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科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译

第一章概论

所谓翻译就是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的语言转换过程,是通过译者在不同语言之间进行的一种语言交流活动。

一翻译的标准

在中国翻译界,一提到翻译标准,人们首先想到的是清末思想家严复提出的“信达雅”标准。“信”就是译文的思想内容忠实于原作;“达”就是译文表达通顺明白;“雅”就是要求风格优美。

此外,其他学者也提出了自己的见解。如鲁迅提出的“信顺”,林语堂提出的“忠实、通顺、美”,傅雷提出的“重神似而不重形似”,等等。

目前,翻译界普遍认同的翻译标准是:“忠实,通顺”。

但是,就科技英语的特点和用途而言,其与文学翻译略有不同。科技英语的翻译标准是:“准确规范,通顺易懂,简洁明晰”。

1 准确规范

所谓准确,就是要忠实地、不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。所谓规范,就是译文要符合所涉及的科学技术或某个专业领域的专业语言表达规范。

要做到准确规范,译者必须充分理解原文所表述的内容,其中包括对原文词汇、语法、逻辑关系和科学内容的理解。

Velocity changes if either the speed or the direction changes.

[误] 假如力的大小或方向改变了,速度跟着要变化。

[析] 将“speed”译为“力的大小”,与原文差距太大;其次,没有把“either…or”的着重点译出。物理学中,速度velocity是矢量,有大小和方向;而速率speed 是标量,有大小而无方向。所以正确译文为:

[正] 如果(物体的)速率和方向有一个发生变化,则其运动速度也随之发生变化。

练习:

①Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.

石油和天然气将继续是燃料的主要来源

②The power unit for driving the machine is a 50-hp induction motor.

驱动这台机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机

2 通顺易懂

即指译文的语言要符合译语的语法结构及表达习惯,容易为读者所理解和接受。也就是说,译文语言必须文理通顺、结构合理、逻辑关系清楚。

A material object can not have a speed greater than the speed of light.

[误] 一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度

[正] 一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速

练习:

①semiconductor device, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.

半导体元件也称为晶体管,在许多场合中替代电子管

②Distillation involves heating the solution until water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor.

蒸馏就是要把溶液加热,直到水蒸发,然后再使蒸汽冷凝

3 简洁明晰

即指译文要简短精炼、一目了然,尽量避免繁琐、冗赘和不必要的重复。

It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any applications.

[误] 为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不得拆卸该设备

[正] 严禁拆卸,以免损坏该设备的零件

练习:

① It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same

应该认识到,磁力和电力是不同的

② The removal of minerals from water is called softening

去除水中的矿物质(的过程)叫做软化

二翻译的一般方法

1 直译与意译

1.1 直译

直译就是基本保持原文表达形式及内容,不做大的改动,同时要求语言通顺易懂,表述清楚明白。

直译所强调的是“形似”,主张将原文内容按照原文的形式(包括词序、语序、语气、结构、修辞方法等)用译语表述出来。

Physics studies force, motion, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, radiation, and atomic structure.

物理学研究力、运动、热、光、声音、电、磁、辐射和原子结构。

1.2 意译

就是将原文所表达的内容,以一种释义性的方式用译语将其意义表达出来。

意译强调的是“神似”,也就是不拘泥于原文在词序、语序、语法结构等方面的形式,用译语的习惯将原文的本意表达出来。

We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.

电池并联时提供的电流更大。

练习:

(1) Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.

爱因斯坦的相对论是解释这种现象的唯一理论。(直译)

(2) The law of reflection holds good for all surfaces

反射定律对一切表面都适用。

2 合译与分译

2.1 合译

就是把原文中两个及以上的简单句或复合句,在译文中用一个单句来表示。

There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.

某些金属具有到点和被磁化的能力。

2.2 分译

所谓分译就是把原文的一个简单句中的一个词、词组或短语译成汉语的一个句子。这样,原文的一个简单句就被译成了汉语的两个或两个以上的句子。

With the same number of protons, all nuclei of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.

虽然某个元素的所有原子核都含有相同数目的质子,但它们含有的中子数可以不同。

练习:

(1) The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.

植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。(合译)

(2) Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.

制造过程可分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件,后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。(分译)

3 增译与省译

3.1 增译

就是在译文中增加英语原文省略、或原文中无其词而有其义的词语,使译文既能准确表达原文含义,又能符合汉语表达习惯和修辞需要。

High technology is providing visually and hearing impaired people with increased self-sufficiency.

高科技设备在不断增强视力和听力损伤者的自理能力。(增译名词“设备”和副词“不断”)

3.2 省译

严格地讲,翻译时不能对科技英文中的内容进行删减。但是,由于英语和汉语的表达方式不同,若把英文中的某些词强行译为汉语,可能使得译文晦涩难懂;为使译文准确地表达出原文的思想内容,有时需要将一些词语省略不译。

For the purpose of our discussion, let us neglect the friction.

为了便于讨论,我们将摩擦力忽略不计。(省译了名词“purpose”)

练习:

(1) Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.

人们发现,自然界里的许多元素,都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。(增译代词“人们”)

(2) That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental law of electricity.

同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。(省译连词“but”)4 顺译与倒译

4.1 顺译

顺译就是按照原文相同或相似的语序进行翻译。

The nylon nut must not protrude above the metal surface.

尼龙螺母不应高出金属表面。

4.2 倒译

为了使译文更加通顺,更加符合汉语表达习惯,可采用完全不同于原文词语顺序地方法来翻译,称之为倒译。

Too large a current must not be used.

不得使用过大的电流。

练习:

(1) The angular-contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.

向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。(顺译)

(2) The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.

通过改变晶粒的方位可以改变焊缝的性能。(倒译)

第二章词的翻译

一词义的选择

英语和汉语都有一词多义、一次多类的现象。所谓一次多类就是指一个词往往属于几个不同的词类,具有几个不同的意义。一词多义示值一个词在同一个词类中,往往有几个不同的词义。因此,在众多词义中,选择一个确切的词义是正确理解原文所表达的思想的基本环节,是翻译成功的基础。

一般,词义的选择与确定可从以下方面考虑。

1 根据词类选择词义

一些兼类词在句子中承担的成分不同,其词性不同,词义也不同。因此,要选择正确的词义,首先应该确定该词在句子中属于哪一种词类,然后再进一步确定其词义。

(1) The thickness of a tooth measured along the pitch circle is one half the circular pitch.

沿节圆所测得的齿厚是周节的一半。(measure 是及物动词,译为“测量”)

(2) The earthquake measured 6.5 on the Richter scale.

这次地震震级为6.5 里氏震级。(measure 是系动词,译为“为”)

(3) We must reflect what measures to take in case of any accidental collapse of a bed.

我们必须考虑一下如果床层意外崩塌应采取什么措施。(measure是名词,复数时译为“措施”)

练习:

(1) The spindle rotates tow axes at right angles to each other.

锭子同时围绕两个相互垂直的轴旋转。(round为介词,围绕)

地球并非完全是圆的,它的两极略微扁平。(round为形容词,圆形的)

她的腰围是40英寸。(round为副词,围绕地)

(4) In each round of operation small corpuscle with negative charge which

粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场中获取新的能量。(round为名词,一周)

2 根据上下文选择词义

英语中的同一个词、同一类词,在不同场合有不同含义,常常根据上下文的联系,以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合中的词义。

(1) Noises may develop in a worn engine.

磨损的引擎里可能会产生各种噪声。

(2) In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing.

在进行设计时,必须考虑加工的可能性。

(3) Shorts frequently develop when insulation is worn.

绝缘被磨坏时往往会发生短路。

练习:

by the tool.

人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。

quantitative data.

width.

为求一正方形或长方形面积,你只需要将其长度乘以宽度。

有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。

新发明的纤维在工程和工业中得到越来越广泛的应用。

3 根据词的搭配选择词义

英语的一词多义往往体现在词与词的搭配上。不同搭配可能产生不同的词义。

idle motion 空转idle wheel 惰轮idle roll 传动轧辊

idle coil 闲圈idle current 无功电流idle capacity 备用容量练习:

large current 强电流large pressure 高电压large loads 重载large capacity 大容量large growing 生长快的

4 根据学科和专业选择词义

英语中,同一个词在不同的学科领域或不同的专业中往往具有不同的词义。因此,选择词义时,要考虑该词所涉及的学科或专业。

以“carrier”为例:

邮政业:邮递员军事:航空母舰运输业:搬运工

化学:载体医药学:带菌者车辆制造:底盘

无线电:载波机械行业:托架,传导管

练习:

以“apron”为例:

造船业:船头护船木航空业:停机坪机械行业:护床

军事:伪装天幕运输业:皮带运输机地质:冰川前的沙砾层

建筑业:护墙、挡板

二词义的引申

翻译时,有时发现英语句子中的一些单词或词组无法从字典等工具书中查找到恰如其分的含义。如果牵强附会,照搬词典里的某个含义,可能会使译文晦涩难懂,不符合汉语表达习惯。这时,要结合上下文,根据语气、逻辑关系、搭配习惯以及全句的技术含义等方面,在准确理解原文含义的基础上,按照汉语的表达习惯,对词义加以引申。

1 技术性引申

其主要目的是使一文中涉及科学技术概念的词语符合技术语言规范。

The adjustment screw has stop s at both sides.

调整螺钉的两端设有定位块。

2 修辞性引申

其主要目的是为了使译文语言流畅、文句通顺,符合汉语表达习惯。

Hand picks have been replaced by pneumatic picks and electric drills

手镐已被风镐和电钻取而代之了。

3 具体化引申

就是把原有的语句中含义比较概括、抽象、笼统的词引申为含义比较具体的词,尤其是将不定代词进行具体化引申,避免译文概念不清或不符合汉语表达习惯。

This suggests that matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa.

这就是说,物质可以转化为能量,能量也可以转化为物质。

4 抽象化引申

有些词在英文中比较具体、形象,如果在译文中不需要强调它的具体名称或具体说明,汉译时可将其抽象化、概括化。

The investigation about Al2O3-SiO2 binary system phase diagram has been done by halves during the late 30years.

近30年来,有关Al2O3-SiO2二元系统相图的研究尚不够充分。

练习:

(1) The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls.

滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。(技术性引申)

(2) Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so du gases and vapors.

正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样,不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不相同。(具体化引申)

(3) The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amounts of energy.

随着铀核和钚核的裂变,会有极其巨大的能量释放出来。(修辞性引申)

(4) At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.

目前,煤是火电厂最常用的能源。(抽象化引申)

三词类的转换

由于英语和汉语的语言结构与表达方式不同,汉译时不能逐词对译。为了更好地表达原文的思想内容,使译文更符合汉语表达习惯,在翻译时常常进行词类的转换。

1 转译为动词

与汉语相比,英语句子中往往只有一个谓语动词,而汉语句子中动词用得比较多,很可能有几个动词或动词性结构一起使用。

1.1 名词转译为动词

These depressing pumps ensure contamination-free transfer of abrasive and aggressive fluids such as acids, dyes and alcohol among others.

在输送酸、染料、醇以及其它摩擦力大、腐蚀性强的流体时,这类压缩泵能够保证输送无污染。(名词transfer转译为动词)

1.2 形容词转译为动词

一些表示心理活动、心理状态的形容词作表语时,可转译为动词。有些具有动词意义的形容词也可转译为动词。

The circuits are connected in parallel in the interest of a small resistance.

将电路并联是为了减小电阻。(small转译为动词“减小”)

1.3 副词转译为动词

英语中很多副词在古代曾经是动词,翻译时可将副词转译为动词,尤其是当它们在英文句子中作表语或状语时。

The fatigue life test is over

疲劳寿命试验结束了。(副词over转译为动词)

1.4 借此转译为动词

英语中很多介词在古代曾是动词,翻译时可将其转译为动词。

In any machine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction.

任何机器的输入功等于输出功加上客服摩擦所做的功。(介词against转译为动词)

2 转译为名词

2.1 动词转译为名词

Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere.

(动词define转译为名词“定义”)沸点的定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度。

2.2 代词转译为名词

即指将代词多代替的名词翻译出来,也称之为“还原”。

This means the permittivity of oil is greater than that of air.

这就意味着油的介电系数大于空气的介电系数。

2.3 形容词转译为名词

All metals tend to be ductile

所有金属都具有延展性。(形容词ductile转译为名词“延展性”)

2.4 副词转译为名词

These parts must be proportionally correct.

这些零件的比例必须准确无误。(proportionally转译为名词“比例”)

练习:

(1) We should get familiar with different systems of units.

我们应该熟悉各种(计量)单位制。(形容词familiar转译为动词“熟悉”)

(2) Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators.

常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。(副词instead转译为动词“代替”)

(3) Various precautions have been taken against leakage.

已采取各种措施防止渗漏。(介词against转译为动词“防止”)

(4) Value is defined as a numerical ration, the ration of the function, or performance, to the coat.

(动词define转译为名词“定义”)价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。

3 转译为形容词

3.1 名词转译为形容词

Gene mutation is of great importance in breeding new varieties.

在新品种培育方面,基因突变是非常重要的

3.2 副词转译为形容词

当英语动词转译为汉语的名词时,修饰该英语动词的副词随之转译为汉语的形容词。

This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation.

这种通讯系统的主要特点是操作简单。(动词characterized转译为名词“特点”,副词chiefly转译为形容词“主要的”)

3.3 动词转译为形容词

Light waves differ in frequency just as sound waves do.

同声波一样,光波也有不同的频率。(动词differ转译为形容词“不同的”)4 转译为副词

4.1 形容词转译为副词

(1)当英语的代名词转译为汉语的动词时,原来修饰名词的英语形容词就相应的转译为汉语的副词。

In case of use without conditioning the electrode, frequent calibrations are required.

如果在使用前没有调节电极,则需要经常校定。(名词calibration转译为动词“校定”,形容词frequent则转译为副词“经常地”)

(2)在“系动词+表语”的句型结构中,作表语的名词转译为汉语的形容词时,原来修饰名词的英语形容词相应地转译为汉语的副词。

These characteristics of nonmetal are of great importance.

(名词importance转译为形容词“重要的”,非金属的这些特性是非常重要的。

形容词great转译为副词“非常地”)

(3)其它形式的形容词也可转译为副词。

In actual tests this point is difficult to obtain.

在实际的测试中,很难测到这个点。(形容词difficult转译为副词“苦难地”)4.2 动词转译为副词

当英语句子中的谓语动词后面的不定式短语或分词转译为汉语句子中的谓语动词时,原来的谓语动词就相应地转译为汉语的副词。

Rapid evaporation tends to make the steam wet.

快速蒸发往往使蒸汽的湿度加大。(动词tend转译为副词“往往”)

4.3 名词换译为副词

英语中一些具有副词意义的名词有时也可转译为副词。

Quasi-stars were discovered in 1963 as a result of an effort to overcome the shortcomings of radio telescopes.

类星体是1963年发现的,是人们努力克服射电望远镜的缺点所取得的一项成果。(名词effort转译为副词)

练习:

(1) The metal casts well.

这种金属具有良好的铸造性能。(副词well转译为形容词“良好的”)

(2) Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.

润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。(形容词good转译为副词“良好地”)

(3) There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about

a magnet.

有许多方法确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。(介词about转译为形容词“周围的”)

(4) Since some materials are not damage easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts.

由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏,所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。(名词possibility转译为副词“可能性”)

四词的増译

所谓増译就是在译文中增加英文原文省略、或原文中无其词而有其义的词语。増译的目的在于使译文既能准确地表达原文含义,又能符合汉语表达习惯和语法修辞。

1 増译名词

常见的是在名词之后増译名词,另外还可以在动词后或形容词前増译名词。

Gravity is a strange force. When you slip on something, you never go up into the air, but instead you always fall down.

地心引力是一种奇异的力量。当你滑倒时,你绝不会跌向空中,而是相反,总是倒向地面。(动词短语fall down 后増译名词“地面”)

2 増译动词

根据语意和表达需要,可在名词前后増译动词。

These differences are due to the difference in flows of energy and matter.

这些差异是由于物质和能量流动速率的差别造成的。

3 増译形容词

根据原文所要表达的含义,结合上下文,在部分名词后适当増译形容词,使译文更加确切地表达原意。

Speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer.

速度快、可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。(名词speed和reliability后分别増译形容词“快”和“高”)

4 増译副词

根据上下文,有些动词前可増译副词,在不改变原文含义的基础上,使译文更加符合汉语的修辞需要和表达习惯。

Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.

科学家们深信,不久便有可能找到一种方法来改善大脑的功能。

5 増译代词

就是指在句首増译“人们”、“有人”、“我们”等泛指代词,讲英语的被动句翻译为汉语的主动句。有时,为了符合汉语的表达习惯,翻译英语主动句时也可増译代词。

It is recommended that a gauging with GO screw caliper gages should be supplemented by with the GO screw ring gauge.

我们建议用通端螺纹卡规测量时,应当用通端螺纹环规来补充。(増译了代词“我们”)

练习:

(1) This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.

表面上看,这一作用像是电容器的放电现象。(名词discharge后增译名词“现象”)

(2) Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.

和普通干电池相比,原子电池体积小、重量轻。(形容词small和light前分别增译名词“体积”和“重量”)

6 増译量词

英语中表示数量概念的两次很少,往往是数词或不定冠词(an/a)与可数名词直接连用;而汉语中可用不同的量词来表示不同事物数量的概念。因此,翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯而增加适当的量词。

増译量词主要有三种情况:一是在数词或不定冠词后増译量词,二是在指示代词或定冠词之后増译量词,三是在少数表示数量的形容词与名词之间増译量词)。

This machine has two settings, fast and slow.

这台机器的速度有快慢两个挡。(増译量词“台”和“个”)

练习:

It was estimated that the power of an average horse is equal to 500 feet-pounds per second.

据估计,一匹普通马的功率等于500英尺磅力/秒。(增译量词“匹”)

7 増译表示名词复数的词

如果英语原文中的名词为复数,汉译时可适当增加表示复数概念的词,如“们”、“各种”、“许多”、“大量”、“几个”、“一些”等。

For reasons the alternating current is more widely used than the direct current.

由于种种原因,交流电比直流电用的更为广泛。(増译“种种”)

练习:

In television the image is analyzed into a large number of “picture elements”.

在电视中,图像可分解为许多像素。(增译表示名词复数的词“许多”)

8 増译时态词

英语的时态是通过动词词形的变化体现出来的,而汉语则是通过增加表示时态的助词或表示时间的副词来完成。因此,翻译进行时态时,往往増译“正在”、“在”、“不断”、“着”等词语;翻译将来时态时,増译“将”、“要”、“便”、“会”等词;翻译过去时态时,増译“曾经”、“当时”、“以前”、“过去”等词;翻译完成时态时,増译“已经”、“早已”、“了”等词。

Much research is currently being carried out, too, to find composite bearing materials with low wear rates as well as small frictional coefficients.

目前正在进行大量研究,以找到具有低磨损率,同时又具有低摩擦系数的复合轴承材料。(用“正在”表示进行时态)

练习:

The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens.

无论发生什么情况,这台接收机都将会可靠地工作。(增译时态词“将会”)9 増译概括性的词

所谓概括词就是指类似“两种”、“三类”、“双方”等词语。増译概括性词就是将所罗列的事物用概括性的词语进行概括,使译文更加清晰明确。

The advantages of the recently developed composite materials are energy saving, performance efficient, corrosion resistant, long services time, and without environmental pollution.

最新开发的复合材料具有节能、性能好、抗腐蚀、寿命长和无污染等五大优势。

练习:

Radiant, electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.

辐射能、电能和化学能这三种能量均可转变为热能。(增译概括性的词“这三种”)

10 増译连接词

为了使译文更加富有逻辑性、符合汉语表达习惯、更加流畅通顺,可适当的在译文中增加一些表示原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、假设等连接词。

Crimp hinge ends after pin installation to retain pin.

销子安装后,将铰链两端紧固,以免销子脱落。(増译表示目的的连接词“以免”)

练习:

Noise figure is minimized by a parametric amplifier.

采用参量放大器即可将噪声系数减少至最低限度。(增译连接词“即可”)11 増译转折词

英文原句中没有转折词,而在翻译时,为了使译文语句通顺,符合汉语表达习惯,可在译文中适当的増译转折词。

The locknut shall resist the load without thread stripping or rupture.

自锁螺母应承受负载,而不损坏螺纹。

练习:

Lead can be hammered into very thin sheets without being broken.

铅可被锤击成很薄的薄片而不破裂。(增译转折词“而”)

五词的省译

严格地讲,翻译时不能对科技英文中的内容进行删减。但是,由于英语和汉语的表达方式不同,若把英文中的某些词强行译为汉语,可能使得译文晦涩难懂;如果省略这些词,可能使得译文更加准确地表达原文的含义。因此,掌握省译的方法很有必要。

1 省译冠词

英语中有冠词,而汉语中没有冠词。因此,汉译时可省略冠词。

Small doses of toxins induce a host to manufacture anti-toxins.

小剂量的毒素可使受体产生抗毒素。(省译了冠词“a”)

2 省译代词

英语句子中有多个代词,汉译时可根据情况省译一部分代词。

One material can be distinguished from another by their physical properties.

根据物理性质,可以把一种材料与另一种材料区分开来。

3 省译介词

大量使用介词是英语的又一特点,汉译时可省略一些介词。

Whenever a current flows through a resistance, a potential difference exists at the two ends of the resistance.

电流通过电阻时,电阻的两端就有电势差。(省译介词“at”)

4 省译连词

英语句子中的连词,包括并列连词和从属连词,使用较多,但汉语中连词却很少使用。因此汉译时可省译英文中的连词。

The inner and outer rings are graded and stored according to size.

内外圈是根据尺寸分类存放的。(省译了两个连词“and”)

5 省译动词

英语句子必须由动词作谓语,而汉语句子除了动词可作谓语外,形容词、名词或词组都可以作谓语。因此,汉译时可省译英文中的动词。被省译的动词通常是某些系动词或行为动词。

Lubricants of low viscosity also exhibit a low temperature dependence of viscosity.

低粘度润滑剂的粘度对温度的依赖性也低。(省译了动词“exhibit”)

6 there be 句型中的省译

对于there be 句型,汉译时可省译there be本身的含义,即不把“有”翻译出来。

As a moderate there is a choice between normal water, heavy water and graphite.

可以选择普通的水、重水和石墨作为减速剂。

练习:

(1) Such an engine is called an internal combustion engine.

这种发动机被称为内燃机。(省译冠词an)

(2) This critical deficiency was itself due to three factors which interacted with each other over the entire period.

这个关键性的逆差来源于三个始终相互影响的因素。(省译反身代词itself)

(3) The properties change in going from carbon to graphite.

碳转变成石墨时,其性质也发生了变化。(省译介词in)

(4) Temperatures may reach 700℃and surface oxidation becomes critical.

温度高达700摄氏度时,表面氧化便成为了关键问题。(省译连词and)

(5) This equipment forms an integral part of many advanced systems.

这个设备是许多先进系统不可缺少的一部分。(省译动词form)

(6) There was a rise in temperature, and as a result, the component failed.

温度升高了,结果元件出现了故障。(省译there be)

六重复法

避免重复是英语修辞的一大特点。英语中经常出现一个动词后面接几个宾语或表语,或大量使用代词以避免重复使用名词的现象。

但汉语的表达方式则不同,有时为了使译文更加生动,翻译时常常对重要或关键性的词语加以重复。

1 重复名词

(1)在英语句子中,当并列连词and、as well as、not only…but also、but、not…but、either…or、both…and、neither…nor等连接两个并列成分时,其相应的核心名词在汉译时为了修辞需要,可以重复该名词。

Journal and antifriction bearings are the two general types of bearings in existence.

滑动轴承与滚动轴承是现有的两种普通类型的轴承。

(2)有些较长的定语从句,翻译时译文可以重复关系代词所代替的名词。

The controller translates these into detail through its feedback system which relies on sensors in the hand that measure the force applied.

控制器通过它的反馈系统把这些命令转换成细节,而反馈系统依靠的是假手中能够测定用力大小的传感器。

(3)当英语句子中几个形容词共同修饰名词时,汉译时被修饰的名词常常可以重复。

The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

电流三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。

2 重复动词

在英语句子中,如果并列连词as well as、not only…but also、but、not…but、either…or、both…and、neither…or等连词连接两个并列成分,且只有一个谓语动词时,汉译时为了译文的修辞需要,可重复翻译该动词。

The internal combustion engines can operate on kerosene as well as on benzene.

内燃机不仅能用汽油起动,而且能用航空煤油起动。

练习:

(1) The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid.

气体的性质与液体的性质大不相同。(重复名词“性质”)

(2) The three gas laws are true of all gases, as well as of air.

气体三定律不仅适用于空气,也适用于所有气体。(重复动词“适用于”)

第三章句子的翻译

一句子成分的翻译

英语的句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

由于英汉语言表达方式的差异,我们既不能按照原文句子的语法成分来翻译,也不能逐词死译。尤其是科技英语的翻译,译者既要准确地表达原句的内容,使译文符合技术规范,又要使译文通顺易懂,附和汉语的表达习惯。

这就需要译者在认真分析和理解原文的基础上,根据汉语的表达习惯对句子成分进行适当的调整和转换。

1 主句的翻译

1.1 照译

如果英语的主语是名词、代词、数量词、单个的动名词或不定式等,一般可直接翻译成汉语的主语。

The pump uses a dual-pitch screw design.

这种泵采用双齿距螺旋设计。

练习:

① Hydraulic springs are particularly suited for applications in which high load capacities and stiffness are required.

液压弹簧尤其适用于要求承载能力和刚度很高的场合。

②Introduction of a newly-developed technique will enhance the prospects of success.

引进一项新开发的技术将增加成功的希望。

1.2 转译为谓语

当英语句子的主语是动作性的名词,且句子是there be 句型、系表结构或被动句时,原句子的主语常常可以译为汉语句子的谓语。

In consequence, there is no need of axial location.

因此,不需要轴向定位。

练习:

① Since the lines of magnetic force converge and diverge, there is the necessity for a component Br.

由于磁力线的汇聚和发散,就必须需要一个分量B r。

② Attempts have ever been made to rename the robot

人们也一直在尝试给机器人重新命名。

1.3 转译为宾语

(1)如果英文原句是被动句,有时可译成汉语的主动句,这时原句子的主语常转译成汉语的宾语,而整个汉译的句子又是一个无主句。

In turning different materials, different speed should be used.

在切削不同材料时,应采用不同的速度。

Work must be done in setting a body in motion.

使一个物体运动时,必须做功。

(2)有些英语的被动句在译成汉语时,往往可以增译泛指人称作主语,这时英语句子的主语常常译成汉语的宾语。

Nuclear energy thermoelectric generators are proposed as power sources for the solar system deep space explorers.

有人建议将核能温差电池用作太阳系远程空间探测器的能源

(3)在含有介词短语做状语的被动句里,如果介词的宾语被转译为汉语句子的主语,那么原英文句子中的主语可转译为汉语句子的宾语。

Attachments are usually not included with standard machine.

通常,标准机床不包含附件。

(4)在there be句型中,经常把英文主语转译为中文的宾语。

Even though bearings are usually lubricated, there is friction and some wear.

即使经常给轴承润滑,也会存在摩擦和一些磨损。

(5)在“it be +过去分词+that”结构中,其中it是形式主语,常常通过无主句的形式或增译泛指人称,将that引导的主语从句转译为中文的宾语从句。

It should be emphasized that the laser is in no sense an energy source.

应当指出,激光器并不是一个能源。

练习:

(1) Several concepts are introduced: decision-making, modeling, dynamics, feedback, stability, and logical design.

这里介绍几个概念:判定、模拟、动力学、反馈、稳定性和逻辑设计。

(2) Provision is made within the circuitry to limit the transistor voltage

电路已采取措施来限制晶体管的电压。

(3) See to it that all troubles should be eliminated.

务必要排除所有故障。

(4) No direct electrical connection to the rotor is provided

西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案

1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里,由于地心的剧烈活动,使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后,受到了纳税人的广泛称赞,因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功,然而,他们同样生来就是无助的,完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立,然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为,失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣,不仅失去了幸福,而且还可能损伤智力,甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而,浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸,也不在沿海诸岛,而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里,富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长,有些则如昙花一现。

科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料

Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理

《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六

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Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。(技术性引申) 通常,数控机床的编程是脱机完成的,指令载于穿孔带上。(技术性引申) 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。(修辞引申) The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。(具体化引申) 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。(具体化引申) 随着铀核和钚核的裂变,会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。(修辞性引申) 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样,不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。(具体化引申) The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然,其结构还有较大的改进余地。(抽象化引申) 目前,煤是火电厂最常用的能源。(抽象化引申) 居里夫妇坚信,自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。(具体化引申) 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。(抽象化引申) 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定,这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种(计量)单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后,人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域,而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉,板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征,例如一颗星或一只鸟;有时科学家观察某一事件,即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难,也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快,取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热,以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料,该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前,铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏,所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.

西南交通大学研究生 科技英语翻译 期末复习题

科技英语翻译联系200句 1.To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy. 传送电磁波需要能量 2.Chemical control will do most of things in pest control. 化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。 3.It is not until wires are connected that the path is completed. 直到导线接上以后,此电路才接通。 4.The odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing. 对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说,条件都是极为不利的。 5.Oscillator design is of an art rather than an exact science. 与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学,不如说它是一门艺术。 6.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到(了)1/7。 7.Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors. 凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽,因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有,所以不能辨别颜色。 8.Tsunami is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes. 海啸有时威力很大,足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。 9.Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved. 并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。 10.Every crane has a certain hitting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons. 每台起重机均有一定的起重力(量),该起重力(量)从几吨到几百吨不等。 11.The best solution is continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmousphere. 最好的方法是继续减少影响大气层的各种污染物。 12. Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。 13.It is these drawbacks which need to be eliminated and which have led to the search for new processes. 正是因为这些缺点需要消除,才导致了对新方法的探求。 14.Real-time systems often need extraordinary precautions to guard against possible break down of computer. 实时系统往往需要特别小心,以防止计算机可能发生故障。 15.The steam engine uses a fire in a boiler rather than inside the engine. 蒸汽机所利用的是锅炉中的火,而不是发动机里边的火。 16.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。17.Our primary purpose in studying fatigue is to understand why failures occur so that we can guard against them in an optimum manner. 我们研究疲劳的主要目的在于了解产生失效的原因,以便能以最佳的方式加以预防。 18.This system will build on the knowledge and experience gained in developing the existing suite of software products. 这个系统的基础是从开发现有的成套软件产品中所获得的知识和经验。 19.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有的金属的导电性能都同样好。20.It means that the mass of the comet cannot have amounted to as much as one ten-thousandth of that of the earth. 这表明这颗彗星的质量甚至不到地球质量的万分之一。 21.Inspection programs help to determine when to replace parts. 检验计划有助于确定更换零件的时间。

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