gmat曼哈顿语法笔记

曼哈顿语法笔记

第三章Subject and Verb Agreement

一、Subject and verb must both exist

1、如果一个句子没有主语或动词，就不是完整的句子，是一个fragment。

两种错误方法：

（1）One way the GMAT disguises the error is by dropping the verb

Wrong: The electron named in 1894.

Right: The electron W AS NAMED in 1894.

（2）it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main Clause

Wrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.

二、Subject and Verb Must Make Sense Together

Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

能够行驶数百公里的肯定不可能是development而是a car

三、Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number-主谓单复数一致

（1）eliminate these Middlemen words to reveal the subject.

common types of middlemen and warmups.

A、prepositional phrase

of mice for milk by 1800

in Zambia with her at that level

to the store on their orders from the office

B、S ubordinate Clauses

C、其他:有的时候comma也是一个信号

（2）Use Structure to Decide

（3）And vs. Additive Phrases

A、and可以通过将两个或更多单数形式的主语连起来成为一个复数形式的主语

B、additive phrases改变不了主语的单复数形式，作用类似于modifier

along with Polly in addition to surgery as well as the mayor

accompanied by me together with a tie including salt and pepper

（4）Or, Either... Or, & Neither... Nor

A、这种情况下找离动词最近的那个名词，由这个名词决定谓语单复数

B、如果仅仅出现了either或者neither，就使用单数形式谓语动词

（5）collective nouns永远被看作单数

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

（6）Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular

但有五个例外一点，可以是单数也可以是复数THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/Most

Anyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothing

Each, every (aspronouns) Someone, somebody, something

Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever

Either, neither (may require a plural verb i f paired with or/nor)

（7）each和every永远单数

（8）Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular

（9）Flip it

Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

Flip it! A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.

Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

第四章Parallelism

一、Parallel element

1、两个句子平行的时候两边都要有主从连词，否则可能有歧义。两边的主从连词不需要identical。Two parallel clauses often both start with subordinators in order to remove ambiguity. The subordinators do not have to be identical.

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.

Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.

Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

二、Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism

1、根据意思判定是否需要平行

Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night.

三、linking verbs

Appear、seem、become、smell、feel、sound、grow、stay、look、taste、remain、turn、represent、resemble

1、将linking verb作为parallel marker对待，使得主语和宾语平行。Treat any linking verb as a parallel marker. Make the subject and the object parallel.

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

2、保证linking verb两端意思平行。You must also ensure that the two sides of the linking verb are parallel in meaning.

Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

练习：

1、The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world renowned to those who are virtually unknown.

2、The blizzard deposited more than a foot of snow on the train tracks, prompted the transit authority to shut down service temporarily, and causing discontent among commuters who were left stranded for hours.

改为：

The blizzard deposited more than a foot of snow on the train tracks, prompting the transit authority to shut down service temporarily, and causing discontent among commuters who were left stranded for hours.

（Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism）

3、Dr. Crock’s claims [HA VE (not) BEEN fCORROBORA TED by other scientists @ PUBLISHED in a prestigious journal] (but) HA VE nonetheless GARNERED a great deal of attention from the public].

第五章Pronouns（代词）

一、the antecedent must exist先行词必须存在

The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.这句话的it根据逻辑应该指park，但是park是一个形容词，无法作为antecedent，所以这句话不对。

注意那些作为形容词的名词，他们不能成为代词的先行词。先行词必须在句子中作为名词。Watch out for nouns used as adjectives! They cannot be antecedents of pronouns. The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence as a noun.

二、The Antecedent & Pronoun Must Make Sense Together 先行词和代词必须符合逻辑

三、The Antecedent & Pronoun Must Agree in Number先行词和代词必须单复数一致

四、第三人称代词：it its they them their

当遇到这五个代词的时候，check (“is the antecedent sensible and in agreement with the pronoun?”).

五、指示代词：this that those these

1、可以将他们作为形容词放在名词前面。

New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

2、用that或者those可以表示一个不是前面所指的新的东西，并且要在that、those 后面加一个描述来表明new copy和之前的东西的不同。但是当用人称代词的时候，就是指的前面那个先行词。You may also use that or those to indicate a “New Copy” or copies of the antecedent.In other words, you have to add a description to indicate how the new copy is different from the previous version. In contrast, when you use it, they, or other personal pronouns, you mean the same actual thing as the antecedent. The money spent by her parents is less than THAT spent by her children.

The money spent by her parents is more than H was expected to be.

3、new copy-those、that必须要和先行词单复数一致，如果需要改变，就repeat the noun。

Wrong: Her company is outperforming THOSE OF her competitors.

Right: Her company is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her competitors.

4、Every it and its must refer to the same singular antecedent. Every they, them and their must refer to the same plural antecedent.

5、

Wrong: Her products are unusual; many consider THESE unique.

Right: Her products are unusual; many consider THEM unique.

don’t apply pronoun ambiguity unless you are backed into a corne r.

练习：

1、Caroline receives e-mail from friends (whom) (she) knows well, from acquaintances (whose ) names are only vaguely familiar, and from strangers about (whom ) (she) knows nothing at all.

第六章modifiers（修饰语）

一、形容词和副词

1、形容词+形容词+名词，两个形容词都修饰名词one phrasing might be[Adjective + Adjective + Noun], in which the two adjectives both modify the noun.

2、副词+形容词+名词，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词。The other phrasing would be [Adverb + Adjective + Noun], in which the adverb modifies the adjective, which in turn modifies the noun.

这两种结构意义不同。These two phrasings do not mean the same thing.

可能选项中有的加了ly成了副词，有的没有加就是形容词，注意这个区别。

二、名词性修饰语（修饰名词或者代词的modifiers）noun modifiers

1、名词性修饰语放置的位置the position of noun modifiers

名词和它的修饰语必须挨在一起，如果修饰语和其他的名词放一起，就犯了misplaced modifier的错误，而如果有修饰语而没有被修饰的名词，就是dangling modifier。A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other.If the modifier is next to a different noun, we have a Misplaced Modifier.If the noun we want to modify is not even in the sentence, we have a Dangling Modifier.

2、Avoid long sequences of modifiers that modify the same noun. Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings.

3、Which That Who Whose Whom Where When

（1）who whom只能修饰人，which只能修饰东西

（2）that引导的从句不能修饰人

（3）whose可以修饰人和东西

（4）which或者whom有的时候会跟在介词后面Which or whom sometimes follow prepositions

（5）who在从句中被用作动词的主语，而whom是被用作宾语或者介词。Who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereas whom is used as the object of the verb or of a preposition.

Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice.

Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.

（6）that或者whom修饰的名词是宾语的时候，that和whom可以省略。That or whom can be dropped when the modified noun is the object of the modifying clause.

（7）The pronoun where can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country or Nevada. Where cannot modify a “metaphorical” place, such as condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which rather than where.

（8）when可以用来修饰名词性的event或者时间，例如period、age、1987或者decade，这个时候也可以用in which。The pronoun when can be used to modify a noun event or time, such as period, age, 1987 or decade. In these circumstances, you can also use in which instead of when.

4、

Put COMMAS between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns.

Put NO COMMAS between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns.

三、动词性修饰语

1、动词性修饰语不需要与被修饰的东西放在一起，但也要放在合适的位置。Wrong: The nameless symphony was at last performed, decades after it was composed,

yesterday.

Right: The nameless symphony was at last performed yesterday, decades after it

was composed.

2、which vs present participles

（1）Which只能指代直接在它前面的名词，而无法指代一整个句子。Use WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it—never to refer to an entire clause. （2）ing的形式可以直接修饰名词，可以修饰主语和动词，也可以修饰一整个句子，只要那个句子变成名词性的phrase后可以作为ing form的动词的主语。

The -ing form can modify nouns directly (e.g., the changing seasons). It can modify verbs and their subjects (e.g., I lifted the weight, whistling). It can even modify an entire clause as above, as long as the entire clause converted into a noun phrase could function as the subject of the verb that is now in -ing form.

第七章Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice

一、Verb tense

1、一般现在时一般用来表述一个不变的状态或者一个经常发生的事件。The Simple Present tense is often used to express “eternal” states or frequent events.

Wrong : Cherenkov radiation is light that particles AREEMITTIN G when they ARE TRAVELING faster than the effective speed of light in any medium.

Right: Cherenkov radiation is light that particles EMIT when they TRAVEL faster than the effective speed of light in any medium.

2、Verbs that express general states do not normally take progressive forms. Such State Verbs include know or signify

3、In a more subtle example, you can use the Past Progressive to describe a background event, while you use Simple Past to describe a more important event in the foreground.

例如：

Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

In the previous example, the action was playing (in the Past Progressive) takes place in the background. Arrived (in the Simple Past) is the interrupting foreground event. Note that the following sentence is also correct, but it has a different meaning. Right: She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

In this case, the action played took place after the babysitter arrived. Both actions are in the Simple Past and express equal levels of importance.

4、现在完成时：一件事情过去在做，现在仍有影响。或者说那个action已经结束，但effects对现在有影响。

当有since, within the past... or in the last...的时候，一般用现在完成时。With since, within the past... or in the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e912131953.html,e the Present Perfect to indicate an action or effect that continues to the present time.

5、过去完成时The Past Perfect is the “Past of the Past,” or the“Past Twice Removed” from the present time.

一般只有在需要强调sequence的时候，才用到过去完成时。Clause有and、but、before 或者after的时候一般不需要用过去完成时。

二、虚拟语气

两种情况出现虚拟语气：

(1) 不可能发生或者不是真实的conditions（尤其是跟在if或者类似词语之后的）(usually after if on a similar word).

(2) 建议、愿望和要求Proposals, desires, and requests formed with certain verbs and the word that.

1、the Hypothetical Subjunctive—Unlikely or unreal conditions

if ,as if ,or as though.

Basic form和一般过去时几乎一样，就是to be必须用were。

使用if的五种情况

(1) General Rule with no uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.

IF Present, THEN Present.

This pattern is equivalent to whenever: WHENEVER Sophie EATS pizza, she BECOMES ill,

(2) General Rule with some uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill.

IF Present, THEN Can or May.

Here, the helping verbs can or may can be used to allow for a somewhat uncertain outcome.

(3) Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.

IF Present, THEN Future.

Another possibility for the Particular Case (in the present) is Present Perfect: If Sophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.

(4) Unlikely Case (in the future)

IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill.

IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.

Here, the writer thinks that Sophie is unlikely to eat pizza tomorrow. The Conditional Tense (would) shows the hypothetical result of an unlikely or untrue condition. In place of would, the form could can be used to indicate improbability as well.

(5) Case That Never Happened (in the past)

IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.

IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.

2、Command Subjunctive

（1）

A there is no -s on the end for third person singular {that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS), and

B the form of the verb to be is always just be, not is, are, or am.

例如：

Bossy Verb + THAT + subject + Command Subjunctive

We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.

不能加should

三、主动语态和被动语态

1、The passive voice is formed with a form of the verb to be (in this case, was), followed by the past participle(eaten). Do not use other verbs besides be, such as get, to form the passive voice.

2、只有及物动词才可以用被动语态，不及物的不行。

第八章比较

一、like和as

1、like必须后面跟名词、代词、或者名词性短语。不能接句子或者介词性短语。LIKE must be followed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like

2、as can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction (appearing with a clause)

二、比较的平行

1、逻辑上平行

2、结构上平行

3、省略

（1）possessive

（2）You can also omit units, verbs, and even whole clauses from the second term, as long as there is no ambiguity.

（3）Do not throw out an answer choice simply because of an unnecessary Helping Verb in the second term of a comparison.

4、比较级和than的关系。

第十章Odds and ends

一、connecting words

Coordinating Conjunctions: For And Nor But Or Yet So

Subordinators: Although Because Before After Since When If Unless That Though While

1、用这些词的时候要用得符合逻辑意思

2、一次只用一个connecting word

二、connecting punctuation

1、逗号。不要再and前面加逗号，使得有着相同主语的动词分开。要么去掉逗号，要么在第二个动词前加上主语。而且逗号不能连接两个独立的句子。Do not use a comma before and to separate two verbs that have the same subject. Either eliminate the comma or add a subject to the second verb, creating a second main clause.And of course, a comma by itself cannot connect two complete sentences (main clauses). Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.

2、分号。分号必须连接两个独立的句子，并且两个句子可以stand alone。但是如果两个句子有从属关系的时候，就不能用分号隔开。如果并列的成分本身有逗号，就需要用分号隔开。

Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.

Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.

Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart. Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

3、冒号

（1）冒号之前的必须是一个完整的句子，冒号之后的不需要stand alone。What comes before the colon must be able to stand alone as a sentence. What comes after the colon does not have to be able to stand alone.

（2）Whatever needs explanation should be placed as close to the colon as possible. Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

Better: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

三、Quantity

NUMBER of hats AMOUNT of patience

FEWER THAN 10 hats LESS THAN a certain AMOUNT of patience

NUMEROUS hats GREAT patience

MORE NUMEROUS hats GREATER patience

1、more、most、enough和all既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。More, most, enough, and all work with both countable (plural) and uncountable (singular) nouns:

2、less只能修饰不可数，我们用less修饰unit nouns。we use less with unit nouns, when we really want to indicate something about the underlying quantity.

例如：We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.

3、The number of 是单数, and A number of是复数.The numbers of是个错误用法。

4、However, numbers is possible in a few contexts. If you wish to make a comparison, use greater than, not more than

4、increase或者decrease是一个事物的变化，而greater或者less是两个事物之间的比较。

5、注意increase或者decrease导致的redundancy

Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.

Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.

Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

Manhattan总结(中文)——GMAT语法

Chapter 1 SC Basics (1) Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION (1) Chapter 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (3) Chapter 4 PARALLELISM (5) Chapter 5 PRONOUNS (6) Chapter 6 MODIFIERS (8) Chapter 7 Verb tense , mood, & voice strategy (11) Chapter 8 comparison strategy (13) Chapter 9 Idioms——看原书 Chapter 10 Odds & ends (15) Chapter 11 GMC/S-V /PARALLELISM: ADVANCED (18) Chapter 12 pronouns & modifiers: advanced (19) Chapter 13 verbs & comparisons：advanced (22) Chapter 1 SC Basics 1、各个选项中最好的答案并不一定是完全正确、完美的 2、日常口语中实际上有很多语法错误 3、SC的做题方法： 将每个选项逐个代入句子读一遍再寻找错误是很费时间的，更好的方法应该是使用分类排除的方法（split）。将五个选项按照某个语法点的区别分成两组或更多，找到你所确认的错误排除其中的一些组；再次分组，再次排除，直到剩下最终答案。 4、在一道题中将会测试多个语法点，平常练习中需要找出所有的点，而在考试时只需要找到一个能排除该选项的即可；而且每个选项往往都有多个点可以将其排除。 5、注意划线外部分，注意划线部分与划线外部分的关系，有许多重要的线索在远离划线部分的地方。 选择一个选项后要重读一遍句子,确认选项使得句子完整。 Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION 1、在做SC时，判断选项是否错误应该从语法开始，然后考虑意思，最后考虑简洁。 语法：GMAT测试你区分好和不好的语法的能力。许多语法错误的句子看起来很自然。 意思：句子不能有歧义，并且句子必须反映作者的真实的意愿，在选择选项时不要随便改变句子的原意（除非原句错误）。 简洁：不使用多余的词。 2、GRAMMAR：包括主谓一致、平行、代词、修饰语、时态、语气语态、比较、惯用语。 3、MEANING：不要随便改变句子原意。GMAT考试中，意思上的小错误常常容易被忽略。 在MEANING上的主要考点主要可以归类为：选择正确的词、词的正确位置和词与词之间的一致。（1）选择正确的词： 常考的是相近的词相互替代而使句子意思发生改变。如：

GMAT曼哈顿语法---精华汇总

曼哈顿 SC 总结 Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics 1.一道例题 Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine. A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations B: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will C:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations D: including that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will E:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will 这道题用两点split。 1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT used to claim that ‘like’ simply meant‘similar to’ and could not introduce examples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty in published explanations. As a result, either ‘including’ or‘likelihood would technically work in the sentence. 1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的 名词。 2.做题时间 一般不多于90秒钟，理想状况下，花费60-75秒。 3.做题步骤 3.1细读原文 理解原文中作者本意，顺带看是否有错误出现。 如发现错误，默默记下，以备之后作为排除依据； 如未发现错误，不要留恋，只要保证理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。 3.2纵向扫描，找split 不要读选项，只是纵向寻找不同点（split）。 看句首和句尾，此两处必有split，不然画线不会画到它们。 迅速找到多个split，找最容易区分的。 3.3选取最简单split进行筛选 所谓简单，就是容易找/容易比较/容易决定。语法语义两个角度来分析 3.4选定第一个split 3.5用同一个split，去检查其他选项是否也犯了同样的错误

Ron 笔记 gmat 语法

Ron 笔记 1、平行 first two both 2 are correct ＊the parallel structures are indicated by “parallel tags” Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or Kentucky Most fossils of species x were found in T or in K. FOLLOW the tags are included. *proceed from RIGHT to LEFT in your analysis Look at the words following the tag

tags: the list of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!! Focus on the sentence ” ITS ”

USAGE OF “COMPARED TO/WITH” with statistics/quantities: *DO NOT include any other words of comparison “28 percent of American husbands were married to wives with more years of schooling, compared to 6 percent in 1971.” NO additional word re: ” more “ “ less” ”N times” etc

曼哈顿FOV笔记

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GMAT语法知识点归纳

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GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

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manhattan语法中文语法笔记

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