新实用汉译英教程课件
Written Translation III
Why we need translation theory?
人山人海A sea of faces
Rose 玫瑰、月季、蔷薇
农业是国民经济的基础Agriculture
农林牧副渔Farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines and fishery
庐山初识,匆匆五十年矣Two score and ten years have elapsed since our acquaintance at Mt. Lushan.
Chapter 1 Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
1. Basic principles of semiotics
Saussure initiated the study of sign systems, which he named ―semiology‖, and prophesied its existence in advance. He declared: ―A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be part of social psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to exitence, a place staked out in advance.
Signified (concept 所指)
Signifier ( sound image 能指）
Peirce has given general definition of a sign: A sign, or a reprentamen, is something which stands to somebody, for something in some respect or capacity.
Icon (based on identity or likeness, e.g. road signs); index (based on contiguity临近or causality；e.g. Smoke as a sign of fire); symbol (a merely conventional link: e.g. words)
Sign
Object
Interpretant
Semantic triangle
Linguistic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with each other in the same system
Referential meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with its referent
Pragmatic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and its interpretant
2. Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
Social semiotics is primarily concerned with human semiosis as an inherently social phenomenon in its sources, functions, contexts, and effects. It is also concerned with the social meanings constructed through the full range of semiotic forms, through semiotic texts and semiotic practices, in all kinds of human society at all periods of human history.
Halliday’s model of social semiotics
Professor Chen’s model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
My model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation
Chapter 2 General statement of translation
1. nature of translation
Nida out of the date
薄薄的夜
喇叭
2. translation process
Preparation; working; checking
母亲拧着纺车把他拉扯大，真是要星星不给月亮。
这件事给邻居们知道，岂不是笑歪了嘴？
His mother had brought him up by doing spinning and had given him whatever he wanted.
When neighbors heard of the matter, they’d laugh their heads off?
The good mother says not: will you？But gives.
3. Translation standard
Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
Similarity in spirit
Sublimation
Tytler
Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function
4. translator’s traits
Chapter 3 Lexical Translation
A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are different forms of the same word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.
一、Lexical comparison between Chinese and English
对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识汉语和英语的差别。
吕叔湘
1. Writing system
(1) Chinese Writing System
Ideographic 表意
①Pictograms象形：
A pictogram or picture is a stylised drawing of the thing it refers to. Only 600 Chinese characters out of 50 000, are pictograms. They are generally the oldest characters, since a lot of them have been discovered engraved on turtle shells (1500-1100 before christ).指事(Symbols )
②Symbols指事：
Symbols, also known as indicatives express an abstract idea by means of an arbitrary sign or by modifying an existing pictogram. Very often, dots or lines are added to a pictogram to indicate what part or action is intended. For instance, to represent the idea of ―root‖, a horizontal line is a dded at the bottom of a tree to suggest the idea of roots.(本）
③Ideogram会意：
An ideogram, also called associative compounds or meaning-meaning comes from the combination of two or more meaningful components to create a new character with a new meaning.
④Phono-semantic形声：
Phono-semantic characters, also known as sound-meaning, or picto-phonograms are characters composed of two components:
one component indicates the meaning,
the other indicates its pronunciation.
More than 90 % of Chinese characters are Phono-semantic characters. These characters appeared very early in the development of Chinese writing, because of the difficulty of using pictorial forms to represent abstract notions and similar objects (for examples donkey versus horse).
Examples of Phono-semantic charactersCharacterphonetic componentsemantic component媽(mother, mā) 馬(mǎ) 女(Woman) 菜(vegetable, cài) 采(cǎi) 艹(grass) 沐(to bath, mù) 木(mù) 氵(water)
(2) Chinese and English Syllables
Number of Chinese syllables: 432 no difference of tones; 1376 with difference of tones
Number of English syllables: about 10000
(3) English Writing System
The sound writing system or alphabetic writing system has dominated most of the world language. Since most European alphabets such as Spanish, German, French, English, etc. derived from the Lain alphabet, only minor adjustments were needed to cope with individual characteristics of a particular language. The immense power of the sound writing system is its productivity. There are more than 600,000 entries in Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. ( Chinese characters: about 50000 )
(4) Syllabic structures in English
(C) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C) (C)
I V key CV ski CCV spree CCCV seek CVC
Speak CCVC scram CCCVC
striped CCCVCC an VC ant VCC
ants VCCC pant CVCC pants CVCCC splints CCCVCCC stamp CCVCC
strengths CCCVCCCC
2. morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical or semantic meaning. It cannot be further divided into smaller units.
A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as ―bed‖, ―tree‖, ―sing‖,―dance‖.
A bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as ―-s‖ in dogs, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis ―in ―disclose‖, and so on.
Chinese morphemes
1. free morpheme
Eg. 药——药材(medicine)
——服药
2. half-free morpheme
Eg. 丰——丰收(harvest)
——丰富(abundant) 3. non-free morpheme.
Eg. 老——老师(teacher)
English morphemes 1.free morpheme
Eg. room, dog, bottle 2.Bound morpheme
Eg. Prefix
Re-, dis-, en-, im-
Suffix
-able, -tion, -less, -er
——老鹰(eagle)
3. Word formation
Sound-changing(音变法)
Reduplication(重叠法)
Conversion(转移法)
Abbreviation(简略法)
Affixation(缀合法)
Compounding(合成法)
(1) Sound-changing
①Chinese：
—changing the initial of a Chinese syllable (homographs)
e.g.重（zhòng）重(chóng)
弹(tán) 弹(dàn)
—changing the final of a Chinese syllable
e.g. 还(huán) 还(hái)
和(h?) 和(húo)
—changing the pitch
e.g. 少(shǎo) 少(shào)
为(w?i) 为(wai)
②English：
—changing the consonant of a word
e.g. close /klous/ a. 亲密的
close /klouz/ v. 关闭
house /haus/ n. 房屋
house /hauz/ v. 留宿
—changing the vowel of a word
e.g. doom /du:m/ n. 毁灭
deem /di:m/ v. 认为
food /fu:d/ n. 食品
feed /fi:d/ n. 喂
—changing the position of stress
e.g. present /’preznt/ a. 现在的
present /pri’zent/ v. 介绍
sound-changing not only changes the meaning, but also part of speech
(2) Reduplication
Chinese—superposition English–
AA, AAB, BAA, AABC, BCAA…… e.g. ping pong, walkie-talkie, ha-ha
Reduplication can greatly enrich Chinese vocabulary and perfect the expressive function and beauty of Chinese.
(3) Conversion
to change the word class and make a new word.
—converting nouns into verbs
e.g. ①Please take a seat.
It can seat 1000 people.
②这把锄是新的。
那块地已经锄过两遍了。
—converting adjectives into verbs
e.g. ①You can happy your friends, malice or fool your enemy, or fall an axe on his neck.
He was very happy to hear that.
②请画条直线。
他这个人就是直来直去的。
—converting verbs into nouns.
e.g. ①You are not allowed to leave the room.
He took leave of her with a heavy heart.
②他很会背书。他打球的时候伤到背了。
—converting adjectives into nouns.
e.g. ①We are waiting for the final decision.
The basketball finals are fantastic.
②我喜欢吃苦瓜。他不怕苦和累。
—converting nouns or verbs into adjectives
e.g. ①我讨厌这个人。他这人真讨厌。
②他舍己救人的精神让人感动。
你穿夹克衫显得很精神。
World report; science fiction
(4) Abbreviation
to shorten the original words or paraphrases to make it precise and practical without changing their meanings.
CPC=Communist Party of China
共产主义青年团=共青团
(5) Affixation
The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation.
—Prefix
non-; in-; de-;un-; ab; counter-; anti-; dis-; im-; multi；非；反；无；不
—Suffix
-less; -able; -ful; -ed; -ee; -ist; 手；家；子；儿
Bound morphemes, namely prefix and suffix, make English words more abundant than Chinese.
(6) Compounding
Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.
Greenhouse;
They face a damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-don’t choice.
二、Relationship of Chinese and English Words
1. Correspondence 相符
紫玉山庄法人实体打白条
Fake correspondence
盐水salt water 学英语歌to study English songs 简单地说simply speaking 一层厚厚的黄土 a layer of thick loess dust 穷山恶水poor mountain and bad water 强硬政策strong policy 学习知识to learn knowledge 好票good tickets
Purple Jade Villa; legal entity; to pay sb. IOUs
Salt solution
To learn English songs
A thick layer of
To put it simply
To acquire knowledge
Tough policies
Poverty-stricken places
Good seats
2. inclusion 包孕
华侨Overseas Chinese
汽车automobile=motorcar （a more formal word for car）
胡子Beaver; moustache; whiskers; beard
酒，汤，学者，rose等
3. intersection 交叉
骑马，骑自行车，骑墙，骑马人，骑墙派
To ride a horse; to ride a bike; to sit on the fence; horse rider; fence-sitters
粮油票，请买票，售票处，售票口，普通客票，行李票，剪票员，查票员
Grain (food) and edible oil coupons; All fares, please!; booking office; wicket; check; ordinary ticket; puncher; ticket examiner;
4. zero 空缺
Zero of designative meaning 指称意义空缺
三八式干部；三八红旗手；三八
抓周；八行书
Zero of linguistic meaning 言内意义空缺
在家养病反把这病养家了
我姓李，十八子的李。
Zero of pragmatic meaning 语用意义空缺
工农兵peasant
教师休息室Teachers only
鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of the Rooster.
She is a cat. 她是个包藏祸心的女人。
白象牌电池white elephant
兰翎牌香脂Peacock Tail
厚朴magnolia officinalis (Hope)
三、Translation of words
1. Polysemy 一词多义
就：他就着油灯读信。He read the letter by the oil lamp.
花生仁儿就酒挺合适。It’s nice to have peanuts to go with the wine.
我就不信我学不会这项技术。I just don’t believe this technique is beyond me.
那人就是他的哥哥。That very man is his elder brother.
你就是送给我，我也不要。Even if you give it to me as a gift, I won’t accept it.
2. Synonymy 同义词.
税：税率；关税；免税商店；进/出口税；印花税；遗产税
Tariff rates; custom duties; duty-free shops; import/export duties; stamp duties
美：鲍小姐秀色可餐, Miss Pao’s beauty is such a feast to the eye,
偷，窃：孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷……窃书！…….读书人的事，能算偷么？”
At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested, ―Taking books can’t be counted as steali ng…Taking books…for a scholar…can’t be counted as stealing.‖
3. Color色彩
语体色彩与感情色彩
咒语：文明是三孙子。Gentility be hanged!
狗气杀绍兴方言The dog-teaser
炒鱿鱼广东方言To be fired
俚语：侃大山；气管炎（妻管严）；床头柜（跪）；爱你没商量；下海
To talk bull; hen pecked husband; I love you, no ifs ands or but s.; to risk one’s fortune in the world of business;
古语：学而时习之，不亦乐呼？To learn and relearn again, isn’t it a great pleasure?
书面语：我们要紧密地团结起来，同心协力，树雄心，立大志，向科学技术现代化进军，力争上游，攀登高峰。
United closely with one heart and concerted efforts and cherishing heroic aspirations and lofty ambitions, we will march toward the modernization of science and technology, aiming high to scale the heights.
4. melody音韵
5. Social factors
Chairman Mao—President Hu Jintao
……忽见东府几个人慌慌张张跑来说：“老爷殡天了！”众人听了，唬了一大跳，忙都说：“好好的并无疾病，怎么就没了！”
…when some servants from the Eastern Mansion came rushing up frantically. ―The old Master’s ascended to Heaven!‖ they announced.
―He wasn’t even ill, how could he pass away so suddenly?‖ they exclaimed.
四、Translation of Compounds 短语/词组
1. Co-ordinate 并列
安定团结stability and unity
添油加醋to add spice to
2. Modifying 偏正
合资企业joint venture
知识产权intellectual property rights
最惠国待遇most-favoured-nation treatment
大补元气to reinforce vital energy
气得说不出话to become too angry to say a word
一口气读完to read through at one stroke
3. Subject-predicate 主谓关系
老一辈教育家对青年教师这样关心，真叫我感动。主语The educators of the old generation have shown so much concern about young teachers. This has moved me greatly.
武汉夏天炎热。谓语The summer in Wuhan is very hot.
她从未料到问题会这么复杂。宾语She has never expected that the problem is so complicated.
我只会马走日，象走田。I only know the basic moves.
一阵微风吹得湖上泛起涟漪。补语A breeze rippled the lake.
学生在讨论风格各异的译文。定语The students were discussing the translations of various styles.
五、Translation of Proper Names 专有名词
1. Name translation
孙中山Sun Yat-sen 孟子Mencious
2. Place translation
寒山寺Hanshan Temple
See public signs in China and photos
3. Book or Essay Titles
孔庙·孔府·孔林The Confucious Family Mansion, Temple and Woods
史记---Records of the Historian
4. Translation of the Movie Title
斩断第三只手的人The Thief Catcher
霸王别姬Farewell to My Concubine
开国大典The Birth of New China
5. Translation of Institution Names
神龙汽车有限公司Dongfeng-Citro en Automobile Company LTD
中国革命同盟China Federal Association
国立中央研究院Academia Sinica (of China)
六、Translation of onomatopoeic words 声音词
1. 相同或相异
狮吼lions roar 狼嚎wolves howl 老鼠吱吱叫mice squeak 马嘶horses neigh 公鸡喔喔啼cocks cock-a-doodle doo 猿啼apes wail 狗汪汪叫dogs bow-wow (yap; bark) 鸭子嘎嘎叫ducks quack 羊咩咩叫sheep bleak 喜鹊喳喳叫magpies chatter
摊主猛地站起来，把大蒲扇一掼，愤愤地说：“娘，他们哪是叫我剥香蕉皮，是要我剥中国人的脸啊，你知道吗？”
骄阳下，柳树上，回答他的是一片“知了知了”的蝉声。
The owner stood up abruptly. Throwing away the cattail leaf fan, he said with great indignation, ―Mother, what they asked me to do was not to peel bananas, but to lose face for all Chinese! Don’t you see?‖
In the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: ―( I ) see, ( I ) see,…‖
2. 因境择词
（这时黄龙子隐几仰天，撮唇齐口，发啸相机。）尔时，喉声，角声，弦声，铃声，倶分辨不出。耳中但听得风声，水声，人马蹙踏声，旌旗熠耀声，干戈击轧声，金鼓薄伐声。
（And now Yellow Dragon leaned on the table and looking up to heaven pursed his lips and began to roar in concord.）With that the sounds of voice, horn, strings, and bells became indistinguishable, but the ear heard the sounds of wind and water, of men tramping and horse tamping, of banners flapping, of halberds戟clashing, and gongs and drums sounding the charge.
3. 因境增删
七、Translation of color words 颜色词
红糖Brown sugar or raw sugar
黄油butter
红茶black tea
红木black wood
黄酒yellow rice wine
红葡萄酒port wine or red wine
清咖啡black coffee
加了牛奶的咖啡white coffee
黄色小说filthy novels 黄色音乐vulgar music 黄色电影pornographic films黄袍emperor’s robe黄袍加身to be claimed emperor
红眼病green-eyed
绝句杜甫
两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，Two golden orioles sing amid the willows green,
一行白鹭上青天。A row of white egrets fly into the blue sky.
窗含西岭千秋雪，From my window the snow-covered western hills are seen;
门泊东吴万里船。Beyond the door the east-bound ships at anchor lie.
八、Translation of reduplicated words 叠词
谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。
Who knows that ev’ry grain in the bowl
Is the fruit of so much pain and toil?
一眼望去，疏疏的林，淡淡的月，衬着蔚蓝的天，颇像荒江野渡光景；那边呢？郁丛丛的，阴森森的，又似乎藏着无边的黑暗：令人几乎不信那是繁华的秦淮河了。
As one looked into the distance, the sparse trees and pale moon set off by the blue sky offered a view like that at a deserted ferry on a desolate river. Further yonder, the gloom seemed to hide boundless darkness, which one could hardly believe was still part of the busy Qinhuai River.
Chapter 4 Sentence Translation
一、汉英句子对比
1. Basic types of sentences (Chinese) 汉语句子的基本类型
按用途或功能分：Declarative 陈述句
Interrogative 疑问句
Imperative 祈使句
Exclamative 感叹句
按结构分：Simple sentence 单句
Complex sentence 复句
2. Syntactical Features 句子特征
Covertness for Chinese grammar 汉语语法的隐含性
Overtness for English grammar 英语语法的外显性
你先告诉我你不去，我就不会在那里等你了。
If you had told me that you wouldn’t go, I wouldn’t have waited for you there.
Semantic structure is emphasized in Chinese while syntactic one focused on in English.
平日（我）多嘴多舌，（我）只不过要他们懂些商海沉浮。
All this everyday chattering is but meant to remind them that ups and downs is the way of the business world. Chinese sentences are formed on the thought-pivot, while English ones on the form-pivot or subject-predicate pivot. So parataxis is the syntactic feature for Chinese and hypotaxis is the one for English.
3. Model of sentence expansion 句子的扩展模式
Open-beginning and close-ending for Chinese sentences 汉语句首开放性与句尾封闭性的扩展模式
Close-beginning and open-ending for English sentences 英语句首封闭性与句尾开放性的扩展模式
二、Linguistic meaning of sentences 句子的言内意义
Short sentence短句简短有力，节奏明快，有助于形成奔放的气势
Long sentence长句结构紧凑，能表达紧密的思想，详细的内容，一气呵成，气势畅达
Reiterative sentence叠句洋洋洒洒，显得语言腴厚而内容充实
Contraction sentence紧缩句则显得凝练含蓄，干净利落
叠句
河汉河汉晓挂秋城漫漫
愁人起望江南江南塞北别离
离别离别河汉随同路绝
这个词牌一开始就是一个二字叠，最奇妙的是在后面用了一个倒叠，将一句末尾的两个字倒过来再做一个二字叠。这样就结合了叠句、倒叠为一体。十分巧妙。
紧缩句
紧缩句由复句紧缩而成。紧，是紧凑，指分句间的语音停顿没有了；缩，是缩减，指有些词语被压缩掉了。它是分句间没有语音停顿的特殊复句。它虽属于复句范畴，但又不同于复句。许多一般复句可以变换成紧缩句。例如：
“只要天一亮，就出去锻炼。”(一般复句)→“天一亮就出去锻炼。”(紧缩句)
紧缩句并非都可以还原为复句形式。如：“他越说越快。”所以说，紧缩句虽然表达复句的内容，但并非一定由复句紧缩而成，它也不宜称作复句的紧缩形式或紧缩复句，它只是一种特殊的句式——紧缩句。紧缩句与单句中的连谓句相像，但不相同，主要在于紧缩句内有复句所具有的假设，条件等关系及其关联词语。例如：
“他一坐下来就看书。”(紧缩句)
“他坐下来看书。”(连谓句,单句)
紧缩句精练明快，常在口语中运用。紧缩句往往成对使用或单用一个关联词语表示分句间的关系，也可以没有关联词语。关联词语大都是起关联作用的副词。紧缩句常见的固定格式有：“A就B”、“一A就B”、“再A也B ”、“不A也B”、“非A不B”、“不A不B”、“越A越B”。例如：①他一定有空看书。②语言越精练越好。
毛泽东：《十六字令》
山，
刺破青天锷未残，天欲坠，
赖以柱其间。Peaks
Piercing the blue without blunting the blade, The sky would fall
But for this colonnade.
不在其位，不谋其政。Out of position, out of administration.
莫贪意外之财；莫饮过量之酒。Do not be greedy for unearned wealth. Do not drink wine beyond capacity.
见富贵而生谄容者最可耻，遇贫穷而作骄态者贱莫甚。
It is degrading to grow sycophantic before people of wealth and position.
It is despicable to wax haughty in front of the poor.
三、Subject translation 主语
本法自公布之日起生效。本法修改权属于全国人民大会。The present law comes into force on the date of promulgation. The power of amendment is vested in the National People’s Congress.
前人认为督脉具有“总督全身阳气，维系人身元气”的功能。According to the classical writings on acupuncture, the function of Dumai is to govern the Yangqi i.e. the life energy of the body and to interrelate the Yuanqi or vitality of the human organism.
业精于勤。Professional expertise comes from diligence. Diligence brings about professional expertise.
四、Predicate translation 谓语
1. Mood 语气
鸿渐恨不能把报纸一撕两半，把那王什么主任的喉咙扼着，看还挤得出多少开履历用的肉麻公式。He wished he could have ripped the paper in two and seized what’s-his-name, Chief-Secretary-Wang, by the throat, just to see how many more of those sickening cliches of resume writing could still be wrung out of him.
2. Collocation 搭配
事实上，一个人的缺点正像猴子的尾巴，猴子蹲在地面的时候，尾巴是看不见的，直到他向树上爬，就把后部供大众瞻仰，可是这红臀长尾巴本来就有，并非地位爬高了的新标识。
He didn’t realize that a person’s shortcomings are just like a monkey’s tail. When it’s squatting on the ground, its tail is hidden from view, but as soon as it climbs a tree, it exposes its back side to everyone. Nevertheless, the long tail and red bottom are there all the time. They aren’t just a mark of having climbed to a higher position.
3. Verbal expressions in series 连动式
这帮歹徒持枪劫车杀人越货，受到了法律严厉的制裁。
This gang of ruffians have been severely punished by law, because they used to hijack trucks and loot the goods by killing drivers with guns.
4. Pivotal construction 兼语
我请他帮忙。I asked him to lend me a hand.
五、Word order 语序
南国之秋，当然是也有它的特异的地方的，比如二十四桥的明月，钱塘江的秋潮，普陀山的凉雾，荔枝湾的残荷等等，可是色彩不浓，回味不永。Autumn in the South, needless to say, has charms all its own. For example, the Twenty-Four Bridges with its brilliant moonlight, the Autumn Bore on the Qitang River, the Putuo Isles enshrouded in mist, the Lichee Bay strewn with fading lotuses. Yet none of these are strong enough in color, or remain long enough in our recollection.
快乐教育强调培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的人才，它使教育者改变了以往唯有高分的学生才是人才的观念，因为我们的建设事业不仅需要工程师、科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。Enjoyable education emphasizes developing children in an all-round way: Intellect, ethics, physical culture, aethetics and practical work. It has changed the old concept of the educators that only pupils with high grades are promising talents. In fact, China’s construction needs not only engineers and scientist s, but also capable workers in all fields.
中国人的祖先认为，鼓为天声，锣为地声，天地相交，金鼓齐鸣，身置其中，不禁自舞。According to the Chinese custom, the beat of a drum symbolizes the voice of heaven, while the clash of a gong symbolizes the voice of earth. When the two are beaten together, people cannot help dancing.
六、Translation of clauses with “是”“是”字句的翻译
有人喜欢海
是风平浪静的时候
有人喜欢海
是波涛汹涌的时候
Some like the sea
When it is calm and tranquil.
Others like it
When the waves are roaring.
没有一个人将小草叫做“大力士”，但是它的力量之大，的确是世界无比。这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力量就要显现，上面的石块，丝毫不足以阻挡，因为它是一种“长期抗战”的力，有弹性，能屈能伸的力，有韧性，不达目的不止的力。
Though the little grass has never had the honour of being compared to a ―Hercules‖, the power it shows is really matchless in the world. It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself. The rock above it is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing because it is an elastic force—it can shrink and expanded, and because it is a tenacious force—it will not give in until it is fully grown.
Chapter 5 Paragraph
一、Sentence group 句群
我给那些因为在近旁而极响的爆竹声惊醒，看见豆一般大的黄色的灯火光，接着又听得毕毕剥剥的鞭炮，是四叔家正在“祝福”了；知道已是五更将近时候。我在朦胧中，又隐约听到远处的爆竹声连绵不断，似乎合成一天音响的浓云，夹着团团飞舞的雪花，拥抱了全镇。
I was woken up by the noisy explosion of crackers close at hand and , from the faint glow shed by the yellow oil lam p and the bangs of fireworks as my uncle’s household celebrated the sacrifice, I knew that it must be nearly
dawn. Listening drowsily I heard vaguely the ceaseless explosion of crackers in the distance. It seemed to me that the whole town was enveloped by the dense cloud of noise in the sky, mingling with the whirling snowflakes.
二、Paragraph features for Chinese and English 汉英段落特征对比
Topic sentence 主题句
三、Sentence relationship in the paragraph
龙船节，是黔东南清水江上苗族人民最盛大的节日。节日里，聚会的苗族同胞，每年有三四万人。龙，在苗族人心目中是吉祥如意的象征。苗家姑娘最爱将龙的变形图案打制成银饰装点在头上，或刺绣在衣裙中，编织于围腰上。苗族人民制作的龙船，十分精巧，美观。龙身由一只母船和两只子船捆扎而成，叫做“子母船”。无论子船还是母船，皆为独木镂空。两米多长的龙头，用水柳木雕刻，装有一对一米多长的龙角。龙头以主色不同，分为赤龙、青龙、黄龙。
The Dragon-Boat Festival is the most important celebration of the Miao people who live along the Qingshui River in southeastern Guizhou Province. Every year between 30000 and 40000 Miaos participate in the festivities.
In the minds of the Miao, dragon is a symbol of good luck. Girls like best to adorn their hair with silver adornments shaped like dragons and wear clothes and aprons embroidered or woven with dragon patterns. The Miaos build exquisite dragon boats. This dragon boat is in reality a boat formed from three canoes—one large and two small—that are strung together. It is called ―Mother-and-Son Boat‖. Its carved head, which is made from the trunk of a weeping willow tree, is more than two metres long with a pair of over-one-metre-long horns. The head is mainly painted red, blue or yellow and the dragon boats are classified by these colors.
杨绛先生是名人之女，幼承家学，文学很有功底。能诗。旧日与钱先生颇多赠答酬唱之作。她原在苏州东吴大学攻读政治学，后考取清华大学外文系研究生。因为有创作天赋，所以选修了朱自清先生的“散文习作”课。杨先生的第一篇小说习作受到朱先生的好评，送《大公报》文艺副刊发表，后又被林徽因先生看中，选入《大公报丛刊小说选》。这篇小说发表后，杨先生颇受鼓舞，又写过一些短篇小说。
Yang Jiang is a famous man’s daughter receiving her father’s instruction and benefiting by his scho larship. In her youth she began to write poems. Later on, after she came to know Qian Zhongshu, they started a pen friendship, exchanging poems, inspiring each other. In her educational career Yang Jiang at first studied political science at Soochow University. Then she transferred to Qinghua University as a post-graduate and shifted to foreign languages. Prompted by her natural gift, she minored in Chinese Prose under Professor Zhu Ziqing. Her first piece of story-writing as a classroom exercise was most favourably received by the professor, who recommended it to Da Gong Bao to be published in the Literary Supplement. Later on Lin Huiying read it, liked it and contributed it to the Da Gong Bao Collection of Selected Stories. This initial success inspired Yang Jiang to write more stories from time to time.
大学英语汉译英答案
Unit 4 Translation 1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。 To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind 2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。 It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much. 3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。 My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood. 4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。 I propose that we go to find Prof. Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening 5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。 Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up 6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study. 7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。 I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this. 8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。 At first glance the picture didn’t l ook very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece. Unit 5 Translation 1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。 Looking out of the window, Dr. Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic. 2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。 Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident. 4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days. Has she fallen ill of somethi ng? 5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。 The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right. 6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。 Lennie was late for school again this morning. He ought to /should have got up earlier. He must have stayed up too late last night 7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。 Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids. They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble. 8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。 It is important for nurses to stick to this rule. Unit 6 Translation 1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。 It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood. 2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。 The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands. 3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。 The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions 4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
汉译英常用技巧
词汇汉译英常用技巧（1）对等译法 对等是翻译的最高境界，但完全的对等几乎是不可能的。所以，可以采取大致对等的手法（所谓大致对等，是指比喻的方式基本一致，但意象,也就是比喻所用的image发生了改变）： e.g.1.扪心自问，他不得不承认自己错了。 By searching his heart, he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 2.你真是福星高照。 You have a lucky star above you. 3.我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场比赛。 We must go all out to win this game. 4.你真不该插手他们的事情。 You really shouldn’t have poked your nose into their business. 5.那种情形之下，他除了忍气吞声又能怎样呢？ As things stood, what could he do but swallow the insult? 6.他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气高涨，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Being in high morale, every one of them rolled up their sleeves, eager to win another brilliant victory.
7.为了救他的母亲，他赴汤蹈火。 He went through fire and flood to save his mother. 8.在纽约市寻找一个失落的小孩，那简直是大海捞针。 Looking for a missing child in New York City. Tha t’s like looking for a needle in a hay stack. 9.对问题视而不见并不能解决问题。 Turning a blind eye to a problem won’t solve the problem. 10.为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 To throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 11.有时候老虎走近些，但对驴子还是敬而远之。 Sometimes the tiger ventured nearer, but still kept a respectable distance from the donkey. Exercise : 1.哀公问于孔子曰，寡人闻之，东益宅不祥，信有之乎？孔子曰，不祥有五，而东益不与焉。夫损人益己，身之不祥也；弃老取幼，家之不祥也；择贤用不肖，国之不祥也；老者不教，幼者不学，俗之不祥也；圣人伏匿，天下之不祥也。兆:presage ;omen 损人益己:to harm others to benefit oneself 贤:solon/sagacious person 不肖:unworthy 俗:custom 圣人:sage/saint 伏匿/匿伏:to stay in concealment
高考英语重点句型汉译英强化训练100题-附答案
高考英语重点句型汉译英100题 高考英语重点句型汉译英强化训练 1.他的叔叔过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。(used) 2. 他一点也不喜欢喝咖啡，宁可喝茶。(prefer) 3. 对学生来说，学会一门外语是多么重要啊!(how) 4. 这件大衣值多少钱？(cost) 5. 他把他的一生献给了宇宙飞船的研究。(devote) 6. 你最好现在不要把坏消息告诉他。(had better) 7. 他是一位有经验的驾驶员，他习惯于在各种各样的天气情况下开车。(used) 8. 今晚你应该复习功课，而不应该看电视。(instead) 9. 没有什么能阻止这孩子冒险爬那棵高树。(prevent) 10. 妈妈很少晚上一个人出去，是吗？(seldom) 11. 尽量用英语表达自己，别害怕犯错误。(afraid) 12. 到去年底，中国的人口是多少？(population) 13. 从广州到纽约的路是多么长啊！(it) 14. 当我一到达机场时，飞机就起飞了。(Hardly) 15. 这男孩洗完了脸，似乎才几秒钟。(seem) 16. 如果你不努力学习，你不会取得成功。(unless) 17. 无论你做什么，应尽最大努力。(Whatever) 18. 不管这项任务多么困难，我们要尽最大的努力准时完成。(However) 19. 虽然他是孩子，他知道怎样生活和学习。(as) 20. 既然天好，我把所有的窗都打开了。(Now that) 21. 这里的气候与昆明的气候一样好。(as…as) 22. 她再也不像过去那样讲和笑。(no longer) 23. 我们对世界了解得越多，我们将取得更大的成功。(the more…the more) 24. 只要我们不失去信心，我们会找到办法克服困难的方法。(As long as) 25. 无论谁做这事都没有什么区别。(whoever) 26. 一旦她开始跳舞，她就忘记了时间。(Once) 27. 这座山是那么高以至于我不能爬到山顶上。(…so…that) 28. 只要你一直练习说英语，不多久你肯定会掌握它。(On condition that) 29. 长江是中国最长的河流，去年夏天我们去参观过。(visit) 30. 你见到过写昨天我们讨论过的那篇作文的女孩吗？(whose) 31.众所周知，指南针首先是中国制造的。(As) 32. 我们需要更多的练习是十分清楚的。(practice) 33. 你没听李老师的报告真是太遗憾了。(miss) 34. 碰巧我那天晚上有空。(happen) 35. 据提议试验应该在低温下做。(suggest) 36. 他已经做的事情与我们无关。(nothing) 37. 她问我花了多长时间建成这座大桥。(take)
新视野大学英语读写教程汉译英翻译答案
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
高考英语重点句型汉译英强化训练100题-附答案汇编
高考英语重点句型汉译英强化训练 1.他的叔叔过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。(used) 2. 他一点也不喜欢喝咖啡，宁可喝茶。(prefer) 3. 对学生来说，学会一门外语是多么重要啊!(how) 4. 这件大衣值多少钱？(cost) 5. 他把他的一生献给了宇宙飞船的研究。(devote) 6. 你最好现在不要把坏消息告诉他。(had better) 7. 他是一位有经验的驾驶员，他习惯于在各种各样的天气情况下开车。(used) 8. 今晚你应该复习功课，而不应该看电视。(instead) 9. 没有什么能阻止这孩子冒险爬那棵高树。(prevent) 10. 妈妈很少晚上一个人出去，是吗？(seldom) 11. 尽量用英语表达自己，别害怕犯错误。(afraid) 12. 到去年底，中国的人口是多少？(population) 13. 从广州到纽约的路是多么长啊！(it) 14. 当我一到达机场时，飞机就起飞了。(Hardly) 15. 这男孩洗完了脸，似乎才几秒钟。(seem) 16. 如果你不努力学习，你不会取得成功。(unless) 17. 无论你做什么，应尽最大努力。(Whatever) 18. 不管这项任务多么困难，我们要尽最大的努力准时完成。(However) 19. 虽然他是孩子，他知道怎样生活和学习。(as) 20. 既然天好，我把所有的窗都打开了。(Now that) 21. 这里的气候与昆明的气候一样好。(as… as) 22. 她再也不像过去那样讲和笑。(no longer) 23. 我们对世界了解得越多，我们将取得更大的成功。(the more… the more) 24. 只要我们不失去信心，我们会找到办法克服困难的方法。(As long as) 25. 无论谁做这事都没有什么区别。(whoever) 26. 一旦她开始跳舞，她就忘记了时间。(Once) 27. 这座山是那么高以至于我不能爬到山顶上。(… so… that) 28. 只要你一直练习说英语，不多久你肯定会掌握它。(On condition that) 29. 长江是中国最长的河流，去年夏天我们去参观过。(visit) 30. 你见到过写昨天我们讨论过的那篇作文的女孩吗？(whose) 31.众所周知，指南针首先是中国制造的。(As) 32. 我们需要更多的练习是十分清楚的。(practice) 33. 你没听李老师的报告真是太遗憾了。(miss) 34. 碰巧我那天晚上有空。(happen) 35. 据提议试验应该在低温下做。(suggest) 36. 他已经做的事情与我们无关。(nothing) 37. 她问我花了多长时间建成这座大桥。(take) 38. 直到昨天我才知道他要来。(not… until) 39. 这城市不像三年前的那样子了。(used) 40. 这正是你要寻找的东西。(look) 41. 彼得一直没有来的原因是他没赶上这班火车。(catch) 42. 他认为每次考试作好准备是重要的。(it)
大学英语5_汉译英
掌握大量的词汇对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试（Cambridge First Certificate Examination）的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大有可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清它们确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings. A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind.
上海高考英语汉译英强化训练100题
汉译英强化模拟100题 他的叔叔过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。(used) 2.他一点也不喜欢喝咖啡，宁可喝茶。(prefer) 3.对学生来说，学会一门外语是多么重要啊!(how) 4.这件大衣值多少钱？(cost) 5.他把他的一生献给了宇宙飞船的研究。(devote) 6.你最好现在不要把坏消息告诉他。(had better) 7.他是一位有经验的驾驶员，他习惯于在各种各样的天气情况下开车。(used) 8.今晚你应该复习功课，而不应该看电视。(instead) 9.没有什么能阻止这孩子冒险爬那棵高树。(prevent) 10.妈妈很少晚上一个人出去，是吗？(seldom) 11.尽量用英语表达自己，别害怕犯错误。(afraid) 12.到去年底，中国的人口是多少？(population) 13.从广州到纽约的路是多么长啊！(it) 14.当我一到达机场时，飞机就起飞了。(Hardly) 15.这男孩洗完了脸，似乎才几秒钟。(seem) 16.如果你不努力学习，你不会取得成功。(unless) 17.无论你做什么，应尽最大努力。(Whatever) 18.不管这项任务多么困难，我们要尽最大的努力准时完成。(However) 19.虽然他是孩子，他知道怎样生活和学习。(as) 20.既然天好，我把所有的窗都打开了。(Now that) 21.这里的气候与昆明的气候一样好。(as…as) 22.她再也不像过去那样讲和笑。(no longer) 23.我们对世界了解得越多，我们将取得更大的成功。(the more…the more) 24.只要我们不失去信心，我们会找到办法克服困难的方法。(As long as) 25.无论谁做这事都没有什么区别。(whoever) 26.一旦她开始跳舞，她就忘记了时间。(Once) 27.这座山是那么高以至于我不能爬到山顶上。(…so…that) 28.只要你一直练习说英语，不多久你肯定会掌握它。(On condition that) 29.长江是中国最长的河流，去年夏天我们去参观过。(visit) 30.你见到过写昨天我们讨论过的那篇作文的女孩吗？(whose) 31.众所周知，指南针首先是中国制造的。(As) 32.我们需要更多的练习是十分清楚的。(practice) 33.你没听李老师的报告真是太遗憾了。(miss) 34.碰巧我那天晚上有空。(happen) 35.据提议试验应该在低温下做。(suggest) 36.他已经做的事情与我们无关。(nothing) 37.她问我花了多长时间建成这座大桥。(take) 38.直到昨天我才知道他要来。(not…until)
新视野大学英语3课后汉译英答案(全)
第1单元：（此单元无汉语） 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. 第2单元： 1、被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚称自己无罪。 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2、总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3、正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4、考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订宾馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5、服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6、总结这次讨论时，他说双方都会好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. 第3单元 1、在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2、教室一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3、从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from universi ty instead of going to work directly. 4、由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5、据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。 It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.
高中非谓语动词强化训练100题及答案(一)
高中非谓语动词练习100题（一） 1.The park was large, ___________by a fence and shaded by all trees. A. surrounding B. surrounded C. was surrounded D. to be surrounded 2.In Australia, many road signs are both in English and Chinese, ____ it easier for Chinese tourists to travel. A. making B. made C. make D. makes 3.._____ the right decision ____ the future is probably an important thing we will ever do in our lives. A. Making; concerned B. Make ; concerning C. To make, concerned D. Making; concerning 4.This page needed_______ again. A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked 5._______your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions. A. Understanding B. To be understood C. Being understood D. Having understood 6.Twenty scientists were reported _____the top prize at the 2015 State Science and Technology Awards in Beijing on January 9th, 2016 A. to award B. to be awarded C. to have been awarded D. to have awarded 7.______nearly all our country, we couldn’t afford to stay at home. A. Having spent B. To spend C. Spent D. To have spent 8.With his attention ________ on his book, he didn't notice someone entering his room. A. concentrating B. concentrated C. to concentrate D. concentrates 9.---Mary has caught a bad cold. ---Has she? I regret _______her to put on more clothes yesterday. A. not to remind B. not to be reminded C. not reminding D. not being reminded 10.Meyer and his team were the first ________ how the disease spreads from animals to humans. A. showing B. show C. to show D. shown 11.The terrible earthquake struck the southwest of the country last week,_______6 deaths and hundreds of injuries. A. causing B. to cause C. caused D. having caused 12.________ from the Song Dynasty, the Confucian Temple of Nanjing has now developed into a famous scenic spot, ________ sightseeing, shopping and tasty foods. A. Having dated; featured B. Dating; featuring C. Dating; having featured D. Dated; featuring 13.Johnson is indeed a wise man. — Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _____ his advice! A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking 14.Pack up the items you’d like_____ along and leave behind those you dislike _____ with you on your journey.
大学英语3汉译英
Unit1 Caring for Our Earth 1.年轻人有时会抱怨无法和父母沟通。(communicate with) Young people sometimes complain of being unable to communicate with their parents 2. 能在中国云南的一个苗家村落住下来一直是玛丽长久以来的梦想，现在她终 于梦想成真了。(to take up residence) It has been Mary’s long cherished dream to take up residence in a Miao vill age in Yunnan, China. Now her dream has finally come true. 3.家养的动物习惯于依赖人，因此很难能在野外活下来。(survive) Domestic animals are used to depending on humans, so it is difficult for the m to survive in the wild. 4.他突然有种恐惧感，觉得自己会因为经济不景气而被公司裁员。(overtake) He was suddenly overtaken by a fear that he would be laid off by the comp any because of depression. 5.我估计公交路线上堵车了，因为我都等了30分钟也没见一辆车开过去(figure) I figure that there is a traffic jam on the route of the bus, for I’ve waited for 30 minutes without seeing one passing by. 1. 十年前，当公司还处在生产的鼎盛时期时，我们就决定投资新技术， 将公司转型为技术密集型企业。由于拥有先进技术，我们在激烈动荡的市场竞争中脱颖而出。现在我们的成本下降了百分之三十，销售业绩却上涨了三分之二，利润翻了一番。 Ten years ago, when our company was at the height of i ts production, we decided to invest in new technologies, so as to tur n our company into a technology-intensive one. With our advanced tech nologies, we out-competed all our competitors in the rough and tumble of the marketplace. Now we have reduced the cost by 30 percent, even as / while our sales have grown by two-thirds and the earnings have doubled. 2. 我们将可持续性定义为保持企业盈利，但不以环境为代价。从商业的角度看，这合理吗？事实上，在追求可持续发展目标的过程中，我们的收益已经超过了所有的投资和开支。可持续发展的推进起到了如此重要的作用，帮助我们撑过了史上最深重的经济衰 We define sustainability as keeping a business profitable, but not at the expense of the environment. Does this mak e good business sense? Actually, what we get has more than offset all
汉译英课件
主语的选择 Warming-up: 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 China’s diplomatic activities were unprecedentedly frequent at the turn of the century. China performed unprecedentedly active in diplomacy at the turn of the century. The turn of the century found China most active on the diplomatic arena. Part 1:定语译作主语 他的身材魁梧，生一张大长方脸。 He is a giant of a man with a long square face. 这种汽车的耗油量比那种汽车的耗油量多3倍。 This type of car uses three times more fuel than that type of car does. 这间办公室的空调装好了。 This office has been installed with an air conditioner. 懒惰的人不会成功。 Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Part 2: 谓语动词译作主语 她看见这张照片就会想起30年前的往事。 The sight of the photo reminds her of the memory 30 years ago. 她见到血就恶心。 The very sight of blood makes her sick. 在那些日子里，只要一提起她丈夫的名字，她就伤心痛苦。 In those days even the mention of her husband’s name brought her to the verge of tears. 医生迅速到达，并仔细检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 The doctor’s prompt arrival and careful examination of the patient brought his speedy recovery. Part 3: 表语译作主语 千百万人民的实践才是检验真理的唯一标准。 The only criteria for truth is the practice of millions of people. 任何具有重量并占有空间的东西都是物质。 Substance is anything having weight and taking space.
新视野大学英语汉译英全
二》汉译英 1.对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。（not only…but also） Not only can student choose when and where to learn for an online course, but also they can take time to think through answers before producing an answer. 2.网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处。(While) She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless. 3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。（communicate with）Communicating with native English speakers is a very beneficial experience from which we can learn much. 4.如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。（have access to） Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they could search for the information they need. 5.他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分了。（give up） He asks her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. However, she feels that is too much for her. 6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。（now that） Now that we have finished the course, we shall pay much attention to revision work. 1.当她就要关掉音乐时，她父亲冲进她的房间，朝她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小一点？” As she was going to turn off the music, her father burst into her room and shouted at her,”Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?” 2.酒吧的老板一直在看那个跳舞姑娘，一面却假装没有看。 The barkeeper kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3.桑迪如此喜欢摇滚音乐以至不顾父亲的反对而将音量放大。 Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up regardless of her father’s objection. 4.像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的穿着时，便开始唠叨他。As usual, when his parents don’t like his wear, they start bugging him. 5.在会上，他们讨论了如何保持师生间的沟通渠道畅通。 At the meeting they had a discussion about how to keep the lines of communication widely open between teachers and students. 6.一想到这些年幼的男孩和女孩被父母强迫沿街讨钱我就生气。 It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money in the streets. 1.即使报酬并不优厚，我还是决定接受那个新职位。 I have made up my mind to accept the new post, even though it is not quite well paid. 2.这项工作在实际开始干之前，一直被认为是十分简单的。 The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started. 3.既然你计划移居加拿大，你就必须努力适应冬季的严寒天气。 Now that you are planning to immigrate into Canada, you must attempt to adjust to the cold weather in winter then. 4.他承诺帮助我们买下那栋房子，但有点勉强。He promised to help us buy the house, but with a little reluctance. 5.这是一次重要的会议，请务必不要迟到。Because this is an important meeting, please see to it that you are not late. 6.他是个有经验的商人，做国际贸易已有好几年了。He is an experienced businessman who has undertaken foreign trade for quite a few years. 1.她如此专心地读那本书，以至于有人进来她也没有意识到。 She was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone’s coming. 2.他第一次会议就迟到了将近一小时，给大家留下了一个很糟糕的印象。 Being late for almost an hour for the first meeting, he leaves a bad impression on everyone. 3.不管是有意识还是无意识，我们往往会根据对方的眼神，面部表情，形体动作对他们作出判断。Consciously or unconsciously, we make judgment