大学英语精读4-课文-中英文对照

Text Book 4

Unit 1

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Two college-age boys, unaware that making money usually involves hard work, are tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money. The boys soon learn that if something seems too good to be true, it probably is. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。

BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAY

轻轻松松赚大钱

John G. Hubbell

"You ought to look into this," I suggested to our two college-age sons. "It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time." I handed them some magazines in a plastic bag someone had hung on our doorknob. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。

A message printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work ("Big Bucks the Easy Way!") of delivering more such bags. 塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。(“轻轻松松赚大钱!”)

"I don't mind the indignity," the older one answered. “我不在乎失不失尊严，”大儿子回答说。

"I can live with it," his brother agreed. “我可以忍受，”他的弟弟附和道。

"But it pains me," I said，"to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you." “看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子，真使我痛心，”我说。

The boys said they would look into the magazine-delivery thing. Pleased, I left town on a business trip. By midnight I was comfortably settled in a hotel room far from home. The phone rang. It was my wife. She wanted to know how my day had gone. 孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴，便离城出差去了。午夜时分，我已远离家门，在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了，是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。

"Great!" I enthused. "How was your day" I inquired. “好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样”我问道。

"Super!" She snapped. "Just super! And it's only getting started. Another truck just pulled up out front." “棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”

"Another truck" “又一辆卡车”

"The third one this evening. The first delivered four thousand Montgomery Wards. The second brought four thousand Sears, Roebucks. I don't know what this one has, but I'm sure it will be four thousand of something. Since you are responsible, I thought you might like to know what's happening. “今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。”

What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper.

The company had promised our boys $600 for delivering these inserts to 4,000 houses by Sunday morning. 我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。

"Piece of cake!" our older college son had shouted. “不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。

" Six hundred bucks!" His brother had echoed, "And we can do the job in two hours!" “六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!”

"Both the Sears and Ward ads are four newspaper-size pages," my wife informed me. "There are thirty-two thousand pages of advertising on our porch. Even as we speak, two big guys are carrying armloads of paper up the walk. What do we do about all this" “西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办”。

"Just tell the boys to get busy," I instructed. "They're college men. They'll do what they have to do." “你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”

At noon the following day I returned to the hotel and found an urgent message to telephone my wife. Her voice was unnaturally high and quavering. There had been several more truckloads of ad inserts. 第二天中午，我回到旅馆，看到一份紧急留言，要我马上给妻子回电话。她的声音高得很不自然，而且有些颤抖。家里又运到了好几卡车的广告插页。

"They're for department stores, dime stores, drugstores, grocery stores, auto stores and so on. Some are whole magazine sections. We have hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of pages of advertising here! “有百货公司的，廉价商店的，杂货店的，食品店的，汽车行的，等等。有些像整本杂志那么厚。我们这里有数十万页，说不定是几百万页的广告!

They are crammed wall-to-wall all through the house in stacks taller than your oldest son. There's only enough room for people to walk in, take one each of the eleven inserts, roll them together, slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag. 我们家整个房子从东墙到西墙，从南墙到北墙统统堆满了广告，一堆又一堆，比你大儿子还要高。现在只剩下一点点空间，刚够一个人走进去，从十一种插页中各取一份，卷在一起，套上橡皮筋，再塞进一只塑料袋内。

We have enough plastic bags to supply every takeout restaurant in America!" Her voice kept rising, as if working its way out of the range of the human ear. "All this must be delivered by seven o'clock Sunday morning."我们的塑料袋足够供应全美所有的外卖餐厅!”她越讲声音越响，几乎震耳欲聋。“这么多的广告必须在星期日早晨七点以前统统送出去。”

"Well, you had better get those guys banding and sliding as fast as they can, and I'll talk to you later. Got a lunch date.”“嗯，你最好让孩子们尽快地捆扎装袋，等会儿我再跟你谈。我有个午餐约会。”

When I returned, there was another urgent call from my wife. 我餐后回来，妻子又打来一只紧急电话。

"Did you have a nice lunch" she asked sweetly. I had had a marvelous steak, but knew better by now than to say so. “你午餐吃得不错吧”她用悦耳的声音问道。我吃的牛排好极了，但这次我学乖了，还是不说为妙。

"Awful," I reported. "Some sort of sour fish. Eel, I think." “糟透了，”我报告说。“一种什么酸溜溜的鱼，我想大概是鳗鲡吧。”

"Good. Your college sons have hired their younger brothers and sisters and a couple of neighborhood children to help for five dollars each. Assembly lines have been set up. In the language of diplomacy, there is 'movement.'"“不错嘛。你的大学生儿子已经雇了他们的弟弟妹妹和两三个邻居的小孩帮忙，工钱一人五块，建起了流水作业线。用外交术语来说，事情有进展。”

"That's encouraging." “这确实令人鼓舞。”

"No, it's not," she corrected. "It's very discouraging. They're been as it for hours. Plastic bags have been filled and piled to the ceiling, but all this hasn't made a dent, not a dent, in the situation! It's almost as if the inserts keep reproducing themselves!" “不，并非如此，”她纠正说。“相反，非常叫人泄气。他们干了好几个小时了。装好的塑料袋，一直堆到天花板，但一切努力收效很小。这些广告宣传品简直就像是不停地自行生产出来一样!”

"Another thing," she continued. "Your college sons must learn that one does not get the best out of employees by threatening them with bodily harm. “还有一件事，”她接着说，“你那上大学的儿子必须明白，威胁雇员，说要揍他们，是不可能使他们卖力的。”

Obtaining an audience with son NO. 1, I snarled, "I'll kill you if threaten one of those kids again! Idiot! You should be offering a bonus of a dollar every hour to the worker who fills the most bags. 我跟大儿子一通上话，便咆哮道，“你如果再威胁那些孩子，我就对你不客气了!白痴!你应该给奖金，对装袋最多的工人每小时奖励一块。”

"But that would cut into our profit," he suggested. “可那要减少我们的利润啦，”他提醒道。"There won't be any profit unless those kids enable you to make all the deliveries on time. If they don't, you two will have to remove all that paper by yourselves. And there will be no eating or sleeping until it is removed." “那些孩子不帮你按时将所有的广告投送出去，你就什么利润也得不到。如果他们不干，你们俩就得亲手搬走所有的广告。而在把它们搬掉之前，你们吃不成，也睡不成。”

There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, "Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality." 电话里出现了短暂的沉默，他在思考。接着，他说，“爸爸，你刚才使我深受启迪，令我恍然大悟。”

"Do it!" “那就干吧!”

"Yes, sir!" “是，阁下!”

By the following evening, there was much for my wife to report. The bonus program had worked until someone demanded to see the color of cash. 到第二天傍晚，我妻子就有许多事报告了。奖金计划行之有效，可后来有人对能否兑现表示怀疑，提出把钱拿出来给大家看看。

Then some activist on the work force claimed that the workers had no business settling for $5 and a few competitive bonuses while the bosses collected hundreds of dollars each. The organizer had declared that all the workers were entitled to $5 per hour! They would not work another minute until the bosses agreed. 接着工人队伍里的一位活动家声称，老板每人拿几百块钱，工人们决没有理由满足于每人五块外加一点点竞争性的奖金。劳工组织人宣布，所有工人的工资都应该达到每小时五块钱! 在老板答应之前，他们不再干活儿，一分钟也不干。

The strike lasted less than two hours. In mediation, the parties agreed on $2 per hour. Gradually, the huge stacks began to shrink. 罢工持续了不到两小时。通过调解，双方达成协议，每小时两块。渐渐地，大堆的广告开始减少。

As it turned out, the job was completed three hours before Sunday's 7 . deadline. By the time I arrived home, the boys had already settled their accounts: $150 in labor costs, $40 for gasoline, and a like amount for gifts - boxes of candy for saintly neighbors who had volunteered station wagons and help in delivery and dozen roses for their mother. 结果，全部工作比最后限期星期日早晨七点提前三个小时完成。等我回到家里，孩子们已经结了账。劳务支出 150 元，汽油费40 元，还有 40 元买礼品——几盒糖果，送给乐于助人的邻居，他们主动开出自家的车帮助投递，还有一打玫瑰送给他们的母亲。

This left them with $185 each - about two-thirds the minimum wage for the 91 hours they worked. Still, it was "enough", as one of them put it, to enable them to "avoid indignity" for quite a while. 除去以上开支，他们每人得到 185 元 --大约相当于他们所干的 91 小时的最低工资的三分之二。虽然如此，可正如一个儿子所说，那还是“足够”他们花一阵子，使他们“避免那种有失尊严的事。”

All went well for some weeks. Then one Saturday morning my attention was drawn to the odd

goings-on of our two youngest sons. They kept carrying carton after carton from various corners of the house out the front door to curbside. 几个星期过去了，一切都很好。后来，一个星期六的上午，我们两个小儿子的奇怪举动引起了我的注意。他们不停地将一个又一个的纸箱从房屋四处的角落里搬出，经过前门，送到人行道边。

I assumed their mother had enlisted them to remove junk for a trash pickup. Then I overheard them discussing finances. 我以为他们的妈妈在指挥他们清除破烂，好让垃圾车运走呢。正在这时，我听到他们在议论经济问题。

"Geez, we're going to make a lot of money!" “哟，我们会赚许多钱呢!”

"We're going to be rich!" “我们要发财啦!”

Investigation revealed that they were offering " for sale or rent" our entire library. 经查问发现，他们正在把我们的全部图书“出售或出租”。

"No! No!" I cried. "You can't sell our books!" “不成!不成!”我叫道。“不能把我们的书卖了!”"Geez, Dad, we thought you were done with them!" “哎唷，爸，我们以为你用不着它们了呢!”"You're never 'done' with books," I tried to explain. “书永远不会'用'不着的，”我尽力解释道。

"Sure you are. You read them, and you're done with them. That's it. Then you might as well make a little money from them. We wanted to avoid the indignity of having to ask you for……"“你肯定用不着了。你都看过了，再也不用了。没有错。既然不用，还不如卖点钱。我们想避免那种有失尊严的事，不再伸手向你要……”

Unit 2

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Is there anything we can learn from deer During the "energy crisis" of 1973-1974 the writer of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe how deer survive when winter arrives. The lessons he learns about the way deer conserve energy turn out applicable to our everyday life. 有什么是我们能从鹿身上学到的吗在 1973-1974 年的“能源危机”期间，本文作者正住在明尼苏达北部，能够观察当冬天来临时，鹿如何生存。他从鹿储存能量的方法上得到的经验也能够运用到我们的日常生活中。

DEER AND THE ENERGY CYCLE

鹿和能量循环

Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love; it's money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. 有些人说，爱情驱使世界运转；另一些并不那么罗曼蒂克而更为注重实际的人则说，不是爱情，而是金钱。但真实情况是，能量驱使世界运转。

Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends. 能量是生态系统的货币，只有当食物转变为能量，能量再用来获取更多的食物以供生长、繁殖和生存，生命才成为可能。所有生命都维系在这一循环上。It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer. 差不多众所周知，野生动物得以年复一年地生存下去，主要依靠在夏秋生长旺季尽量多吃，通常将多余的部分以脂肪的形式储存起来，然后到了冬天食物稀少的艰难时期，就用这些储备的脂肪来维持生命。然而，很可能鲜为人知的是，即使有储备的脂肪，野生动物在冬天消耗的能量比夏天要少。

A good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一个很好的例证是白尾鹿。与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长并储存脂肪。一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，它必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。

The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process —it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.产乳的最佳期也正是植物生长茂盛之时。这个时机选择得很好，因为乳汁生产是一个消耗能量的过程 -- 它需要大量的食物，除非该地区具有丰富的食物资源，否则无法满足这种消耗。

As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. 夏季一天天过去，幼鹿日渐生长，它们变得较少依赖母鹿的乳汁，而更加依靠生长中的植物为其食物来源。雄性成鹿在夏天生长鹿角并养肥身体。

Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. 在秋天，雄鹿和雌鹿都继续进食高质量食物，贮存体内脂肪，以备过冬。至于雌鹿和幼鹿，由于大量的能量用于产奶或生长，脂肪的积累速度不如完全成熟的雄鹿快。

Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. 脂肪储备如同银行里的存款，供冬天食物来源不足时和有时由于雪深难以获得时，支取使用。

As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold. 随着秋去冬来，还会发生其他变化: 幼鹿失去皮毛上的斑纹，所有鹿身上的毛长厚，颜色变深。毛皮的变化通常持续到 9 月。到11 月或 12 月天气变冷时，毛长得最厚。

But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter -- an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. 此外，大自然还为鹿提供进一步的保护以帮助它们度过冬天 -- 体内生理机能作相应调节，放慢新陈代谢，亦即生理活动的速度，从而降低能量的消耗。

The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don't hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available. 鹿变得有点动作迟缓、嗜睡。它们的心率减慢。冬眠的动物保存能量的习性胜过鹿。虽然鹿不冬眠，但他们随季节改变新陈代谢节奏的习性则是一样的。夏秋间，食物充裕的时候，鹿消耗较多的能量并储存脂肪。在冬天食物匮乏时，它们则消耗较少的能量并使用储存的脂肪。

When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted. 1973-1974 年间，第一次出现“能源危机”的时候，我正与家人住在明尼苏达州北部一处鹿群过冬地方的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里，观察鹿的生活习性，观察它们是如何随着冬季来临从夏秋的活动频繁状态而变得少动的，

而到春暖雪融时，他们的活动又是如何增多起来的。

It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio: " Drive only when necessary," we were told. "Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down." 当时广播电台常告诫我们:“没有必要不开车，”“多穿衣服好保暖，并请调低锅炉上的恒温器。”这些话听起来既有趣又逗笑。

Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter. 因为与此同时，我们一直注视着鹿减少活动，长出越冬的厚毛，并减缓新陈代谢。几千年来，他们一贯如此。鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学角度来看是合情合理的。

Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. 当然，对鹿来讲，并非每个冬天都处于危难之中。如果冬天雪下得少，存活率和次年春天的繁殖力就高。但如果雪积得深，天气连续数周寒冷，鹿活动起来就得花费较多的能量，觅食会更难，这时它们就得更多地依赖其脂肪储备度过寒冬。

If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer. 如果这种情况持续太久，有些鹿就要死亡，只有体型最大最壮的，才有可能存活。对于像鹿这样四处自由奔走的野生动物来说，这是一条根本的生存规律。

Yes, life - and death, too - is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy. 的确，生命--还有死亡--周而复始，循环不已。当动物死亡的时候，他们的尸体转化为能量，变成食物，供其他生命形式使用。

And the cycle continues. 如此循环，永不止息。

Unit 3

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Can you prove that the earth is round Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts你能证明地球是圆的吗来试试看吧！你将依靠你自己的智力还是不得不引用专家的观点呢

WHY DO WE BELIEVE THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND

我们为什么相信地球是圆的

George Orwell

Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. 记得在什么地方--我想是在《圣女贞德》序言中--肖伯纳评论说，今天我们比在中世纪时更加轻信，更加迷信。而作为现代轻信的例证，他举出地圆说这一广为传播的信念。

The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality. 肖伯纳说，普通人举不出一条理由来说明为什么相信地球是圆的。他全盘接受这一理论，只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合20世纪心态的东西。

Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. 当然，肖伯纳是夸

大其词了，但他说的也确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。

Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me. 我们究竟为什么会相信地球是圆的呢我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家之类的人，他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的根据来证实这一点，我指的是如同你我之辈的报纸的普通读者。

As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth's surface is curved. 至于“地平说”，我相信我能够加以驳斥。如果你在天气晴朗的日子站立海边，你可以看到船桅和烟囱沿着地平线移动而不见船体本身。只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。

But it does not follow that the earth is spherical. Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it 但不能由此推断地球是球形的。设想另一个称做“地球卵形说”的理论吧，这一学说声称地球形如蛋状。对此，我能说什么加以反驳呢

Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don't know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. 面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，可以根据太阳和月亮来类推。“地球卵形说”者立即回敬道，我无法根据自己的观察得知那些天体是球形的。

I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon I can't answer that one either.我只能得知他们是圆的，而它们完全可能呈扁平的圆盘状。我对此无言以答。此外，他还会说，我凭什么理由认为地球一定与太阳和月亮的形状相同对此，我同样无法解答。

My second card is the earth's shadow: When cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth 我的第二张牌是地球的影子: 月食期间，地球投在月亮上的影子看上去呈圆形物体状。但“地球卵形说”者马上要问，我怎么知道月食是由地球的影子造成的呢

The answer is that I don't know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets. 回答是，我并不知道，我只是照搬报刊文章和科普小册子上的说法而已。

Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. 小小交锋受挫，于是我打出一张王牌“Q”: 专家的看法。英国格林威治皇家天文台台长总该是权威了，他告诉我说地球是圆的。

The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal's statement, and would I even know a way of testing it “地球卵形说”者用他的“K”牌压倒我的“Q”牌。天文台台长的话我检验过没有再说，我知道怎么个检验法吗

Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth. 这时候，我打出我的“爱司”。是的，我确实知道一个检验方法。天文学家能预报月食，这一点表明他们关于太阳系的看法是非常可信的。因此，令我高兴的是，我接受他们关于地球形状的论断是有道理的。

If the Oval Earth man answers — what I believe is true — that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses, then bang goes my ace. 如果“地球卵形说”者反驳道--我以为他反驳得有理--认为太阳绕地球转的古代埃及人也能预言月食，那我的“爱司”牌便立刻化为乌有。

I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ship round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculations which assume that the earth is spherical. I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.我只剩下一张牌: 航海。人们可以扬帆绕地球航行而到达他们的目的地，其航程的计算，就是以地球是球形的假定为依据的。我相信这一下可以彻底击败“地球卵形说”者了。不过即便如此，他还可能有某种回击的办法。

It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. 由此可见，我认为地球是圆的，其根据是相当不牢靠的。然而这却是一点极其基本的知识。

On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. 在别的大多数问题上，我只得更早地依赖专家的理论，且更少有办法检验他的结论了。我们的知识，其绝大部分都停留在这一水平上。

It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty 它不是依靠推理或实验，而是依赖权威。可是，不这样，又有什么别的法子呢知识的范围如此广博，一旦越出其专业范围，专家也会变成一无所知。

Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that "everyone knows" the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. 对大多数人来说，如果要他们证明地球是圆的话，就连我上面概述的这些相当无力的论据，他们也不愿提供出来。他们一开始就会说: 谁都知道地球是圆的。要是再加追问，就会生气了。

In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible. 在某种程度上讲，肖伯纳是说对了，如今是一个轻信的时代。究其缘由，部分在于，我们现今必须掌握的知识实在太多了。

Unit 4

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Jim Thorpe, an American Indian, is generally accepted as the greatest all-round athlete of the first half of the 20th century. Yet the man, who brought glory to his nation, had a heartbreaking life. What caused his sadness and poverty Jim Thorpe，一个美国印地安人，在前半个20世纪里，被认为是最伟大的万能运动员。就是那个人，给他的国家带来了荣耀。但是却有一个极为悲伤的生活。是什么导致了他的悲伤和贫穷

JIM THORPE

吉姆·索普照

Steve Gelman

The railroad station was jammed. Students from Lafayette College were crowding onto the train platform eagerly awaiting the arrival of the Carlisle Indian school's track and field squad. 火车站挤得水泄不通。拉斐德学院的学生们一齐拥上月台，热切地等待着卡莱尔印第安人学校田径队的到来。

No one would have believed it a few months earlier. A school that nobody had heard of was suddenly beating big, famous colleges in track meets. Surely these Carlisle athletes would come charging off the train, one after another, like a Marine battalion. 倘若在几个月前，准无人会相信，一个谁也没听说过的学校，会在田径场上突然大败许多有名的大学。不用说，这些卡莱尔的运动员抵达后，一个接着一个冲下火车，准会像一营海军陆战队那样。

The train finally arrived and two young men -- one big and broad, the other small and slight

-- stepped onto the platform. 火车终于到站，两位年轻人--一位，大个儿，体格魁梧，另一位，小个儿，长相瘦弱--踏上了月台。

"Where's the track team" a Lafayette student asked. “田径队在哪儿”一位拉斐德的学生问道。"This is the team," replied the big fellow. “就在这儿。”大个子回答道。

"Just the two of you" “就你们两个”

"Nope, just me," said the big fellow. "This little guy is the manager." “不，就我一个，”大个子说。“这位小兄弟是领队。”

The Lafayette students shook their heads in wonder. Somebody must be playing a joke on them. If this big fellow was the whole Carlisle track team, he would be competing against an entire Lafayette squad. 拉斐德的学生们诧异地摇摇头。一定有人在开他们的玩笑。如果卡莱尔田径队就只有大个子一人，那他就得与整个拉斐德田径队比试高低了。

He did. He ran sprints, he ran hurdles, he ran distance races. He high-jumped, he broad-jumped. He threw the javelin and the shot. Finishing first in eight events, the big fellow beat the whole Lafayette team. 确实如此。他短跑，他跨栏，他长跑，他跳高，他跳远。他又投标枪又掷铅球。大个子赢得八项第一，一个人击败了整个拉斐德田径队。

The big fellow was Jim Thorpe, the greatest American athlete of modern times. He was born on May 28,1888, in a two-room farmhouse near Prague, Oklahoma. His parents were members of the Sac and Fox Indian tribe and he was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief, Black Hawk. 这位大个子就是吉姆·索普，现代美国最伟大的运动员。他于1888年5月28日出生在俄克拉荷马布拉格附近一个只有两间房的农舍里。他的父母亲是印第安人，袋与狐部落的成员，他是着名的武士首领黑隼的嫡系后裔。

As a Sac and Fox, Jim had the colorful Indian name Wa-Tho-Huck. Which, translated, means Bright Path. But being born an Indian, his path was not so bright. Although he had the opportunity to hunt and fish with great Indian outdoorsmen, he was denied opportunity in other ways. 作为袋与狐部落的成员，吉姆有一个动听的印第安名字：瓦·索·哈克，翻译出来，意为“光明之路”。但由于生来是一个印第安人，他的道路并不那么光明。虽然他有机会与熟谙野外生活的印第安人一起捕鱼、守猎，但其它方面的机会全给剥夺了。

The United States government controlled the lives of American Indians and, unlike other people, Indians did not automatically become citizens. It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education and extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rise high in life. 当时，美国政府控制了全美印第安人的生活，而且，与其他民族不同，印第安人不能自动获得公民资格。印第安人甚至连受起码的教育的机会也极少，因而，要想出人头地是难而又难。Young Bright Path seemed destined to spend his life in the Oklahoma farmland. But when he was in his teens, the government gave him the chance to attend the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. 年轻的“光明之路”似乎注定要在俄克拉荷马的农田里度过一生。但在他十几岁的时候，政府给了他一个机会去宾夕法尼亚的卡莱尔印第安人学校就读。

Soon Carlisle was racing along its own bright path to athletic prominence. In whatever sport Jim Thorpe played, he excelled, He was a star in baseball, track and field, wrestling, lacrosse, basketball and football. 不久，卡莱尔学校沿着自己的光明之路冲上了体育运动的高峰。不管吉姆·索普参加哪项运动，他都表现得很出色。他是棒球明星、田径明星、摔跤明星、长曲棍球明星、篮球明星和橄榄球明星。

He was so good in football, in fact, that most other small schools refused to play Carlisle. The Indian school's football schedule soon listed such major powers of the early twentieth century as Pittsburgh, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Penn State and Army. 事实上，他的橄榄球打得十分出色，以至于大多数其它规模较小的学校都不肯与卡莱尔比赛。不久，这个印第安学校的橄榄球比赛日程上，列出的都是些20世纪初的主要强队，例如匹兹堡队、例如匹兹堡队，哈佛队，宾州队及陆军队等。

Thorpe was a halfback. He was six feet one inch tall, weighed 185 pounds and had incredible speed and power. 索普打前卫。他身高英尺，体重185磅，速度奇快，力量惊人。

He built upon these natural gifts daily. He would watch a coach or player demonstrate a difficult maneuver, then he would try it himself. Inevitably, he would master the maneuver within minutes. 在天赋的基础上，他坚持训练，技艺与日俱增。他仔细观察教练或运动员示范难度大的动作，然后自己试着练。往往只消几分钟，他就学会了。

During every game, opponents piled on Thorpe, trampled him, kicked him and punched him, trying to put him out of action. They were never successful. Years later someone asked him if he had ever been hurt on the field. "Hurt" Thorpe said. "How could anyone get hurt playing football" 每次比赛，对方的球员们常一块儿压在索普的身上，踩他，踢他，用拳头猛击他，试图使他丧失比赛能力。但他们的企图从未得逞。数年之后，有人问他在球场上受过伤没有。“受伤”索普回答说，“打橄榄球怎么会受伤呢”

But Jim never played his best when he felt he would have to no fun playing. "What's the fun of playing in the rain" he once said. And his Carlisle coach, Pop Warner, once said, "There's no doubt that Jim had more talent than anybody who ever played football, but you could never tell when he felt like giving his best." 但是每当吉姆感到打球没趣的时候，他就打不出他的水平。有一次他曾说：“下着雨打球有啥意思”他的卡莱尔教练波伯·沃纳也曾说过：“毫无疑问，吉姆是迄今最有天赋的橄榄球运动员，但你永远无法弄清什么时候他想拿出最好的一手来。”然而，橄榄球，没有为索普带来最美好的时刻。

Football, though, did not provide Thorpe with his finest hour. He was selected for the United States Olympic track team in 1912, and went to Sweden with the team for the Games. On the ship, while the other athletes limbered up, Thorpe slept in his bunk. In Sweden, while other athletes trained, Thorpe relaxed in a hammock. He never strained when he didn't feel it necessary. 1912年，他被选入美国奥林匹克田径代表队，随队去瑞典参加运动会。在船上，别的运动员都在活动身体，索普却在床上睡大觉。到了瑞典，别的运动员在训练，索普却躺在吊床上休息。不到必要的时候，他从来不肯使劲。

Thorpe came out of his hammock when the Games began, to take part in the two most demanding Olympic events. 运动会开始了，索普这才从吊床上下来，参加奥林匹克运动会对体力和技术要求最高的两项比赛。

He entered the pentathlon competition, a test of skill in five events: 200-meter run, 1500-meter run, broad jump, discus and javelin; 他参加5项全能比赛，这是对个项目技能的考验：200米跑、1500米跑、跳远、铁饼和标枪。

and the decathlon competition, a series of ten events: 100-meter run, 400-meter run, 1500-meter run, high hurdles, broad jump, high jump, pole vault, discus, javelin and shot put. 他还参加10项全能比赛，这10项系列竞赛是“100米跑、400米跑、1500米跑、高栏、跳远、跳高、撑杆跳、铁饼、标枪和铅球。

Though most athletes were utterly exhausted by the decathlon alone, Thorpe breezed through both events, his dark hair flopping, his smile flashing, his muscled body gliding along the track. He finished first in both the pentathlon and decathlon, one of the great feats in Olympic history.大多数运动员参加10项全能这一项就精疲力尽了，而索普却轻松自如地赛完两项。他一头黑发扑颠着，脸上闪烁着微笑，那肌肉强健的身体沿着跑道轻捷地飞奔着。在5项和10项两个全能项目比赛中，他都名列第一，这是奥林匹克运动史上伟大的业绩之一。

"You sir," King Gustav V of Sweden told Thorpe as he presented him with two gold medals, "are the greatest athlete in the world." 瑞典国王古斯塔夫五世在把两块金牌授给索普的时候说：“先生，”“你是世界上最伟大的运动员。”

And William Howard Taft, the President of the United States, said, "Jim Thorpe is the highest type of citizen." 美国总统威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱也说：“吉姆·索普是公民的最高典范。”

King Gustav V was correct, but President Taft was not. Though Jim Thorpe had brought great glory to his nation, though thousands of people cheered him upon his return to the United States and attended banquets and a New York parade in his honor, he was not a citizen. 古斯塔夫五世国王讲对了，但塔夫脱总统却没有说对。尽管吉姆·索普为他的国家赢得了伟大的荣誉，

尽管他回到美国时，数千人前去热烈欢迎他并参加了为他举行的宴会和纽约的游行，而他却不是一个美国公民。

He did not become one until 1916. Even then, it took a special government ruling because he was an Indian. 直到1916年，他才取得公民资格。而且，那还是经过政府特别裁决才授予他的，因为他是一个印第安人。

Jim Thorpe was a hero after the Olympics and a sad, bewildered man not too much later. Someone discovered that two years before the Olympics he had been paid a few dollars to play semiprofessional baseball. 奥林匹克运动会后，吉姆·索普成了英雄，但没过多久，他就成了一个悲伤、迷惘的人。原来，有人发现，奥林匹克运动会前两年，他曾经为了几块钱参加过半职业性的棒球比赛。

Though many amateur athletes had played for pay under false names, Thorpe had used his own name. 许多业余运动员使用假名参赛赚钱，而索普却用自己的真名。

As a result, he was not technically an amateur when he competed at Stockholm as all Olympic athletes must be. His Olympic medals and trophies were taken away from him and given to the runners-up. 如果，从技术上来讲，他在斯德哥尔摩参赛时，已不是一名业余运动员了，而根据规定，所有奥林匹克运动员必须是业余选手。于是，他的奥林匹克奖章和奖品被收了回去，给了第二名的获得者。

After this heartbreaking experience, Thorpe turned to professional sports. He played major league baseball for six years and did fairly well. 在这次令人心碎的经历之后，索普转向职业运动。他为主要的棒球联赛协会打了六年球，成绩还不错。

Then he played professional football for six years with spectacular success. 接着，他加入职业橄榄球队，参赛六年，成绩斐然。

His last professional football season was in 1926. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him. He had trouble finding a job, and his friends deserted him. 1926年，他结束了职业橄榄球员生涯。到这时候，年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之，他一直也不愿考虑运动员以外的职业。这一切终于给他带来了不幸。他找不到工作，朋友们也抛弃了他。

He periodically asked for, but never was given back, his Olympic prizes. From 1926 until his death in 1953, he lived a poor, lonely, unhappy life. 他不时地要求，发还给他，但最终也未能要回他的奥林匹克奖牌。从1926年直到1953年世，他过着贫穷、寂寞、不幸的生活。

But in 1950 the Associated Press held a poll to determine the outstanding athlete of the half-century. Despite his loss of the Olympic gold medals and a sad decline in fortune during his later years, Thorpe was almost unanimously chosen the greatest athlete of modern times. 1950年，美联社举行民意测验以确定半个世纪中最杰出的运动员。尽管索普失去了奥林匹克金牌，晚年境遇凄楚，人们依然几乎一致地推选他为现代最伟大的运动员。

Unit 5

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Is it ever proper for a medical doctor to lie to his patient Should he tell a patient he is dying These questions seem simple enough, but it is not so simple to give a satisfactory answer to them. Now a new light is shed on them.医生可以对病人撒谎吗医生应该告诉病人他已经病入膏肓了吗这些问题看起来很简单，但是要给出令人满意的回答却并不那么简单。这里给了他们一线光明。

TO LIE OR NOT TOLIE -- THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA

撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题

Sissela Bok

Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients -- to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death 为了对病人有好处--为了加快病人康复或不让病人知道死亡的来临--医生到底该不该撒谎。

In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest. 医疗行业与法律、政府及其他行业一样，往往显得对诚实与否的问题不那么看重，要紧的倒是另外的一些事情，譬如，应设法避免可怕的消息造成的打击，或是应考虑恪守保密的诺言，或是需要揭露腐败行为或促进公众利益等。

What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months 举例说吧。一个46岁的男子，在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查，虽然他自我感觉良好，但医生发现他患了某种癌症，6个月内就会死去。

Is it best to tell him the truth If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation 这时，医生该怎么对他讲呢是不是最好对他讲实话要是他问起检查结果，医生该不该否认他得了病该不该将病情的严重性缩小到最低限度该不该将真情至少隐瞒到他全家度假之后

Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. 医生们常常面临这样的非常紧迫的选择。他们不时认为，为了病人自身的利益，撒谎很有必要，在他们看来，这种谎言与利己的谎言截然不同。

Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. 研究结果表明，大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情，如果将真情相告，则有可能使他们完全失去希望，结果使他们恢复得更慢或恶化得更快，甚至会自寻短见。

As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm.'"正如一位内科医生写道：“我们这个职业，传统上恪守一条信条，那就是 '尽可能不造成伤害'，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德”。

Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying. 有了这样一个指导原则，一些医生可能渐渐习惯于采用他们认为对病人很可能有益而“无害”的骗人做法。他们可能开出无数帖安慰剂，说一些没有事实根据的打气的话，并歪曲严重的病情，对那些患有不治之症和濒临死亡的病人，则尤其如此。

But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. 然而，现在开始有人提出证据，说明这种欺骗旨在给病人带来好处的说法是虚幻的。

Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. 研究结果表明，与许多医生的想法相反，绝大多数病人确实想知道真实情况，甚至是严重的病情。当他们了解到医生没有对他们讲真话的时候，他们感到自己被玩弄了。

We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery. 我们还获悉，将真实情况妥当地告诉病人，能帮助他们与病魔作斗争，有助于他们更好地忍受疼痛，减少用药，甚至在手术后更快地康复。

Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be patient in the first place. 谎言不仅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺骗的人们所希望的那种“帮助”，它还侵犯了病人的个人自由，使他们不能对有关自己健康的问题作出明达的选择，包括要不要就医这一首要的选择。

We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted. 我们越来越意识到，病人发病期间，在不知病情或未被如实地告知病情的情况下，他们会遭到什么样的不幸。

Dying patients especially -- who are easies to mislead and most often kept in the dark -- can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.特别是濒临死亡的病人--他们最易受骗也最会被人蒙在鼓里--因此而不能作出临终前的种种有关抉择: 是否要住进医院，或进行手术，在何处与何人度过所剩下的一点时间，以及如何处理完自己的事务而后与世长辞。Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. 谎言也伤害说谎的人，损害他们的诚实，并最终损害他们的信誉。谎言还伤害他们的同事。由于病人怀疑有欺骗行为，许多对病人十分开诚布公的医生的工作也因此受到影响。

The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. 病人的不信任使医疗诉讼案增多，造成医生避免风险的“防御性诊治”增多，而这些又进而有损于整个医疗事业。

Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. 剧烈的冲突正在出现。病人开始学会催问真实情况。

Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. 根据病人应享有的权利的规定，医生应将病情和可供选择的治疗方案通告病人。

Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. 许多医生尽可能向病人提供这些情况。然而，即使在对病人的权益考虑得最周到的医院里，信奉“仁慈”欺骗的医生们继续他们传统的古老做法。

Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand. 同事们也许不赞同，但避免公开表示反对。护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。

There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. 及时对这个问题进行公开辩论非常必要。不仅在医疗业，而且在其他行业，从业者不断发现，自己常处于似乎不采用欺骗手段就无法避免严重后果的困难处境。

Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you." 但是公众完全有理由对职业性欺骗保持警惕，因为这种做法特别容易变得根深蒂固，蔓延滋长，并损害信任。无论医疗界、法律界、政府机构还是社会科学界，都不应从“不知者，不为所害”这句老话中得到丝毫慰藉。

Unit 6

Text

"Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.

“不要在书上做记号！”无数教师、图书管理员和家长都曾这样建议。但是莫蒂默? 艾德勒并不同意。他认为只要你拥有这本书而且不需要保护它的外观，做记号将会让你真正意义上拥有这本书并且使它成为你的一部分。怎样在书上做记号

HOW TO MARK A BOOK

Mortimer J. Adler

You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. 你知道读书要“深入字里行间”，以求最充分的理解。我劝你在读书过程中做一件同样重要的事情。我想劝你“在字里行间写字”。不这样做，你的读书就不可能是最有效的。

You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.你不应该在不是你自己的书上做记号。借给你书的图书管理员 (或你的朋友) 希望你保持书的整洁，再说你也应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做记号颇有益处这番话是对的话，你就得自己买书。

There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. 一个人拥有书的方法有两种，第一种是花钱取得财产所有权，就像你花钱买衣服和家具一样。

But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. 但花钱买书只是占有它的前奏。只有在你将它化为你自己的一部分之后，你才完全占有了它。而把你自己变为书的一部分的最好方法就是在书中写字。

An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. 打个比方也许可以把这一点说清楚。你买下一块牛排，把它从肉铺的冰箱里转移到你的冰箱中。但从最重要的意义上来说，你还没有占有它，除非你吃下它并将它吸收进你的血液之中。我的论点是，书的营养也只有在被吸收进你的血液中时，才能对你有所裨益。

There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) 书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人藏有全部标准的成套书和畅销书--既没有读过，也没有碰过。(这位占有的只是纸浆和油墨，而不是书。)

The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably

like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) 第二种人藏书很多--有几本从头至尾读过，大部分浅尝辄止，但全都跟新买时一样整洁光亮。（此君很可能想使书真的为其所有，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。）

The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) 第三种人藏书或多或少--因不断使用，每本书都弄成书角卷起，破旧不堪，装订破损，书页松散，全书从扉页至末页画满了记号，涂满了字句。（此人是书的真正拥有者。）

Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. 你或许会问，将一本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好，难道也是不恰当的吗当然不是。我决不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一盒蜡笔交给我的婴孩任意涂抹一样! 我决不会在一幅油画或一尊塑像上画记号。

Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. 可以说，它们的灵魂与其躯体是不可分开的。一部珍本或一本装帧华美的书的美，同一幅油画或一尊塑像的美是一样的。如果你对华美的装帧或印刷的尊重妨碍你读书，那就买一种便宜的版本，将你的敬意献给作者。

Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) 为什么在书上做记号对阅读是必不可少的呢首先，它会使你保持清醒。（我不是仅仅指它让你神志清醒；我的意思是它能使你全神贯注。）

In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. 其次，如果阅读是一种能动的行为，那么它就是思考，而思考常常需借助口头的或书面的语言来表达。作了记号的书，通常是读者认真思考过的书。

Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed. Let me develop these three points. 最后，写可以帮助你记住你阅读时的思想，或作者所表达的思想。让我进一步就这三点谈一谈。

If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. 如果阅读的目的不仅仅是消磨时间，那就应该是一种积极的思维活动。仅仅让你的眼睛在书上扫视一遍，你就不可能对所读的内容有所理解。

Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, "Gone with the Wind," doesn't require the most active kind of reading. 当然，一部普通的消遣小说，譬如说《飘》，并不需要那种最积极的思维式的阅读。

The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. 作为消遣的书，可以轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美，试图提出带根本性的重大问题并加以回答的伟大着作，则要求你尽可能地进行最积极的阅读。

You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr. Vallee. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep. 你不能像欣赏瓦利先生的低声吟唱那样，学到约翰? 杜威的思想。你得花费气力方可获得。漫不经心是做不到这一点的。

If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that

you read actively. 如果当你读完一本书的时候，书页上写满了你的批注，你就知道你的阅读是积极的了。

The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. 我所知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大着作的人，是芝加哥大学的校长哈钦斯。他也是我所知道的公务最繁忙的人。

He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls " caviar factories" on the margins. When that happens, he puts the book down. He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.他读书时总是拿着铅笔。有时，当他在晚上拿起书和铅笔的时候，发觉自己不是在做有意义的笔记，而是在页边空白处画些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”的东西，一出现这种情况，他就放下书本。他知道自己太累，读不下去了，完全是在浪费时间。

But, you may ask, why is writing necessary Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory. To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions. 但是，你或许会问，写有何必要呢要知道，亲手书写的动作会使词语和句子更加鲜明地呈现在你的脑海里，更好地储存在你的记忆中。将你对所读的重要词语和句子的感受写下来，将它们在你脑子里引起的问题记下来，就可以将这些感受长久保存下来，并可以使那些问题更加明确起来。

You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement, disagreement, doubt and inquiry. It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.当你下周或来年重新拿起这本书的时候，你的各种观点，同意的、反对的、怀疑的、质询的，统统一目了然。这如同谈话一度被打断，现在又可以在上次停下的地方接着谈下去了。

And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author. Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do; naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him. 读书就该这么个读法: 你同作者应进行对话。很可能作者在有关的问题上比你懂得多，你接近他的时候表示适度的谦恭是很自然的。

But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end. Understanding is a two-way operation; learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle. The learner has to question himself and question the teacher. He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying. And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author. 但不要轻信他人，以为读者只有全盘接受的份儿。理解是一种双向活动。学习并不是往空的容器中装东西。学生应当向自己也向教师提问题。一旦理解了教师所讲的内容，他甚至还得与教师展开争论。而在书上做记号，实际上就是表达你赞同或不赞同作者观点的一种方式。

There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully. Here's the way I do it: 在书上做记号，有各种各样好的、行之有效的方法。现将我的做法叙述如下: 1. Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements. 在文字下面划线: 划出主要论点及重要的或者有力的论述。

2. Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined. 在页边空白处划竖线: 强调已划线的论述部分。

3. Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book. 在页边空白处画五星或六星记号，或其他小符号: 这种记号宜珍惜着用。可用来强调书中十处或二十处最重要的论述。

4. Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing

a single argument. 在页边空白处写数字: 标明作者展开一个论据的各点顺序。

5. Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made

points relevant to the point marked; to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together. 在页边空处写其他页的页码: 标明作者在本书其他地方所写的与本论点有关的论点，也可以通过这一办法将书中虽分散各处，但密切有关的观点联系起来。

6. Circling of key words or phrases. 在关键字眼或短语上画圆圈。

7. Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions (and perhaps answers) which a passage raise in your mind; reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement; recording the sequence of major points right through the book. 在页边空白处或上下两端加批注: 其目的是记下某段文章在你脑子里引起的问题 (也许还有答案)；简要记下复杂的论述；记录贯串全书的一系列的重要论点。

I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance. 我利用书末的衬页将作者的观点按出现的先后次序编成一个索引。

The front end-papers are, to me, the most important. Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking. 书前的衬页对我来说是最重要的。有些人将它们留作贴花哨的藏书票用。我将它们留作奇思异想的天地。

After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point (I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts. This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.在我读完一本书并在卷尾衬页上做好我的个人索引之后，我便翻到卷首，试着将全书作一概述，不是逐页地或逐点地进行（那个我在卷尾已经做了），而是作为一个整体，基本上前后连贯，各部分排列有序。对我来说，这个概述表明了我对该着作理解的程度。

Unit 7

Text

A young man finds it very difficult to say no to a woman as a result he gets into trouble. The restaurant to which he has agreed to take his luncheon date is far too expensive for his small pocketbook. How, then, will he be able to avoid the embarrassing situation一个年轻人发觉很难拒绝一位女士，他因此陷入了困境。他同意进行午餐聚会的那家餐厅对他可怜的荷包来说实在太昂贵了。那么怎样他才能避免这种尴尬的处境呢

THE LUNCHEON

午餐

Maugham

I caught sight of her at the play, and in answer to her beckoning I went over during the interval and sat down beside her. 我是在看戏的时候见到她的。幕间休息时，我应她的招呼走了过去，在她旁边坐下。

It was long since I had last seen her, and if someone had not mentioned her name I hardly think I would have recognised her. She addressed me brightly. 我上次见到她已是很久以前的事了，要不是有人提起她的名字，我想我几乎会认不出她来。她兴致勃勃地跟我谈了起来。"Well, it's many years since we first met. How time does fly! We're none of us getting any younger. Do you remember the first time I saw you You asked me to luncheon." “瞧，自从我们初次相见已经好多年了。真是光阴似箭啊!我俩都不年轻啦。你还记得我初次见到你吗你请我吃的午餐。”

Did I remember 我能不记得吗

It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin Quarter overlooking a cemetery, and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. 那是20年前的事了，当时我住在巴黎。我在拉丁区租了一套小小的公寓，从那里往下看去是一个公墓。我挣的钱只够勉强维持生活。

She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me; but her time was limited, and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards 她读过我的一本书，并曾跟我写信谈论该书。我回信向她致谢。随即我又收到她的一封信，说她路过巴黎，想跟我谈谈。但她的时间有限，只有下个星期四有空。那天上午，她要去卢森堡宫，问我是不是愿意中午请她在福伊约餐厅吃顿便饭。Foyot's is a restaurant at which the French senators eat, and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered, and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. (Few men, I may add, learn this until they are too old to make it of any consequence to a woman what they say.) 福伊约餐厅是法国参议员光顾的地方，去那儿吃饭远远超过我的经济能力，所以以前连想都没有想过。但我当时受宠若惊，况且年纪太轻，还没有学会对一位女士说个“不”字。(附带说一句，没有几个男人学会这一招，而到他们学会时，往往年事已高，他们说什么对女人来讲已无足轻重了。)

I had eight francs (gold francs) to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could manage well enough.我当月的生活费还有 80法郎 (金法郎)，一顿便餐花不了15法郎。如果我下两个星期不喝咖啡，还是满可以对付过去的。

I answered that I would meet my friend -- by correspondence -- at Foyot's on Thursday at half past twelve. She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive, she was, in fact, a woman of forty (a charming age, but not one that excites a sudden and devastating passion at first sight), and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. 我回信说，我将于下星期四十二点半在福伊约餐厅会见我的朋友。她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说美貌动人，毋宁说丰腴魁伟，气概非凡。事实上，她已有40岁了 (这是一个有魅力的年龄，但不是初次相见就能令你激情迸发、神魂颠倒的那种年纪)，长着一口洁白整齐的大牙齿，给我的印象是，其数目之多已超过了实际需要。

She was talkative, but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener. 她很健谈，不过因为她想谈的话题似乎总是关于我的事，所以我便洗耳恭听。

I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated. But she reassured me. 菜单拿来时，我大吃一惊。价格比我预料的要高出许多。但她的话使我宽了心。

"I never eat anything for luncheon," She said. “我午餐从不吃什么东西，”她说。

"Oh, don't say that!" I answered generously. “哦，可别这么说!”我慷慨地回答。

"I never eat more than one thing. I think people eat far too much nowadays. A little fish, perhaps. I wonder if they have any salmon. “我从来只吃一道菜。我认为现在人们吃得太多。或许来点鱼还行。我不知道他们有鲑鱼没有。”

Well, it was early in the year for salmon and it was not on the bill of fare, but I asked the waiter if there was any. Yes, a beautiful salmon had just come in, it was the first they had had. I ordered it for my guest. The waiter asked her if she would have something while it was being cooked. 啊，吃鲑鱼的季节还没有到，菜单上也没有，但是我还是问了侍者。有，刚刚进了一条头等鲑鱼，这是他们今年第一次进这种货。我为客人叫了一份。侍者问她在鲑鱼烹制的当儿，要不要吃点别的。

"No," she answered, "I never eat more than one thing. Unless you have a little caviare. I

never mind caviare." “不要，”她回答说，“我向来只吃一道菜，除非你有鱼子酱。鱼子酱我是从不拒绝的。”

My heart sank a little. I knew I could not afford caviare, but I could not very well tell her that. I told the waiter by all means to bring caviare. For myself I chose the cheapest dish on the menu and that was a mutton chop. 我的心微微一沉。我知道我是吃不起鱼子酱的，但我不便跟她直说，我吩咐侍者务必拿鱼子酱来。我自己则点了菜单上最便宜的一个菜，这就是羊排。

" I think you are unwise to eat meat," she said. " I don't know how you can expect to work after eating heavy things like chops. I don't believe in overloading my stomach." “我看你吃肉是不明智的，”她说。“我不知道你吃了羊排这种油腻的东西后还怎么工作。我不赞成把肚子撑得太饱。”

Then came the question of drink. 接着而来的是饮料问题。

"I never drink anything for luncheon," she said. “我午餐从不喝饮料，”她说。

"Neither do I," I answered promptly. “我也是如此，”我马上答道。

"Except whiter wine," she proceeded as though I had not spoken. "These French white wines are so light. They're wonderful for the digestion." “但白葡萄酒例外，”她接着说，就好像我刚才没说似的。“法国的白葡萄酒非常清淡，十分有助消化。”

"What would you like" I asked, hospitable still, but not exactly effusive. “你想喝点什么”我依然客气地问道，但算不上热情。

She gave me a bright and amicable flash of her white teeth. 她嫣然一笑，露出一口白牙。"My doctor won't let me drink anything but champagne." “我的医生只让我喝香槟。”

I fancy I turned a trifle pale. I ordered half a bottle. I mentioned casually that my doctor had absolutely forbidden me to drink champagne. 我猜想我的脸色一定有点发白了。我要了半瓶，顺便提及我的医生绝对禁止我喝香槟酒。

"What are you going to drink, then" “那你喝什么呢”

"Water." “水。”

She ate the caviare and she ate the salmon. She talked gaily of art and literature and music. But I wondered what the bill would come to. When my mutton chop arrived she took me quite seriously to task. 她吃了鱼子酱，又吃鲑鱼。她兴高采烈，大谈艺术、文学、音乐。但我心里却在嘀咕，不知这顿饭要花多少钱。当我的羊排上来时，她一本正经地教训起我来。

"I see that you're in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon. I'm sure it's a mistake. Why don't you follow my example and just eat one thing I'm sure you'd feel ever so much better for it." “我看你习惯中午吃得很多。我肯定这样不好，你为什么不效法我的样子，只吃一道菜呢我相信那样你会感觉好得多。”

"I am only going to eat one thing." I said, as the waiter came again with the bill of fare. “我是打算只吃这一道菜，”我说。这时侍者又拿着菜单走了过来。

She waved him aside with an airy gesture. 她轻轻地一挥手，让他走开。

"No, no, I never eat anything for luncheon. Just a bite, I never want more than that, and I eat that more as an excuse for conversation than anything else. “我可不这样，我午餐从不吃东西。要吃，也只是稍许吃一点，从不多吃。而我吃这么一点，主要也是为了借此机会闲谈而已。

I couldn't possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus. I should be sorry to leave Paris without having some of them." 我可不能再吃什么东西了，除非他们有那种大芦笋。到了巴黎，不吃点芦笋，那就太遗憾了。”

My heart sank. I had seen them in the shops, and I knew that they were horribly expensive. My mouth had often watered at the sight of them. 我的心一沉。我曾在店里见过芦笋，我知道它贵得可怕。过去我每见芦笋，常常馋涎欲滴。

"Madame wants to know if you have any of those giant asparagus," I asked the waiter. “夫人想知道你们有没有那种大芦笋，”我问侍者。

I tried with all my might too will him to say no. A happy smile spread over his broad, pries-like face, and he assured me that they had some so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a marvel. 我竭尽全力想使他说没有。他那张宽阔的教士般虔诚的脸上展露出愉快的笑容，他用肯定的语气对我说，他们有又大、又好、又嫩的芦笋，简直是罕见的珍品。

"I'm not in the least hungry," my guest sighed, "but if you insist I don't mind having some asparagus." “我一点也不饿，”我的客人叹道，“不过如果你执意要请我吃，我也不反对吃点芦笋。”

I ordered them. 我便点了这道菜。

"Aren't you going to have any" “你不吃点吗”

"No, I never eat asparagus." “不，我从不吃芦笋。”

"I know there are people who don't like them. The fact is, you ruin your taste by all the meat you eat." “我知道有人不喜欢芦笋。事实是，你吃肉太多，伤了胃口。”

We waited for the asparagus to be cooked. Panic seized me. It was not a question now how much money I should have left over for the rest of the month, but whether I had enough to pay the bill. 我们等着芦笋烹制好送上来。我突然惊恐起来。现在的问题已不是我还能剩下几个钱来维持这个月的生计了，而是我的钱够不够付账。

It would be embarrassing to find myself ten francs short and be obliged to borrow from my guest. I could not bring myself to do that. I knew exactly how much I had, and if the bill came to more I made up my mind that I would put my hand in my pocket and with a dramatic cry start up and say it had been picked. 要是我差十法郎，不得不向客人借的话，那就太难堪了。我可做不出那样的事来。身边到底有多少钱，我心里有底，倘若账单超过了这个数字，我就决心这么办：伸手往口袋里一摸，随即故意惊叫一声，跳起来说钱给小偷扒了。

Of course, it would be awkward if she had not money enough either to pay the bill. Then the only thing would be to leave my watch and say I would come back and pay later.当然，如果她的钱也不够付账的话，那就尴尬了。那样，唯一的办法就是将我的手表留下，言明以后再来付。The asparagus appeared. They were enormous, juicy, and appetising. I watched the wicked woman thrust them down her throat in large mouthfuls, and in my polite way I spoke about the condition of the drama in the Balkans. At last the finished. 芦笋端上来了。又大汁又多，令人垂涎不止。我一面看着这个邪恶的女人大口大口地将芦笋往肚里塞，一面彬彬有礼地谈论着巴尔干半岛戏剧界的现状。她终于吃完了。

"Coffee" I said. “喝点咖啡”我说。

"Yes, just an ice-cream and coffee," she answered. “好，就来一客冰淇淋和咖啡吧，”她回答说。

I was past caring now, so I ordered coffee for myself and an ice-cream and coffee for her. 到这时，我什么也不在乎了，为自己叫了咖啡，为她叫了一客冰淇淋和咖啡。

"You know, there's one thing I thoroughly believe in," she said, as she ate the ice-cream. "One should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more." “你知道，我坚信一点，”她边吃冰淇淋边说道。“当一个人吃完一顿饭站起来时，他应该感到还没有吃得十分饱。”"Are you still hungry" I asked faintly. “你还饿吗”我有气无力地问道。

"Oh, no, I'm not hungry; you see, I don't eat luncheon. I have a cup of coffee in the morning and then dinner, but I never eat more than one thing for luncheon. I was speaking for you." “噢，不，我不饿。你知道，我不吃午餐。我早晨一杯咖啡，然后到晚上用餐，但我午餐向来最多只吃一道菜。适才我这样说是为了你啊。”

"Oh, I see!" “哦，我明白啦!”

Then a terrible thing happened. While we were waiting for the coffee the head waiter, with an ingratiating smile on his false face, came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge peaches. They had the blush of an innocent girl; they had the rich tone of an Italian landscape. 接着，发生了一件可怕的事情。当我们在等咖啡的时候，那个领班侍者，带着满脸奉承的笑容，拎来满满一大篮子特大的桃子，红得酷似天真少女的脸蛋，其色调之瑰丽犹如一幅意大利风景画。

But surely peaches were not in season then Lord knew what they cost. I knew too -- a little

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大学英语精读4 书后cloze吐血整理

When dad told us about the delivery work it sounded easy, just a piece of cake. The trouble was, we didn’t take care to inquire just how much material was involved. Before long trucks seemed to be pulling up outside our house all day long, leaving stacks of advertising. It seemed we should have no chance of meeting the deadline. The we had this marvelous idea. Hiring local kids to help would enable us to get the job done on time. True, it would cut into our profits, but there was no alternative. things seemed to be going well, but then we had trouble over a pay claim. Our workers demanded five dollars an hour, but fortunately for us they were ready to settle for less. As for us, when we finally settled our accounts we ended up earning less than the minimum wage for our efforts. I guess we should have know better than to believe that big bucks come easy. While it is often said that love makes the world go round, scientists take a less romantic view. To their minds, energy is the fundamental force at work. All animal life is dependent on obtaining sufficient energy from food. Deer, like other wild animals, do this through eating as much food as possible in the summer, when food resources are abundant. Any excess of energy over their current needs is deposited in the body in the form of fat. Then, when food becomes scarce in the winter, they can live off the fat. In addition, nature helps them to survive the winter by slowing down their metabolism, assisting them to pull through the cold weather. However, when the winter is particularly harsh, deer may have to draw on the fat they have built up more heavily. Under such conditions, only deer in good condition are able to survive to give birth to a new generation. In his essay George Orwell starts off by citing Bernard Shaw’s remark that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages. They promptly accept the opinions of experts without asking any questions themselves. Obviously Shaw exaggerates just in order to prove his point that we should not always fall back on the theories of well-known authorities. Rather, we should aim at finding out some things for ourselves. By way of illustration, Orwell outlines arguments against the Flat Earth and the Oval Earth theories, thus throwing light on the fact that much of our knowledge actually rests on authority rather than on reasoning or on experiment. Finally, Orwell draws his conclusion that ours is a credulous age partly because we have such an exceptionally heavy burden of knowledge. The last time Lyz saw her husband was as he waved goodbye to her from the steps of their house. He was due to fly off on business later that day. Unluckily for him his flight was cancelled and he found himself having to take United Flight 93 the following day. It was from on board that ill-fated flight that he telephoned with the news that hijackers had threatened to blow up the aircraft. Cursing his bad luck, he nonetheless realized that his fate was in his own hands. Hoping that the terrorists were bluffing when they claimed to have a bomb, he and some other passengers decided to act. Without hanging up, he set off with the others to attack the hijackers. From the telephone came the sound of screams. Then silence.

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译全

Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说我对英语感兴趣是I'm 湩整敲瑳摥椠?湅汧獩屨，而说我精于法语则是???潧摯愠?牆湥档？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说获悉消息或秘密是汜慥湲琠敨渠睥?牯猠捥敲屴，而获悉某人的成功或到来却是汜慥湲漠?潳敭湯?环猠捵散獳漠?牡楲慶屬？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片18 / 1 或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5．广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。6．经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力；与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。 语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。 Sailing Round the Word 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是1931年。 好多年过去了。他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经五十八岁。他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不该去，但奇切斯特决意实施自己的计划。

大学英语2课文译文

Unit 1 A heated discussion about whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way. The dinner party Mona Gardner I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true -- though any naturalist would know it couldn't be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests -- officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist -- in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't. "A woman's reaction in any crisis," the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts." The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors. The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing -- bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters -- the likeliest place -- but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left -- under the table. His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone. "I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred -- that's five minutes -- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready?" The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying "...two hundred and eighty..." when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut. "You were right, Major!" the host exclaims. "A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control." "Just a minute," the American says, turning to his hostess. "Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?" A faint smile lights up the woman's face as she replies: "Because it was crawling across my foot."

大学英语精读第四册课后答案

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大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。

2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit7

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Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles

23. overwhelming adj. 巨大的；压倒性的；无法抗拒的overwhelming problems an overwhelmed person 联想：surprised / surprising excited / exciting amazed / amazing disappointed / disappointing frightened / frighting 注意：excited eyes / expressions / looks 24. scream v. 高声喊，大声叫 Phrases and Expressions 1. be lost in one's thought 陷入沉思 2. break down 失败 3. come up with 找到（答案等）；想出 4. drop…off （顺路）把…放下 5. take one's own life 自杀 6. in desperation 在绝望中；走投无路 7. care about sb. 关心；关怀 8. take a chance 冒险 9. make a difference 有作用；产生影响 II. Text Learning

英语二+12单元课文(带每句翻译)

Unit12 Text A Importance重 要 性 Many important things that contribute to our overall objectives and give meaning to life don't tend to act upon us or press us．很多重要事情有助于实 现我们的总目标，使生活有意义，但是它们不作用于我们.They're not ''urgent"，but they are the things that we must act upon．它们并不紧迫，但它们却是我们必须做的 事情。 In order to focus on the issues of urgency and importance more effectively，为了更有效地把精力集中在紧急和重要的事情上，let's look at the Time Management Table below．我们来看下面的时间管理分类表。As you can see it divide s our activities into four parts．该表将人的活动分为四部分，We spend time in one of these four ways：我们以其中任何一种方式度日。 　Urgent紧迫Not Urgent不紧迫 Important重要 I II Crises危机Preparation准备工作 Pressing Problems紧急问题Prevention预防工作 Dealine-driven projects, meetings, preparations有最 后期限的项目、会议和准备工作 Values clarification价值分类 　Planning计划 　Relationship building确立人际关系　True-creation真正的再创造 Not Important不重要 III IV Interruptions, some phone calls小插曲，某些电话Trivia ,busywork Some mail, some reports某些信件、报告Some phone calls某些电话 Some meetings某些会议Time wasters消耗时间的事情 Many proximate, pressing matters许多迫在眉睫的 事情 "Escape" activities“逃避现实”的活动Many popular activities许多大众活动Irrelevant mail不相关的信件 　Excessive TV过度看电视 Part I represents things that are both "urgent''and"important" ．第1部