 from your classes can also be extremely helpful, as well as agreeing on a daily “study time” with your roommate, where your dorm room will adopt the atmosphere of the library. And speaking of roommates?

High School vs. College: Roommates

Many high school students have their own rooms. If high-school students do share a room, it is usually with a sibling24, and not a stranger. Unless you are coming from boarding school25, you most likely will need to adapt to26 life with roommate. Although some think having a roommate is an infringement27 on privacy, a roommate is actually a great benefit in college. The

first few weeks of college can be a lonely time —you are in a new place with new surroundings. A roommate can keep you company28 and will help you adapt to college life because you are adapting together. You immediately have someone who can go to the dining hall with you, explore the campus with you, help you find a class location, and share your social network29. In addition, with a roommate you can share the costs of college life. You and your roommate can figure out who can bring what into the dorm room, and can split30 groceries, additional furnishings, and other costs.

High School vs. College: Culture

If you are from anywhere other than a big city, most of your friends are probably a lot like you. You may not all share the same personality, but the things you consider “normal” are probably the same. Your parents are probably a lot like your friends’ parents. They probably even share the same tax bracket31. You go to the same type of restaurants as your friends. You and your friends probably share similar ideas of what is fun to do on a Friday night. Until you get to college, it rarely occurs to32 you that life could be any different—until you find yourself surrounded by hundreds of students just like you, with very different stories. You quickly learn that “normal” simply doesn't exist. One of the best things about going to college is the opportunity to interact33 with a wide variety of cultures. Students from the other side of the world and the other side of the county will likely both be living on your dorm floor. Take advantage of this amazing multicultural environment that you might never have access to again.

High School vs. College: What to Eat/The Freshman 1534

In high school, most likely your parent or guardian did most of the grocery shopping and cooking. Eating healthy was not something that you needed to think about because somebody else was buying and cooking the healthful food. Once in college, you have a wide variety of healthful and unhealthful foods to choose from every meal. Buffets35 of desserts are offered for both lunch and dinner. Empty carbohydrate36 snacks are usually staples37 of a dorm room. People make jokes about the “Freshmen 15,” but it is reality for many students. Less important than the weight gain is the unhealthful diet. Remember that it is very easy to eat healthfully while at college; you just need to make that effort. There are just as many nutritious foods in dining halls as there are junk foods. You need to make the decision to eat healthfully on your own.

High School vs. College: Making Your Own Choices

When you are in high school, your parents are often there to stand between you and temptations. Once parents are removed from the equation38, you are left with you and your choices. Just because your parents said you cannot do something does not mean you cannot do it. However, this is where personal choice and responsibility come in. Once you are in college in many ways you are considered an adult, and you have more opportunities to be sexually active. You might have been exposed to39 some of these things in high school, but the “barrier” of your parents’ rules (or boarding-school regulations) made decisions easier. You choose how to balance your academic and social life. You make all of your own decisions, and you are responsible for the consequences. You choose whether or not you are comfortable with drinking, drugs and/or sex. Remember that being an adult does not mean you need to figure everything out by yourself. Gathering information about these and other decisions, and talking to parents, siblings, and friends can help you make these important decisions. Most campuses also have counselors and health-care workers available to provide information and a listening ear. (And, of course you can also ask your roommate.)

译文

大学与高中有何不同

在电影《母校》中,卢克?威尔逊和文斯?沃恩组织了一场虚拟的男大学生联谊会,以重温他们的大学时光。为了更像一个学生组织,他们必须在各方面都表现出色,以证明自己是真正的大学生。他们精通一切,无论是学习,还是组织社区活动。虽然这个故事只是一部电影,而且你也未必亲眼所见,但是好莱坞的这部影片至少有几点是对的。大学是你一生中最美好的时光,它提供给你在这一时期你可能得到的一切。当你年过三十,你会时常怀念你的大学时光,并且希望重温旧梦。在大学,没有所谓的酷男,在同学眼中,你不是一个凡人,一切都很酷。欢迎来到大学,在这里,你已经是一个成人了。

高中对比大学:新生指南.

作为高一新生,你会时常心怀焦虑,遇到诸如走错教室之类的尴尬。大学则不同,新生生活会非常有趣。学校会组织一些活动帮助新生熟悉环境,以加强彼此之间的联系。许多大学会在新学年开始之前开设环境适应课程(通常是野营或者在附近城市的聚会)来培养新生之间的友谊。要尽可能多地参加此类课程,如果你和同学间提前建立起联系,你就能从容地向大学生活过渡。等这些适应课程一结束,高年级同学也已返回校园,你会发现他们非常乐意接纳新生,你也会很快适应校园环境。

高中对比大学:学习环境

在大学要习惯称呼“教授”或者“博士”。你的老师已不是布朗先生或布朗女士而是布朗教授或布朗博士。为什么呢?因为你要有自己的观点。你已经不是一个被动的学习者,端坐在那儿听老师讲课,偶尔写个论文,在考试中重述课堂上学到﹑听到的内容。而是在没有课堂笔记的情况下,依靠自己弄清楚哪些内容是重点。(如果不得要领,可以在和教授面谈时随时提出,寻求帮助),在大学,教授们希望你能阐明自己的观点,如果和教授的观点不一致,也会被认为是有意义的争论,而非冒犯。课堂上积极参与,提出自己的观点,善于分析是在大学取得成功的关键。

高中对比大学:社交活动

平衡好学业和社交活动并不容易,这种平衡在高中阶段往往由父母帮助完成。现在你已经是一个大学生了,不能再依靠父母来规划安排一切—计划,规章或学习动机。一切应由自己掌握。大学里社交活动让人应接不暇,系列的晚会和周末活动迎面而来,讲座、俱乐部活动,舞会、宿舍活动,当然还有社交聚会。此外很多学生是异地求学,因此要花费大量时间熟悉周围新环境。还有一些学生过度沉迷于社交活动而荒废了学业。大学为你提供了熟悉新环境和社交活动的机会,这固然很好,然而,挤出时间专注于学习也是一个紧迫的问题。有些学生喜欢在学校图书馆学习,在那儿可以专心致志,免受打扰。与同学组成学习小组,或者与室友约好每天的学习时间,可以使你的宿舍具备图书馆的学习氛围,这对学习很有帮助。说到室友,又是如何呢?

高中对比大学:室友

高中学生多独居一室,即使与别人共居,也是自己的兄弟姐妹,而非外人。在大学,除非你上的是寄宿学校,否则你就要学会与室友共处。尽管有人认为室友会妨碍个人隐私,但是有个室友对大学生活的确大有裨益。你大学生活的最初几个周会比较孤独—初到异地,人生地不熟。有室友的陪伴你能更好地适应大学生活,因为你们是在共同适应。会有人立刻陪你去餐厅,与你探查新校园,帮你寻找教室,与你共享社交网络。而且与室友一起还可以分担大学开支。要理清各自必带的寝室用品,并可分担日用品、新添的家具以及其他费用。

高中对比大学:文化

高中阶段,如果你不是来自大城市,那么你的大多数朋友可能和你一样,尽管你们个性不同,但你的“标准”也是别人的标准,你的父母和你朋友的父母也很相像,也许他们纳税都相同。你爱去的饭馆也是朋友爱去的,甚至周五晚上寻点什么开心事彼此都会不谋而合。进入大学之前,你也许很少想到,人生会有各种不同—直到你进入大学,身处众多和你看似相同的同学中间时,却发现人人经历各异。你很快就会明白“标准”是不存在的。进入大学最大的好处之一就是能够和各种文化背景不同的人进行交流。可能会有很多来自异国他乡的同学与你同居一处,要珍惜这种令人惊叹的多元文化环境,这样的环境也许以后你再也不可能碰到。高中对比大学:该吃什么∕体重增加15磅的大一新生

高中阶段,购物烹调大多由父母或监护人包办,饮食健康无需你多虑,因为有人会为你购买、烹制健康食品。一旦进入大学,每次用餐,各种健康或者不健康的食品都会让你眼花缭乱。不论是午饭还是晚餐,食品柜上都少不了甜食。毫无营养价值的碳水化合物零食成为宿舍的主食。人们常开玩笑“大一会胖15磅”。对许多新生来说,这不是玩笑。与体重增加相比,食品健康问题还是次要的。要知道在大学里吃得健康其实很简单,只需你下定决心。食堂中营养丰富的食品和垃圾食品一样多,想要吃出健康,就要自己做出选择。

高中对比大学:自己做出选择

高中时期,你的父母帮你抵挡各种诱惑,一旦父母不在身边,没有制约,你就得自己做出选择。也许并非因为你的父母告诉你不能做什么,你就不能做什么,只是在做出选择时要有责任意识。一旦进入大学,很大程度上你已经被看做是一个成人,在性方面有很多机会。高中时期,你可能就已经面临这方面的诱惑,由于家规(或者校规)的约束,你很容易做出决定。大学阶段你要在平衡学业与社交活动之间做出选择,自作决定,自担后果。在酒精、毒品或者性等方面,是放纵还是约束自己,你要做出选择。要铭记,作为一个成人,并不意味着要自己解决所有问题。多了解一些这方面的信息,听听别人的意见,和父母,兄弟姐妹或者朋友多进行交流,对你做出决定都有帮助。多数大学都有学生顾问和医疗保健人员,可以向他们倾诉,听听他们的建议(当然也可以咨询室友)。

Creative Failure in College Exam

Alexander Calandra

Some time ago, I received a call from a colleague. He asked if I would be the referee on the grading of an examination question. He was about to give a student a zero for his answer to a physics question. But the student argued that he was competent in the subject and should be given a full score; he believed he would if the grading system were not set up against the student. I was then selected to make a judgment and decision.

I went to my colleague?s office and read the examination question: “Show how it is possible to find the height of a tall bu ilding with the help of a barometer.”

The student had answered: “Take the barometer to the top of the building, attach a long rope to it, lower the barometer to the street, and then bring it up, measuring the length of the rope. The length of the rope is the height of the building.”

I pointed out that the student really stood for full credit, since he had answered the question completely and correctly. The problem is, the answer did not show that the student had showed his knowledge of physics. I suggested that, in order to prove him a somewhat competent student, he have another try at answering the question. I was not surprised that my colleague

agreed, but I was surprised that the student did.

I gave the student six minutes to answer the question. I warned him though that his answer should show some knowledge of physics. At the end of five minutes, he had not written anything.

I asked if he wished to give up, but he said no. He had many answers to this problem; he was just thinking of the best one. I excused myself for interrupting him, and asked him to please go on. In the next minute, he quickly wrote out his answer, which read:

“Take the barometer to the top of the building. Drop the barometer, timing its fall with a stopwatch. Then u sing the formula S = 1/2 gt2, calculate the height of the building.”

At this point, I asked my colleague if he would give up. He gave up, and I gave the student almost full credit.

In leaving my colleague?s office, I recalled that the student h ad said he had other answers to the problem, so I asked him what they were. “Oh, yes,” said the student, “There are many ways of getting the height of a tall building with the aid of a barometer. For example, you could take the barometer out on a sunny day and measure the height of the barometer, the length of its shadow, and the length of the shadow of the building, and by the use of simple proportion, find the height of the building.”

“Fine,” I said, “And the others?”

“Yes,” said the student, “There is a very basic measurement method that you will like. In this method, you take the barometer and begin to walk up the stairs. As you climb the stairs, you mark off the length of the barometer along the wall. You then count the number of marks, and this will give you the height of the building in barometer units. A very direct method.”

“Probably the best way of solving this problem,” he said, “is to take the barometer to the basement and knock on the superintendent?s door. When the superintend ent answers, you speak to him as follows: …Mr. Superintendent, here I have a fine barometer. If you will tell me the height of this building, I will give you this barometer.?”

At this point, I asked the student if he really did not know the usual answer to this question. He admitted that he did. But he said that he was fed up with high school and college instructors. They have been trying to teach him how to think, to use the “scientific method,” and to go deep into the inner logic of the subject in a pedantic way, rather than teaching him some creative ways of solving problems.

With this in mind, he decided to voice his discontent in disguise of a fool.

翻译仅供参考

在大学考试失败的创意

亚历山大CALANDRA

前一段时间,我接到一个电话,从同事。他问我是否将是对一个试题的分级裁判。他正要给学生一个零,他回答一个物理学问题。但学生认为他是胜任的主题,应给予充分的得分,他相信他会当分级制度并没有建立针对学生。我当时选择的做出判断和决策。

我去了我同事的办公室和阅读都是考试原题:“。显示它是如何可能找到一个高层建筑的晴雨表的帮助的高度”

学生回答了:“把气压计拿到楼顶,附加长绳它,放下晴雨表街道,然后把它起来,测量绳子的长度。绳子的长度是该建筑物的高度。“

我指出,学生真正站了全额贷款,因为他已经完全和正确地回答了这个问题。问题是,答案并不表明学生已经显示了他的物理知识。我建议,为了证明他有点能力的学生,他有另

一个尝试在回答这个问题。我并不感到惊讶,我的同事同意了,但我感到惊讶的是学生做。

我给学生六分钟回答问题。我警告过他,虽然他的答案应该显示物理的一些知识。在五分钟结束时,他没有写任何东西。我问他是否想放弃,但他说没有。他有许多回答这个问题,他只是在想最好的之一。我原谅我打断他,问他要请去。在下一分钟,他很快写出了他的答案,其内容如下:

“把气压计拿到楼顶。下降的晴雨表,定时秋季用秒表。然后使用以下公式S = 1/2 GT2 ,计算建筑物的高度“。

在这一点上,我问我的同事,如果他会放弃。他放弃了,我给学生几乎完全学分制。

在离开我的同事的办公室时,我想起了学生说他有其他的答案的问题,所以我问他是什么。“哦,是的,”学生说,“有越来越高大建筑物的高度与气压计的援助的许多方面。例如,您可以采取的晴雨表了一个阳光灿烂的日子,测量气压计的高度,它的影子的长度,和建筑物的阴影长度,并通过使用简单的比例,发现的高度建设“。

“好吧,”我说,“而其他人呢?”

“是的,”学生说,“有,你会喜欢一个很基本的测量方法。在这个方法中,你把气压计,并开始走上了楼梯。当你爬上楼梯,你划出沿着墙上的晴雨表的长度。然后,你算痕的数量,而这会给你的建设晴雨表单位的高度。一个很直接的方法。“

“可能解决这一问题的最好办法,”他说,“就是要把晴雨表地下室,敲管理者的大门。当管理者的答案,你和他说话如下:'先生警司,在这里我有一个美好的晴雨表。如果你告诉我这栋楼的高度,我会给你这个晴雨表'。“

在这一点上,我问学生,如果他真的不知道平常这个问题的答案。他承认,他做到了。但他说,他受够了高中和大学教师。他们一直在努力教他怎么想的,用“科学的方法”,并深入到主体的内在逻辑在一个迂腐的方式,而不是教他解决问题的一些创造性的方法。

考虑到这一点,他决定说出他的不满用傻瓜的伪装。

referee score select judgment barometer attach complete competent formula calculate basement instructor

1.In my judgment, the student's solution to the problem is workable.

2. We can't make a judgment over this issue, so we have to invite a referee to make a decision.

3. You can e-mail this article as a (n)attachment to your instructor.

4. Scientist is trying to calculate when the spaceship would reach the Mars.

5. The student’s answer to the question is complete but not correct.

6. Getting good score in computer game does not mean you can pass the exam with good credit.

7. Take this baromete r, measure the pressure of the air and judge if the weather will change today.

8. To be able to use English, we have to develop fluent communicative competence instead of accurate grammatical knowledge.

9. The superintendent of this building has his office in the basement

10. To pass the coming physics examination, you have to learn by heart all these formulae.

11. Our language instructor is a nice lady who has been working in this college for 20 years.

12. The reading selections in this unit are mostly taken from The New York Times.

B.colleague proportion discontent admit

determine pedantic superintendent

credit disguise stair

I went down to the basement and there I saw Mr. Richardson, the superintendent of the building. He is tall but his head is too big, just out of proportion to his narrow shoulders. Mr. Richardson told me he was rather discontent with the students who kept on coming to him for the height of the building. He admitted that he had collected a number of barometers from students as gift. The students told Mr. Richardson that they were determined not to follow their pedantic instructors who knew nothing but the “only one correct answer” to examination questions. They said they gave Mr. Richardson gifts for the height of building not for credit but for fun. At this moment, we heard someone coming down from the stairs. It was a man, coming silently towards us. When the man came nearer, I found he was no one but my colleague in disguise of a senior student.

I hope he didn?t come to get the height of the building!

TRANSLATION

王教授认为,大学里现在的考试制度和评分标准不利于培养学生的创造性思维能力。他认为,教师在教学中应鼓励学生充分发表自己的见解,在考试中充分发挥想像,合理应用专业(professional)知识来解决问题,而不是趋同(go for)一个惟一“正确”的标准答案。他的大多数同事不同意他的看法。他们认为,学生在大学里应学到高水平的知识和技能;一个称职的教师应诲人不倦(not fed up with),教会学生科学的思维方法;学生在学习中应严谨求实,深入到问题深层的逻辑关系中,追求绝对(absolute)的真理。

Professor Wang argues that the present evaluation and grading system at college is set up against the growth of students' creative thinking ability. He believes that instructors must encourage their students to fully voice their own views in class and use their imagination extensively in tests. Students should be taught to answer questions with the aid of their professional knowledge instead of going for the only "correct" answer. To this view most of Professor Wang's colleagues disagree. They believe that a college is where higher learning is promoted. A competent teacher should never be fed up with giving instructions. He has to show his students some scientific ways of thinking. On the other hand, students need to be objective and precise in their learning, going deep into the inner logic of the subject for absolute truth.

Confessions of a Lonely TA

Michael Kantor

A year out of college, I left my girlfriend and the East Coast and moved to San Diego to get a master?s in drama at the University of California. I didn?t know a soul there and I felt extremely unsure of myself—even the ocean seemed to be on the wrong side of the road.

Basically penniless, I found a job as a teaching assistant for “American Drama on Film,” a popular course attracting 120 students who liked watching movies for credit. I?d never taught

before. The prospect of a classroom filled with curious students terrified me. All I had to guide me was a thin, green handbook for teaching assistants. Full of rules and regulations, it covered everything from roll call to grading, but nowhere did it mention how to convey ideas or make people think.

The morning of the first class, I pictured my students while I was shaving and cut myself in three places. I was only twen-ty-four. I felt too young to have the authority of a teacher. But as it turned out, my youth helped me communicate with my students. Jokes and discussions, occasionally even philosophical debates filled my classes. Some students were really interested in the material and class discussion. With these students I developed a kind of friendship. The only aspect of the job that I didn?t like was office hours—the time I spent sitting in my tiny office waiting for people to come by for extra help. No one ever did.

Then Lisa started popping by. She was one of the best students in the class and certainly didn?t need my academic advice. She came to hang out. We talked about movies, sexy actors, and the San Diego Chargers. She made me feel like an expert on everything. I began to look forward to office hours. When I was with Lisa I felt as if I?d finally adjusted to California. I thought about ask-ing her out.

Lisa began putting her phone number on assignments, and when she came by there was a certain forwardness about her, a kind of “can you-handle-this?” attitude. I tried to act cool and not show how interested I was. One afternoon she showed up in a wet suit and said, “Surf?s up. Wanna come?” I told her that I?d love to, but I couldn?t surf. After she left I cursed myself for not sei zing the opportunity to be with her.

That evening I started dialing Lisa?s number about ten times. Something stopped me from following through, and it wasn?t just because I was nervous. I guess I knew there was something wrong with a teacher dating a student. I decided to see if my little green handbook had anything to say about it. The section on romantic relationships listed three reasons why such liaisons should be strictly avoided: (1) A display of interest from the TA puts the student in the difficult position of fearing unfavorable results for showing no response to that interest. (2) It makes the objective evaluation of all students almost impossible. (3) An inevitable loss of respect for the TA occurs.

I tried to rule out each reason as inapplicable to me. Lisa was displaying an interest in me, not the other way around. As for objective evaluation, I always numbered papers and tests, covering students? names to make sure I graded without bias. But the third reason was impossible to dismiss.

I knew that if I were a student and I found out that my TA and a classmate were involved, no matter how much I had liked him I?d think he was a tiny dude. I?d be sure he had used his position to seduce her and that without question he?d favor her with a better g rade or inside information on the exam.

The idea of my students seeing me as a sleazebag turned my stomach. Their regard for me as a teacher was more important than my desire to go out with Lisa. I decided to wait until the term ended to ask her out.

As soon as I handed in the grades, I called her. We went to a movie. We stayed and watched another and then went out for a drink. Nothing clicked. The desire was gone. Actually, my desire was still there, but hers had disappeared along with my grade book. I was disappointed, sad even, but not surprised. No longer her all-knowing TA, I was now just some older guy who couldn?t surf.

自白书———来自一位孤独的助教

大学毕业一年后,我便与女友分手,并告别了东海岸,只身来到圣迭戈,攻读加州大学戏剧学硕士。在圣迭戈,我举目无亲,心里甚为不安———就连身边的大海也恍如隔世,变得十分陌生。

当时我可谓身无分文,好在谋得了“美国电影戏剧”课的助教工作。这门课程很火爆,一下子吸引了120名学生。他们既可以欣赏电影,又可以拿到学分,两全其美,何乐而不为。此前,我从未教过书。一想到满屋子好奇的目光,心里就打鼓。我手中仅有的救命稻草不过是发给每位助教的授课指南———一本薄薄的绿皮儿小册子,里面全是各种规章制度,从点名到批卷儿,包罗万象,惟独没讲如何传道授业,如何激发学生进行思考。

第一节课的那个早晨,我一边魂不守舍地想像着学生们的模样,一边刮脸,竟刮伤三处。我毕竟只有24岁啊!自己都感觉太年轻了,哪儿有一丝教师的威慑力。可是后来的事实却证明,恰恰是我的年轻使我和学生们交流得更加融洽。课堂上充满了幽默的笑话和踊跃的讨论,有时还不乏一些富有哲理的思辨。有些学生对课程内容及课堂讨论十分感兴趣,渐渐地我和他们交上了朋友。这份工作我惟一不喜欢的地方就是答疑时间———我得坐在自己那间窄小的办公室里等着学生前来,寻求额外帮助。可是却总没有学生来。

后来,丽萨开始频频造访。她是班上的学习尖子,因此她到我这儿当然不是为了学业上的辅导,而是来闲聊的。我们海阔天空地聊到电影、性感的影星,还有“圣迭戈冲锋者”橄榄球队。她使我感觉到自己无所不晓、无所不通。从此,我开始期待答疑时间,因为只有和丽萨在一起,我才感到自己似乎已经适应了加州生活。我开始考虑约她出去。

丽萨也开始把自己的电话号码留在作业上。当她再度敲开我办公室的大门时,脸上露出一丝咄咄逼人的神色,好像在问:“你能行吗?”我尽力表现出矜持,掩饰内心的渴望。一天下午,她身穿一套紧身潜水衣出现在我面前,说:“海浪上来了,想不想去冲浪?”我说想去,可我不会冲浪。她离开后,我咒骂自己竟放走了这样一个与她共处的大好机会。

当天晚上,我给丽萨拨了得有十遍电话,可后来还是有一种力量使我放下了听筒,不光是因为我紧张,我想还因为我深知教师约会学生有点儿不大对头。我决定查一查那本绿皮儿授课指南,看看就这方面有什么规定。师生恋那一款明确指出这种关系必须要严格禁止,并列出了三条原因:(1)如果助教对某个学生明确表达好感,那么该生就会担心自己若是对这种示爱毫无反应便可能对自己不利,从而陷入两难的境地。(2)这种关系使助教几乎不可能对所有的学生做出客观公正的评价。(3)这种关系不可避免地使助教失去学生们的尊敬。

我逐一地排除这些原因,试图找出它们不适合我的地方,比如,是丽萨对我感兴趣,而并非我主动出击;对于给学生的客观评价,我在批阅论文或试卷时从来都把上面的姓名盖住,再将其编号,以确保自己所打的分数不偏不倚。可那第三条原因我却怎么也挥之不去,设身处地地想想,如果我是个学生,又得知自己的助教与一个同学关系暧昧,那么不管我多么喜欢这位教师,也会认为他是个为人所不齿的花花公子。我会坚信他利用自己的职权勾引了那个学生,而且毫无疑问,考试时他会偏心地给她打高分或者在考试前向她透露机密。

一想到我的学生们会把我看成一个无耻之徒,我就心神不宁。学生敬我为师比起渴望和丽萨约会更加重要。于是,我决定等学期结束时再约她出去。

我把期末成绩上交给校方后,马上就跑去给丽萨打电话。我们一起出去看了电影,而后没有退场,接着又看了一部。再后来就去喝点儿东西,其间,一切都那么平淡无奇,爱的欲望已烟消云散。其实确切地说,我的感情还在,只是她的兴趣全都随着我上交的记分册“上交”了。我满腹失望甚至哀伤,但并没有感到意外。毕竟,在她眼里,我已不再是那位学识渊博的助教了,而只是一个年龄稍长又不会冲浪的家伙。

V ocubulary

A.Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words listed in the box.Change the forms

of these words if necessary.

Confession soul occasionally assignment click regard position occur adjust inevitable favor master

1.Teacher—student dating is inevitable universities or colleges all over the world.

2.At first ,we had a hard time adjusting to university life. Now everybody has become used to it.

3.I rushed into the classroom, but didn?t see a soul .Then I realized it was Sunday.

4.The moment our TA came into the class, something clicked .I had never believed in love first

sight before.

5.Lisa made a full confession of her romantic relationship with the TA,which surprised her

room-mates.

6.An educational system which only favor s students good at earning hign marks is not perfect.

7.My brother is pursuing his master degree in economics at Harvard University.

8.The TA brings me flowers most of time, but occasionally he gives me a box of chocolate.

9.After the outbreak of SARS, people began to have a high regard for the work of a nurse.

10.If I had been in Lisa?s position, I might have developed a romantic relationship with that TA.

11.Mary had a feeling that something might happen between the TA and her. But nothing

occurred.

12.To show her interest in the TA, Susan began putting her telephone number on her assignment.

B.Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the words in the box.Make changes wherever

necessary.

Prospect seize objective curse seduce bias romantic dismiss dude liaison

When Allen left, Mom could hardly wait to ask me when the TA and I began our liaison and how we got involved. I told her everything and confessed that it was I who first showed great interest in the TA, not the other way around. Mom simply didn?t believe what I said. She just consi-dered Allen as a dude, who was good at seducing female students. But I didn?t think Mom was mak-ing a objective judgment .It was clear that she had a strong bias against Allen .She demanded that we stop our romantic relationship.

The next day, when I came back to the university, I tried to stay away from Allen and he seemed to understand what had happened. But he seized an opportunity and asked me out. I made up an excuse and refused him politely. Then I ran to the dorm , threw myself on the bed and tried to forget everything. But I found myself just unable to dismiss the TA from my mind .The second day came the terrible news of Allen?s death .He was said to have committed suicide. The prospect of be-ing cursed by my classmates terrified me and I never went back to school.

TRANSLATION

大学毕业一年后,我在中国农业大学谋得一份助教工作。由于我毫无教学经验,不知道如何在学生面前树立教师的权威性,想到满屋子学生向我投来好奇的目光,心里直打鼓。然而,第一堂课上得非常成功。同

学们积极参与课堂讨论,表现得极为配合,各个充满热情。一次,我发现一个女生把手机号码留在了作业本上。显然,她对我有意,在向我主动传递信息。可我无意与学生发展恋情。因为如果那样,学生们就会失去对我的尊重。他们会认为我是一个纨绔子弟,在利用自己的职位勾引女生。此外,学生们也会对我评分的客观公正性产生怀疑。

A year out of college, I found a job as a teacher assistant at China Agriculture University. As I had no teaching experience. I did not know how to establish my authority in front of students. And the prospect of a classroom filled up with curious students. The students participated actively in class discussion. And they appeared very cooperative and enthusiastic. Once I found that a girl had left a cell phone number on her assignment. It was clear that she was displaying an interest in me and was conveying that special message. But I did not want to develop a romantic relationship with a student, for if I did my students would no longer show any respect for me, they would think I had used my position to seduce the girl and what?s more, my students would doubt whether I could make any objective evaluation of them.

UNIT 4

The Web Is Magic but Students’ Research Papers Are Not

David Rothenberg

Sometimes I look forward to the end-of-semester rush, when students? final papers come streaming into my office and mailbox. I could have hundreds of pages of original thoughts to read and evaluate. Once in a while, it is truly exciting, and brilliant words are typed across a page in response to a question I?ve asked the class to discuss.

But this past semester was different. I noticed a decline in both the quality of the writing and the originality of the thoughts expressed in their papers. What had happened since last fall? Did I ask worse questions? Were my students unusually lazy? No. Many students in my class had used the latest easy way of writing a paper: doing their research on the Internet.

It?s easy to find a research paper that is based mainly on information collected from the Web. First, the bibliography cites no books, just articles or pointers directing me to some websites: http://www.etc. Then materials listed in the bibliography are curiously out of date. A lot of stuff on the Web that is advertised as the newest is at least a few years old.

Another clue is the beautiful pictures and graphs that are inserted neatly into the body of the student?s text. They look impressive, as though they were the result of careful work and analysis, but actually they often have little relation to the subject of the paper. Cut and pasted from the Web, they pretend to be original work.

Don?t get me wrong, I?m no neo-Luddite. I am as fascinated as anyone else by the potential of this new technology to provide instant information. What I?m describing is the hunt-and-peck method of writing a paper. We all know that word processing makes many first drafts look far more polished than they are. If the paper doesn?t reach the assigned five pages, readjust the margin, change the font size, and... voil??! Of course, those machinations take up time that the student could have spen t revising the paper. With programs to check one?s spelling and grammar—now standard features on most computers, one wonders why students make any mistakes at all. Instead of becoming perfectionists, too many students have become slackers, preferring to let the machine

do their work for them.

The Internet makes research look too easy. You toss a query to the machine, wait a few seconds, and a lot of possible sources of information appear on your screen. Instead of books that you have to check out of the library, read carefully, understand, synthesize, and then excerpt, these sources are quips, blips, pictures, and short summaries that may be downloaded magically to the dorm-room computer screen. Fabulous! How simple! The only problem is that a paper consisting of summaries of summaries is bound to be fragmented and superficial; it demonstrates more of a random montage than the ability to sustain an argument through 10 to 15 double-spaced pages. College libraries with good computer technology might have been sending a clear message to students: Don?t read, just connect. Surf. Download. Cut and paste. Originality becomes hard to separate from plagiarism if no author is cited on a Web page. Clearly, the words are up for grabs, and students much prefer the fabulous jumble to the hard work of stopping to think and make sense of what they?ve read.

Libraries used to be storehouses of words and ideas, but now they are seen as big information centers. Some of this information comes from other, bigger libraries, in the form of books that can take time to obtain through interlibrary loan. What happens to the many students who write a paper the night before it?s due? The computer screen, the gateway to the world sitting right on their desks, promises instant access, but actually offers only a pale, two-dimensional version of a real library.

But it?s also my fault. I take much of the blame for the decline in the quality of student research in my classes. I need to teach students how to read, to take time with language and ideas, to work through arguments, to synthesize various sources to come up with original thought. I need to help my students understand how to assess sources; I need to let them trust their own ideas more than pieces of information that flash on a screen. Judgment must be taught, as well as the methods of exploration. I am seeing my students? attention span grow weaker and their ability to reason for themselves decline.

I wish that the university?s computer system would stop working for a day, so that I could encourage them to go outside, sit under a tree, and read a really good book—from start to finish. I?d like them to sit for a while and think why some things get easier and easier so rapidly that we can hardly follow their pace, while other tasks remain as hard as ever—such as doing research and writing a good paper that needs patience and time. Knowledge does not emerge out of nowhere, but we do need silence and space for independent thought. Next semester, I?m going to urge my students to turn off their glowing boxes and think, if only once in a while.

翻译:

网络神奇,论文糟糕

有时候我期待着学期末学生们交作业的时刻,那时学生们的学期论文会涌入我的办公室或信箱,我会读到上百页充满原创思想的文字,并对它们做出评判。有时读着学生们回答课上讨论问题的精彩语句真的很让我激动不已。

但这个学期却不同,我注意到学生的论文质量下降了,里面的创新思想也少了。从秋季学期以来发生了什么事?是我问的问题不好了?学生们变懒了?不,是因为班上很多学生都是在用最时髦最容易的方法写论文:在互联网上查资料。

很容易看出来一篇论文是使用互联网上的资料拼凑的。首先,参考文献中没有引用任何书

籍,只有文章或某些网址的指示。令人诧异的是,参考文献中的资料都已经过时,网上宣称为最新的资料都至少是几年前的了。

另一个线索是插入学生作品正文中的精美图片和图表。他们看起来的确很吸引人,像是精心设计和分析的结果,但实际上,它们与论文主题并无多大关系。从网上剪切并粘贴,就成了自己的作品。

不要误会,我并不是新勒德主义者。我和任何人一样,对这项新技术提供即时资讯的能力也感到惊异。我说的是那种敲一键打一字的论文写作方式。我们都知道文字处理软件使许多初稿看起来就比实际上要工整得多。如果论文不足规定的五页,重新调整边距,改变字体,然后……成了!当然这些都要花时间,而这些时间完全可以用来修改文章。现在检查拼写语法的软件已经成为电脑的标准设置,学生再犯这样的错误几乎是不可能的。许多学生没能成为完美主义者,却都变成了懒虫,宁愿使用机器来替他们写作。

互联网使研究工作看起来非常容易。在机器上键入搜索指令然后等几秒钟,很多信息资源就会显示在屏幕上。与图书馆那些借出来的书相比,学生们不用去认真地阅读和理解、总结摘录。网上的信息通常是只言片语、图片综述等,只需要下载到宿舍电脑上就可以了。太神奇了!太简单了!问题是,一篇由综述的综述组成的论文注定是支离破碎和肤浅的,它所能表明的不过是一幅随意的蒙太奇贴图,却不能证明一个学生能够写出一篇10到15页双倍行距,论证丰富,条理清晰的文章。

拥有先进计算机设备的大学图书馆也许向学生传达了这样的暗示:不用读书,只需要连接、浏览、下载、剪切、粘贴就足够了。如果网页里没有标明作者就很难区分是原创还是剽窃。很明显,那些文字就在那里,随时可以调用,学生们更愿意看到貌似精彩纷呈的大杂烩而不愿意刻苦学习、驻足思考并理解所读的东西。

图书馆过去是储藏言语和思想的仓库,现在却成了一个大信息中心。其中一些信息以馆际互借书籍的方式来自于其他更大的图书馆。在交论文期限来临的前一夜,学生们都在忙什么呢?电脑屏幕,通向世界的窗口就在他们面前的桌子上,好像为他们提供迅捷的信息来源———但实际上,它能提供的不过是一个现实图书馆的信息贫乏的平面图。

但这也是我的错误,我应该为班上学生研究能力的下降承担主要责任。我应该教学生如何去阅读、花时间理解语言和思想、弄通论点、学会归纳并产生新的思想。我需要帮助学生明白如何评估资料,我应该教他们相信自己的想法而不是那些屏幕上闪烁的信息片断。我应该教会学生学会判断以及掌握研究方法。但实际上我看到的是学生们注意力集中的时间变短了,独立思考的能力也下降了。

我希望大学的计算机能够关闭一天,这样我就能鼓励学生们走到户外,坐在一棵大树下从头到尾认真读一本好书。我希望他们坐下思考为什么一些事情迅速地变得越来越容易以至于我们会觉得跟不上其步伐,而另一些东西仍然艰难如昔。比如需要耐心和时间做研究,写出一篇好论文。知识不是天上掉下来的,但我们的确需要静心和空间来独立思考。下学期我会要求学生关掉那些闪闪发光的显示器,静下来思考,哪怕只是偶尔为之。

A. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words listed in the box. Change the forms of these words if necessary.

insert paste margin fragment superficial random gateway resource demonstrate jumble

1.The demonstration made by the technician on the new software was really impressive .

2.You've written so many sentence fragments , which make your meaning unclear.

3.He inserted the key in the lock but found it wasn't the right one.

4.His understanding of scientific laws is very superficial; that is why his thesis appears so

illogical and is full of mistakes.

5.There was a messy jumble of clothes and books on Peter's bed.

6.His book is full of notes in the margin and we all know that he is a hard-working student.

7.Higher education can be the gateway to a successful career.

8.Students are encouraged to use library resources for their schoolwork.

9.His essay is but a collection of random thoughts; he really lacks sense of organization.

10.Don't paste this note on the computer screen. You just make it dirty.

B. Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the words in the box. Make changes wherever necessary.

feature query sustain plagiarism bibliography due reference assign constantly semester

I selected a course, Practical and Creative Writing, this semester taught by an old and stern professor Mr. Collins from Department of Literature. It was said that usually he wouldn't assign a lot of readings to his students. You know this was important for a poor student like me who had financial difficulties to sustain my education. Besides, too many books would take up much room of my dormitory. Although there wasn't much reading, the writing load was pretty heavy and constantly I had to struggle to write the assigned essays before they were due . One of the writing topics was "The Linguistic Features of Oscar Wilde."

For weeks I could hardly find any references and the only book relating to it I had found in the library was written by an unknown critic whose language seemed hard to understand.

I was almost desperate when the deadline was approaching. The other night I suddenly had an idea: why not get on-line and find something useful? I turned on the computer and tossed a query on the topic. Suddenly an article of the same title jumped in front of my eyes and I realized that was just what I wanted. Without much hesitation, I copied the article and submitted(提交) it to Mr. Collins the next day after making a few minor alterations(改动). A week later, Mr. Collins sent word asking me to his office.

Looking into my eyes, he said, "Good job! Was this essay written by you?" "Ye ... yes." I hesitated. "Have you checked your bibliography before you handed in? Do you know who wrote the book A Linguistic Study of Two Complementary Writers?" "Eh ... No." "Then have a look!" I almost fainted when I saw Mr. Collins… name in it. "Your essay looks very familiar to me. It was written by one of my Ph.D. student if my memory is correct. You should fail this course according to rules because this is absolute plagiarism. But what you did made me reflect on myself, that is, I may have given my students too much pressure that is too hard for them to cope with. So I decide to relieve your writing load from now on. More importantly, I'll let you go this time. But NEVER do this again!"

TRANSLATION

因为学术研究要占据一个人大量的时间并耗费很多的精力,且不能立即带来经济回报,大学里的一些教授就不愿意花时间做艰苦的研究工作,而把注意力放在其他的事情上,甚至放在与自己的工作毫不相干的活动上。没有时间做研究,但为了晋升(promotion),教授们就把一些过了时的学术成果(academic works)做一些修改然后署上自己的名字当作自己的作品发表,这就导致了一些高等教育机构里的学术剽窃(academic plagiarism)现象。

Since academic research takes up a huge amount of one's time and energy and can not bring immediate economic return, some professors in universities are not willing to take time with hard academic research, but focus on something else, even those that have little relation to their work. Having no time for research, but in order to get promoted, professors put their names on some out-of-date research works after making some alterations and get them published as their own. That results in the academic plagiarism in some higher educational institutions.

Unit5

The World as I See It

Albert Einstein

What an extraordinary situation is that of us mortals! Each of us is here for a brief life; for what purpose he knows not, though he sometimes thinks he feels it. But from the point of view of daily life, without going deeper, we exist for our fellow-men—in the first place for those on whose smiles and welfare all our happiness depends, and next for all those unknown to us personally with whose destinies we are bound up by the tie of sympathy. A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life depend on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving. I like simple life. I feel uneasy when I think my life has been supported by too much amount of labor of my fellow men. I regard class differences as contrary to justice and, in the last resort, based on force. I also consider that plain living is good for everybody, physically and mentally.

In human freedom in the philosophical sense I am definitely a disbeliever. Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity. Schopenhauer?s saying, that “a man can do as he will, but not will as he will,” has been an inspiration to me since my youth up, and a continual consolation and unfailing well-spring of patience in the face of the hardships of life, my own and others?. This feeling mercifully reduces the sense of responsibility which so easily becomes hopeless, and it prevents us from taking ourselves and other people too seriously; it leads to a view of life in which humor, above all, has its due place.

To inquire after the meaning or object of one?s own existence or of creation generally has always seemed to me absurd from an objective point of view. And yet everybody has certain ideals which determine the direction of his endeavors and his judgments. In this sense I have never looked upon ease and happiness as ends in themselves. The ideals which have lighted me on my way and time after time given me new courage to face life cheerfully, have been Truth, Goodness,

全新版大学英语综合教程1课后翻译题答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Ⅱ. Translation 1.那是个正规宴会,我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。(formal) As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2.他的女朋友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯尚未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。(take hold) His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3.他们预料到下几个月电的需求量很大,决定增加生产。(anticipate) Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4.据说比尔因一再违反公司的安全规章而被解雇。(violate) It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. / Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5.据报道地方政府已采取适当措施避免严重缺水(water shortage)的可能性。 (avoid, severe) It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 苏珊(Susan)因车祸失去了双腿。有一段时间,她真不知如何面对自己再也不能行走的事实。 一天,苏珊在浏览杂志时,被一个真实故事吸引住了。那个故事生动地描写了一个残疾(disabled)姑娘是如何成为一位作家的。苏珊读后深受鼓舞,开始相信她最终会成为一个有用的人生活下去。 Inspire vivid scan face up with finally Susan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be bale to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Friendship II. Translation 1)半个小时过去了,但末班车还没来。我们只好走路回家。(go by) Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第四册课文及翻译

12456单元 Love and logic: The story of fallacy 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either. 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。 "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken". “光彩照人”,她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked. 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。 "Logic." “逻辑学。” "Cool," she said over her gum. “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。 "The doctrine of logic,” I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter." “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做…绝对判断?的逻辑谬误。”

英语 大学英语综合教程2 翻译

一The rumor of the divorce was nothing but a means of hype for his new movie 离婚 他孤注一掷,用父母留给他的所有钱来开一家工厂。 He took a gamble on starting a factory with all the mone y his parents had left him. After winning the important game they hoisted their captain to their shoulders in shouting triumph.(赢得那场重要的比赛后) 4) 在全球化热潮中,我们要提防不同文化的冲突 In the rush to go for globalization, we should watch out for collision of cultures. 在这种情况下In the circumstances it was not surprising that there was trouble. 6) 这婴儿非常健康。The baby is the very picture of health. 7) 人们已经意识到儿童接触有关暴力和色情电视节目的危害。 People have realized the dangers of exposing children to vio lence and sex on TV. 8) 我们始终考虑到我们是在为谁制作这部影片。(have in mind) We always had in mind for whom we were making the film.三单元 2他在中学教书,但也兼职些翻译来取外快。 He teaches in a middle school, but he does some translation work o n the side to bring extra money 3自信是件好事,但自信与自员是有区别的 it's good to be confident (about yourself), but there is a differen ce between confidence and conceit 4.只有坚持到底的人才会成功。半运而度的人永远也无法实现梦想。 Only those who stick it out can achieve success Those who give up halfway will never realize their dreams 5一个真正的英雄有勇气,有高尚的目标,而且乐于奉献 A true hero possesses/has courage, a noble purpose and a willingness to make sacrifices 6任何人只要章起这本小说读了第一段,敦会发现很难把它放下。 Anyone who picked up this novel and reads the first paragraph will be hard pressed to put it down 7从某中意义上说,生活就像游冰。如果总是扶任池边,就也学不会。 In a sense, life is like swimming. if you keep holding on to the sides of the pool, you will never learn 3一个民族的前在很大程度上取决于其数育与培训的质量 The future of a nation depends in a large measure upon the quality of education and training 二 1只有那些有过类似经历的人,オ能够完全理解这一点。 Only those who have lived through a similar experience can fully ap preciate this. 3我更特别感谢每一个在这些年来以不同方式做出了贡献的人 i'd like to express my special thanks to everyone who has contribut ed over the years in one way or another

全新版大学英语3综合教程课后习题翻译原题及答案

1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病,但我觉得问题不大 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2.父亲去逝的时候我还小,不能独立生活。就在那时,家乡的父老接过了教育我的责任。My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4.作为新闻和舆论的载体,广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志,它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响,但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战,克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下,我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄,搬迁到新的地方。 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查,许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把受污染的废弃物倒在河边,老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的,因为它们能够提高产量,帮助发展 中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在城市还是农村,因特网正在改变人们的生活方式。 The Internet is changing the way people live, whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比,中小公司更容易受到金融危机的威胁。 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 3.关于期末论文,教授要求我们先分析失业图表,然然后对过家的经济发展提供批评性的见解。 With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development. 4.他从来也没有想到他们队会大比分赢得那场篮球赛。 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.

新视野大学英语读写教程第三版第一册课文翻译

Unit1奔向更加光明的未来 1 下午好!作为校长,我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果,也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里,我们承诺 将使你们学有所成。 2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻,我想起自己高中毕业时的情景,还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们:“姿势自然点。” “等一等 , ”爸爸说,“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。” 在大学期间,那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3 让我来告诉你们, 一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯,怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣,你 们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣!但是要记住:未来是建立在过 去扎实的基础上的。 4 对你们而言,接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里,你们拥有丰富的资源:有来自全国各地的有趣的学生,有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师,有综合性图书馆,有完备的运动设施,还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油,学着结交充满魅力的人,学着 去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历,并用你们的干劲和热情去收获 这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5 有这么多课程可供选择,你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程,但是要尽可能 体验更多的课程!大学里有很多事情可做可学,每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世 界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话,那就是:挑战自己!不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样,你不仅会变得更加博学,而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇,她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移,王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来,并将其转化为对设计的热情,从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6 在大学里,一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里,住在你 隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌,令你头痛欲裂!你可能喜欢早起,而你的室友 却是个夜猫子!尽管如此,你和你的室友仍然可能成为最要好的朋友。如果有些新的经历让你感觉不那么舒心,不要担心。我保证快乐的经历会多于不快的经历。而且我保证几乎所有这些经历都会给你带来宝贵的经验教训,从而使你的生活更加丰富多彩。所以,带着热切的目光和欢乐的心情,勇敢向前去拥抱这些新的体验吧! 7 我们相信,你们的自我发现之旅和对爱好的寻求带给你们的将不仅仅是个人的进步。我们相信,当你们成为我们的学者群体中的一员时,你们很快就会认识到,大学不仅提供大量自我充实的机会,同时也带来了责任。一位智者说过:“教育代代相传,它就是社会的灵魂。”你们是你们家庭辛勤劳动成果的传承者,也是无数前辈辛勤劳动成果的传承者。他们积累了知识,并把知识传递给你们,而这些知识正是你们取得成功所必需的。现在轮到你们了。你们会获取什么样的知识?你们会发现什么样的兴趣爱好?你们怎样做才能为你们的子孙后代创造一个强大昌盛的未来? 8 我们很高兴能为你们人生旅途中这一重大阶段开启大门。我们很高兴你们将获得许多机会,也很高兴你们将作为社区、国家乃至世界的公民承担起应有的责任。欢迎你们!

新世纪大学英语综合教程1翻译答案(全)

(1)这个婴儿还不会爬(crawl),更不要说走了。(let alone) The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk! (2)威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。(claim, in one’s opinion) Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. (3)一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关;有了阅读技巧,你就可以更好地应对课外阅读了。(to a certain extent, relate …to …, cope with) To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. (4)根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。(according to) According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. (5)有些人想当然地认为日语(Japanese)中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。(assume, equivalent) Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. (6)我们已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。(relevant) We have passed all relevant information on to the police. (7)关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用,因为我是不会回答你的。(it’s no use) There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer. (8)事先没有仔细阅读合同(contract)就签了名是吉姆的错误。(on one’s part) It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully. (9)他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。(provide …with) They refused to provide us with all the information we need. (10) 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。(similar to) This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago. (11)这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。(base on) The film is based on a play by Shakespeare (12)如果你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好,那么你在谋职时就一定比别人更有优势。(have an advantage over) If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.

新视野大学英语读写教程第三版翻译

新视野Book3 汉译英翻译 Unit 1 Translate the following paragraph into English 如今,很多年轻人不再选择“稳定”的工作,他们更愿意自主创业,依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业(young entrepreneurship)是未来国家经济活力的来源,创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活,从长远来看,对于国家更是一件好事,创业者正式让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前,国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新,在政策上给予中小企业支持,这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。 Nowadays, many young people no longer choose“stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people’s enthusiasm to start their own businesses. Unit 2 Translate the following paragraph into English 实现中华民族伟大复兴(rejuvenation)是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想,我称之为“中国梦”,其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。中国梦,是让每一个积极进取的中国人形成世世代代的信念:只要经过不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活。人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁荣,而不是依赖于社会和他人的援助。每个中国人都是中国梦的参与者和创造者。中国梦是民族的梦,也是每个中国人的梦。 Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times. It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort. People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people. Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese. Unit 3 Translate the following paragraph into English 水墨画(ink and wash painting)是中国独具特色的传统艺术形式之一,是中国国画的代表。它大约始于唐代,兴盛于宋代和元代,距今已有一千多年的历史,其间经历了不断的发展、提高和完善。水墨画的创作工具和材料是具有浓厚中国特色的毛笔、宣纸和墨,其作品特点也与此紧密相关。例如,水和墨相互调和,使作品具有干湿浓淡的层次。水墨和宣纸的交融渗透也使画作善于表现丰富的意向,从而达到独特的审美效果。水墨画在中国绘画史上具有很高的地位,甚至被认为是衡量东方绘画艺术水平的标准。 Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms of China, is representative of Chinese painting. It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties. With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection. The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e. brushes, rice paper, and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings. For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness. The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.

全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程1课文翻译

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