大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照

大学英语精读第 6 册全文课文翻译第六册

RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND

THECNICAL WRITING

A surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers,

and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the

ability to present research results clearly and completely,

an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and

on the job. The need for some research-writing ability is

felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands

on the student's research-writing skills,and most professions continue the demand; education, advertising

and marketing,economics and accounting,science and engineering,psychology,anthropology,the arts,and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research

data.

ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

The standard research report, regardless of the field or the

intended reader,contains four major sections.These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections,and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.

Problem Section. The first required section of a research

report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned.This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer .In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social,

economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc.-- of the question; in other words, why the investigation was

worth conducting.Thus,if we set out,for example,to answer the question"What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought to

have significant relevance to the health of this segment of

the population and might lead to some sort of regulations

on such foods.

A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of

past research on the topic being investigated. This would

consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some

商务、技术研究报告的写作

作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将

自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托

人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本

技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那

么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写

作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，

无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生都是

这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提

出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：

教育（学）、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，

理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以及农艺可能都

要定期报告研究的信息。

研究报告的要素

标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读

者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成

许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但

是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。

问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项

目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者

要问答的根本问题。在这同一个部分里应该从社

会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的

意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。这样，

举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用快餐食品

对美国青少年有什么影响？”那么我们就必须解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常密切的

关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。

问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的

研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问题以

前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些贡献

作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为

它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成

assessment of the value of these contributions.This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data

presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has

been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some

investigative tradition.

Procedures Section.The second major section of the research report details,with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out.This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the

subjects were selected if subjects were used,what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance

of the findings, how many observations were made and

when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of

various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of

swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the

experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the

time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to

the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section

is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such

were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.

Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important,

section of the research report is the presentation of the

results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in

this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural

tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not

in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is

antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the

experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data

was inadequate or contrary to expectations,the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible,

just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by

the research.

Discussion Section.The final required section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and

a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from

those results. Of primary interest in business and technical

research reports is the validity of the results as the bases

for company decisions:Will our planned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for building?Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our company?Will this new oil recovery technique be financially feasible?Thus,the discussion section of the research report must evaluate the research results fully: were they validly obtained, are

they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide

range of circumstances?The discussion section should 果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了对研

究者的可信度。并且很可能是从某种调查研究中

得出来的。

过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了，

用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。这部分

包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选择的，如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行

的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行研究的

话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，进行测试

的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天气条件，以

及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过程部分的

目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来

证实或驳斥你的结果的话。

结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要的部

分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这部分的基本原

则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。

当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面

与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这种不

诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。如果

所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或

与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且尽可

能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的那样

把它写下来。

讨论部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨

论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何

结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主要关

注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；我

们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗？会得到批准

进行吗？?这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公

司来吗？从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可

行吗？这样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究

成果：它们获得是否真实？它们是完整的还是有

局限性？它们的应用范围很大吗？讨论部分也应

该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进一

also point out what question remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research.

STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS

Research reports are considered formal professional communication.As such,there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to

writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals

of professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and completeness.The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that all results are

properly detailed.As an aid to the reader ,headings indicating at least the major section of the report should

be used,and all data should be presented under the proper headings.In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional

quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's

credibility by reflecting a logical and methodical approach

to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy

transitional devices between sections.

Research data should be presented in a way that places

proper emphasis on major aspect of the project.For different readers different aspects will take on different degrees of importance, and some consideration should be

given to structuring research reports differently for different audiences.Management,for example,will be most concerned with the results of a research project, and

thus the results section should be emphasized, probably

by presenting it immediately after the problem section and

before the procedures section. Other researchers would be

most interested in the procedures section, and this should

be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication in professional journals or for presentation at

professional conferences.For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be

the most important consideration,and emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this readership.

For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should

be presented in a visual format -- tables, charts, graphs,

diagrams -- as well as in a verbal one.

Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the

presentation of technical data,the author of a research report should review for basic grammatical and mechanical accuracy.Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings 步研究提出一些建议。

研究报告的文体

人们认为研究报告是属于正规的专业交流。据此，

并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章写得生

动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明晰，完

整。校订任何研究报告初稿都应保证所有资料正

确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详述。为

方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告的主要

部分，而所有资料都应当在恰当的标题下陈述。

标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能外，它

还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是

按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因此在某种程度上

增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分之间冗

长的承上启下的词语。

应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方式陈述研

究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有

不同的重要性。应该考虑到报告的结构因不同的

读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的结果

最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问题部

分之后和过程部分之前有可能立即出现。其他的

研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把研究

项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业会议

上宣读时，这一部分应该着重突出。对于非专业

读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的含

意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论部分。

另外为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用书面

文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图等直

观形式来表述。

除了检查研究报告是否在技术资料方面表达清

楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印方

面是否准确。在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。

应该使用列举方法来避免长篇大论，强调信息。

研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的

情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语

能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一篇完整的

should be used to break up long passages of prose and to

emphasize information. The research writer should try to

use the simplest possible language without sacrificing the

professional quality of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided.

A finished research report should be readable and useful

document prepared with the reader in mind.

CONCLUSION

Although we struggle with research reports in high school, dread them in college, and are often burdened by

them in our professional live, learning to live comfortably

with them is a relatively easy task. A positive attitude (i.e.

one that seem the oral or written presentation of research

results as of equal importance to the data-gathering process); an orderly approach which includes prewriting

(i.e., before any actual research is done, the researcher

should try to get down on paper as much about the subject

under investigation as possible)and a formal research report structure as the framework for the investigation; and a reasonable approach to the actual writing process

including editing for accuracy and clarity, will help one to

produce effective research reports efficiently.研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又有用的文献。

结论

虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究报告，在大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是

一种负担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效地写出报告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口头和书面陈述研究成果与资料收集过程看成同样

重要）：写作步骤井然有序，包括写作前的准备工作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽可能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一

个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架；有一个合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很有效的进行校订过程。

THE BEGINNING OF A CARREER

Dear Mother,

Your amazing telegram[telegram announcing$500 Mademoiselle prize for "Sunday at the Mintons," which I

forwarded]came just as I was scrubbing tables in the shady interior of The Belmont dining room.I was so excited that I screamed and actually threw my arms around the head waitress who no doubt thinks I am rather

insane!Anyhow,psychologically,the moment couldn't have been better. I felt tired -- one's first night's sleep in a

new place never is peaceful -- and I didn't get much! To

top it off, I was the only girl waitress here, and had been

scrubbing furniture,washing dishes and silver,lifting tables, etc. since 8 a.m. Also, I just learned since I am

completely inexperienced, I am not going to be working in

the main dining room,but in the"side hall"where the managers and top hotel brass eat. So, tips will no doubt

net much less during the summer and the company be less interesting.So I was beginning to worry about money when your telegram came. God! To think "Sunday at the

Mintons"is one of two prize stories to be put in a big

职业的开端

贝尔蒙特宾馆， 1952 年 6 月 11 日亲爱

的妈妈：

你那份令我吃惊的电报， [ 宣布了由我转寄的＜明顿家的星期天＞、获得了＜小姐＞杂志五百

元奖金。它正好是我在阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐

桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住

了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你的电报来得正是

时候。那时我觉得很累

一夜总是睡不好的——而我就没有睡多少觉。更糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗

家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等，从上午８点开始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让

我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就餐

的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的小费毫无疑

问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。我正

开动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！想想看，《明顿家的星期天》竟是一家全国性通俗

——人到一个新地方，第

national slick! Frankly, I can't believe it!刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不敢The first thing I though of was:Mother can keep her相信！

intersession money and buy some pretty clothes and a我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我special trip or something! At least I get a winter coat and暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅extra special suit out of the Mintons. I think the prize is

游什么的。至少我能够用《明顿家》获得的奖金$500!

买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百ME! Of all people!?

元之多啊！

So it's really looking up around here, now that I don't have

to be scared stiff about money? Oh, I say, even if my feet

这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！

kill me after this first week, and I drop 20 trays, I will have现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心the beach,boys to bring me beer,sun,and young gay了，??啊，即使这第一个星期之后我双脚疼得要companions. What a life.命，即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩去，Love, your crazy old daughter.要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻

的伙伴同乐。多么美好的生活！

Sivvy

June 12. 1952

No doubt after I catch up on sleep, and learn to balance

trays high on my left hand, I'll feel much happier. As it is

now, I feel stuck in the midst of a lot of loud, brassy Irish

Catholics, and the only way I can jolly myself is to say,

"Oh, well, it's only for a summer, and I can maybe write

about them all." At least I've got a new name for my next

protagonist-- Marley, a gabby girl who knows her way around but good. The ration of boys to girls has gotten less

and less, so I'll be lucky if I get tagged by the youngest kid

here. Lots of the girls are really wise, drinking flirts. As for

me, being the conservative, quiet, gracious type, I don't

stand much chance of dating some o f the cutest ones

I can only get "in" as a pal with these girls, and never for a

minute let them know I'm the gentle intellectual type, it'll

be O.K.

As for the Mlle news, I don't think it's really sunk in yet. I

felt sure they made a mistake, or that you'd made it up to

cheer me. The big advantage will be that I won't have to

worry about earning barely$300this summer.I would really have been sick otherwise.I can't wait till August when I can go casually down to the drug store and pick up

a slick copy of Mlle, flip to the index, and see ME, one of

two college girls in the U.S.!

Really,when I think of how I started it over spring vacation, polished it at school, and sat up till midnight in

the Haven House kitchen typing it amidst noise and chatter, I can't get over how the story soared to were it

did?

I get great pleasure out of sharing it [her feeling about the

story] with you, who really understand how terribly much

it means as a tangible testimony that I have got a germ of

爱你，你那发疯的女儿。

西维

1952年6月12日

毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘

子后，

我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得自己陷

入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，

无法脱身，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我的小说

里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主人公取了

一个新名字——马莉，一个能说会道熟知人情世

故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越来越小。

所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子追求的

?If

话，那我是很幸运的。这里的很多女孩确实机灵，

能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保守、文静、

优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅小伙子约

会??要是我能与这些女孩相处很好，作她们朋友

而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识分子的话，

那就好了。

对于《小姐》杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可理解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让我高兴的。最大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只能挣到

300 美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡忡的。我

现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来，到

那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的《小姐》杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女

大学生之一！

真的，当我想起整个春假期间怎样着手写这篇小

说。在学校修改润色，在海文豪斯厨房喧闹的环

境中熬夜打字到深夜的时候，我真的无法相信这

篇小说会获得如此大奖??

writing ability.The only thing,I probably won't have a chance to win Mlle again, so I'll try for a guest editorship

maybe next or my senior year, and set my sights for the

Atlantic.God,I'm glad I can talk about it with you--probably you're the only outlet that I'll have that won't get

tired of my talking about writing?

Speaking again of Henry and Liz, it was a step for me to a

story where the protagonist isn't always ME, and proved

that I am beginning to use imagination to transform the

actual incident. I was scared that would never happen, but

I think it's an indication that my perspective is broadening.

Sometime I think -- heck, I don't know why I didn't stay

home all summer,writing,doing physical science,and having a small part-time job. I could "afford" to now, but it

doesn't do much good to yearn about that, I guess. Although it would have been nice. Oh well, I'll cheer up. I

love you.

Your own Sivvy

June 15, 1952因为你能真正理解，它对我来说有多么重要的意义。它充分表明我有创作潜力。唯一的事就是我极有可

能再也没有机会获得《小姐》杂志的大奖了。所以

也许明年，也许在大四，我要努力争取做一名客座

编辑，而且我的目标是要做《大西洋》月刊的客座

编辑。天哪，能和你谈论这事，我很

高兴——很可能你是我拥有的唯一——一位不厌其烦地听我谈论写作的听众??

再谈谈亨利和莉兹，它是我小说创作迈出的一步。故事中的主人公不再总是“我”，它还证明我开始动用想象力来改变真事。我还真害怕过这事办不

到，不过我想这表明我观察事物的能力在扩大 . 有

时我想——见鬼，我不知道我为何整个夏天不呆在家里写作、学习自然科学，做一份兼职的小事。我现“有能力”做到了，不过我想过于想得到这个并不一定是好事，虽然这样做了会很好。好啦，我会振作精神的，我爱你。你的西维

1952年6月12日

Dear Mother.

?Do write me letters, Mommy, because I am in a very

dangerous of feeling sorry for myself? Just at present, life

is awful.Mademoiselle seems quite unreal,and I am exhausted,scared,incompetent,unenergetic and generally low is spirits? Working in side hall puts me part, and I feel completely uprooted and clumsy. The more I see

the main hall girls expertly getting special dishes, fixing

shaved ice and fruit,etc.,the more I get an inferiority complex and feel that each day in side hall leaves me further behind? But as tempted as I am to be a coward

and escape by crawling back home, I have resolved to give

it a good month's trial --till July 10? Don't worry about me, but do send me little pellets of advice now and then.

June 24, 1952

? Last night I went on a"gang"birthday party at the "Sand Bar"where we sang and talked for a few hours. There were about forty of us kids from the hotel.I managed by some magic to get myself seated next to a

fellow in his first year at Harvard Law -- and he was just a

dear? The best part was when we came back. It was a

beautiful clear starry night, and Clark went in to get me

two of his sweaters to wear because it was cold,and brought out a book of T.S. Eliot's poems. So we sat on a

bench where I could just barely read the print, and he put

his head in my lap and I read aloud to him for a wile. Most 亲爱的妈妈，

妈妈，你一定要给我写信，因为我现在处在一种

自惭形秽的危险状态??就眼下，生活糟透了。《小姐》获奖好象完全不是真的，我现在总的来说，

情绪低落：疲惫、害怕、无能、精力不济?? 在

侧厅工作把我撇在一边，我感到孤立无援，非常尴尬。我越是看见正厅的女孩们熟练地准备特别的菜肴，

做刨冰，水果等，就越是感到自叹不如，感到每

天在侧厅工作使我大大落后了??但是尽管我受到诱惑去当胆小鬼、爬回家去，我还决心试着干

完这一个月——直到 7 月 10 日??不要为我担心，不过请一定时常给我寄些简短的建议来。

1952年6月15日

昨天晚上我到“桑德酒吧”参加了一个“同伙”生日聚会。在哪儿我们唱啊、谈啊她几个小时。从宾

馆我们去了大约四十个少男少女。受到某种魔力

的驱使，我设法挨着一名哈佛法学院的一年级学

生坐了下来——而且她的确招人喜爱??最好的时光是我们回来的时候。那是一个美丽、明净、

星星满天夜晚，因为天气冷，克拉克进屋去拿了

两件毛衣让我穿，还拿出了一本T·S·艾略特诗集。我们坐在一张我能够勉强看得清字的长凳上，他

把头靠在我的膝上，我给他念了一会儿诗。真好。

唯一的问题就是我非常容易爱上像这样和我一起

nice.The only thing is I am so inclined to get fond of someone who will do things with me like that-- always inclined to be too metaphysical and serious conversationally--that's my main trouble?So glad to hear the check from Mlle is real. I hardly could believe it.

Just now I am mentally so disorganized that I can't retain

knowledge or think at all. The work is still new enough to

be tiring, what with three changes a day into uniforms, and I am so preoccupied by mechanics of living and people

that I can't yet organize and assimilate all the chaos of experience pouring in on me. In spite of everything, I still

have my good old sense of humor and manage to laugh a

good deal of the time? I'll make the best of whatever comes my way.

Much love to you,

Sivvy

THE QUEST FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Through all of our history we have pondered the stars

and mused whether humanity is unique or if, somewhere

else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings

who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in

the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the

universe differently. Somewhere else there might be very

exotic biologies and technologies and societies.In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely; and we ponder the

ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue

planet.

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for a generally acceptable cosmic context for the

human species.In the deepest sense,the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves.

In the last few years -- in one-millionth the lifetime of our

species on this planet--we have achieved an extraordinary technological capability which enables us to

seek out unimaginably distant civilizations even if they are

no more advanced than we. That capability is called radio

astronomy and involves single radio telescopes, collections or arrays of radio telescopes,sensitive radio detectors,advanced computers for processing received date, and the imagination and skill of dedicated scientists.

Radio astronomy has in the last decade opened a new window on the physical universe. It may also, if we are

wise enough to make the effort, cast a profound light on 欣赏诗歌的人了——总是容易谈论非常抽象、严肃的话题——这就是我的主要问题??所以非常高兴听到《小姐》杂志的支票是真的。我简直不

敢相信。现在我的思绪混乱，所以完全记不住东西，也不能清楚考虑问题。工作仍然不熟练，觉得累。

由于一天要换三次制服。我总是忙于日常琐事、与

人交往，还没来得及整理、消化我所经历的这些杂

乱的事情。尽管如此，我还是像以往那样具有幽默感，很多时候还是尽量让自己开怀大笑??不管

我发生什么事，我都会全力以赴的。非常爱你的

西维

探寻外星人

自从人类有历史记载以来，我们一直在思索着星星，反复考虑是否只有人类存在，或者说在太空

深处的某个地方是否存在其他同我们一样在不停地

思索着的生命，也就是宇宙中跟我们一起思考的人。这样的人可能对自己和宇宙算法不同。在别的什么

地方可能存在着非常奇异的生物、技术和社会。我

们在一种空间和时间都超出人类理解的宇宙环境里

感到有点孤独。我们深思着根本的意义，我们这个

渺小的但精巧的蓝色星。

探寻外星人就是为人类寻找一个普遍能接受的宇

宙环境。从最深层次的意义来说，探寻外星人就

是寻找我们自己。

在过去的几年中——在我们人类生活在这个

星球上的百万分之一的时间里，——我们已经具有了一种非凡的能力。这种技术能力能使我们搜

寻到无比遥远的文明世界，即使他们和我们一样

不先进。

这种技术能力叫做射电天文学。它涉及到单

架射望远镜、阵列射电望远镜、高灵敏度的无线电

探测器，用于处理接收的信息的先进计算机以及全

身心投入的科学家们的想象力和技能。射电天文学

在过去的十年中已经打开了一个研究宇宙的新窗口。如果我们充分发挥自己的聪明才智去努力，它可能

会帮助我们弄清楚宇宙生物世界。

the biological universe.

Some scientists working on the question of extraterrestrial intelligence,myself among them,have attempted to estimate the number of advanced technical civilizations --

defined operationally as societies capable of radio astronomy -- in the Milky Way Galaxy. Such estimates are

little better than guesses.They require assigning numerical values to quantities such as the numbers and

ages of stars; the abundance of planetary systems and the

likelihood of the origin of life, which we know less well; and

the probability of the evolution of intelligent life and the

lifetime of technical civilizations,about which we know very little indeed.

When we do the arithmetic, the sorts of numbers we come

up with are, characteristically, around a million technical

civilizations. A million civilizations is a breathtakingly large

number ,and it is exhilarating to imagine the diversity, lifestyles and commerce of those million worlds. But the

Milky Way Galaxy contains some250billion stars,and even with a million civilizations,less than one star in 200,000would have a planet inhabited by an advanced civilization. Since we have little idea which stars are likely

candidates, we will have to examine a very large number

of them. Such considerations suggest that the quest for

extraterrestrial intelligence may require a significant effort.

Despite claims about ancient astronauts and unidentified

flying objects, there is no firm evidence for past visitation

of the Earth by other civilizations.We are restricted to remote signaling and,of the long-distance techniques available to our technology, radio is by far the best. Radio

telescopes are relatively inexpensive; radio signals travel

at the speed of light, faster than which nothing can go;

and the use of radio for communication is not a short-sighted or anthropocentric activity. Radio represents

a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and any technical civilization anywhere in the Galaxy will have discovered radio early -- just as in the last few centuries

we have explored the entire electromagnetic spectrum from short gamma rays to very long radio waves. Advanced civilizations might very well use some other means of communication with their peers. But if they wish

to communicate with backward or emerging civilizations,

there are only a few obvious methods, the chief of which is

radio.

The first serious attempt to listen for possible radio signals

from other civilizations was carried out at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Greenbank,West 一些研究外星人问题的科学家，包括我自己，都已

努力设法对银河系的先进技术文明社会的数目进行

了估计——先进技术文明社会定义为具有射民天

文学能力的社会。这样的估计比猜想强不了多少。

它们要求将这些情况数字化，诸如星球的数量和

年龄，有多少个行星系、生命起源的可能性有多

大，这些我们较少知道：还有智慧生物进化的可

能性和技术文明世界的寿命，这些我们近乎一无

所知。

当我们进行计算时我们得出的这类数字是很有特

点的大约有一百万个文明世界。想象一下这百万

个文明世界的五花八门、这真令人兴奋，各种生

活方式以及商业，可是银河系有大约二千五百亿

个恒星，即使有一百万个文明世界，可每二十万

个恒星中不到一个有文明世界的人居住的行星。

既然我们几乎不知道哪些恒星可能存在文明世界，

我们将不得不搜寻大量的恒星。这样就意味着探

寻外星人可能需要作出极大的努力。

尽管有人声称古代在太空人，见过不明飞行物，

然而却缺乏确凿的证据证明过去有其他文明世界

的人来过地球。我们只限于运用远距离的通信，

在目前我们的技术所能运用的长距离的技术手段

中，无线电肯定是最好的。无线电望远镜相对来

说价格便宜；无线电象光速那样快速发送信号，

而且前没有任何东西快过光速；把无线电用于通

讯不是一种短视的或以人类为宇宙中心的行为。

无线电具有大部分的电磁波谱，银河系中的任何

地方的任何技术文明世界该早就发现无线电，无

线电具有大部分的电磁波谱，银河系中的任何地

方的任何技术文明世界该早就发现无线电了——正像在过去的几个世纪中我们对从短伽马射线到

长线电波的整个电磁波谱已经探索过了一样。先

进的文明社会要能使用其它的通讯方式同他们的

同辈进行联系。但是，假如他们想和落后的或新

兴的文明社会联系，很显然只有几种方法，其中

主要的方法就是无线电。

在西旨吉尼亚州格林班克国家无线电天文台第一

次认真的尝试收听了来自其他文明的信号。在１

９５９年和１９６０年。此项工作是由弗兰克·德雷克主持的，他现在在康乃尔大学。这是以奥兹

Virginia,in1959and1960.It was organized by Frank Drake,now at Cornel University,and was called Project Ozma, after the princess of the Land of Oz, a place very

exotic,very distant and very difficult to reach.Drake examined two nearby stars for a few weeks with negative

results.Positive results would have been astonishing because as we have seen, even rather optimistic estimates

of the number of technical civilizations in the Galaxy imply

that several hundred thousand stars must be examined in

order to achieve success by random stellar selection.

Since Project Ozma,there have been six or eight other such programs, all at a rather modest level, in the United

States, Canada and the Soviet Union. All results have been

negative. The total number of individual stars examined to

date in this way is less than a thousand.We have performed something like one tenth of one percent of the

required effort.

However, there are signs that much more serious efforts

may be mustered in the reasonably near future. Besides,

hand in hand with the recent spectacular advances in radio technology,there has been a dramatic increase in the scientific and public respectability of the entire subject of extraterrestrial life. A clear sign of the new attitude is the

Viking missions to Mars, which are to a significant extent

dedicated to the search for life on another planet.

But along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious search,a slightly negative note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately

asked a curious question: If extraterrestrial intelligence is

abundant,why have we not already seen its manifestations?Skeptics also ask why there is no clear evidence of extraterrestrial visits to Earth.We have already launched slow and modest interstellar spacecraft.

A society more advance than ours should be able to ply the

spaces between the stars conveniently if not effortlessly.

Over millions of years such societies should have established colonies,which might themselves launch interstellar expeditions.Why are they not here?The temptation is to deduce that there are at most a few advanced extraterrestrial civilizations--either because statistically we are one of the first technical civilizations to

have emerged or because it is the fate of all such civilizations to destroy themselves before they are much

further along than we.

It seems to me that such despair is quite premature. All

such arguments depend on our correctly surmising the intentions of beings far more advanced than ourselves, and when examined more closely I think these arguments 国公主的名字命名的，叫作奥兹玛项目。奥兹国

是个十分奇异、非常遥远，难以到达的地方。德

雷克在几个星期里对两个附近的恒星进行了探测，没有取得积极的结果。假如取得了积极的结果，

那会令人吃惊的，因为，正象我们已经看到的一样，即使非常乐观地估算一下银河系中的技术文

明社会的数目 , 要想不加选择地探测就取得成功的话，必须探测几十万个恒星。

自从奥兹玛项目以来，又有６到８个这样规模的

项目。都是这样的规模，无论是在美国，加拿大

和苏联。所有都未取得结果到目前为止用这种方

法探测过的恒星总数还不到一千个，也就是我们

大约只探测了需要探测的百分之一中的十分之一。可是，种种迹象表明，人们可能在最近的将来作

出更大的努力。此外，随着最近无线电技术取得

巨大进步，科学界和公众对外星人这一整个课题

的认识极大地提高了。这种新态度的一种显

著标志就是向火星发射的“海盗”号。这些发射在很大程度上是专门寻找另一个行星上的生命的。

但是在人们正为认真探索奉献更多力量的同时，一种略具否定意味却又十分有趣地声音出现了。有几名科学家最近提出了一个奇怪的问题：如果有大量的外星人存在，为什么我们还没有看到它存在的迹象？持怀疑态度的人还对为什么没有明显证据证

明外星人到过地球提出了疑问。我们已经发射了速度慢、不太大的星际宇宙飞船。一个比我们先进的社会，如果不是毫不费力的话，也应该能很方便地来往于星际之间。在几百万年的时间中，这样的社会应该早已建立了殖民地，他们本身可能进行星际远征探险。他们为什么没到这里来？人们很自然地推断地球外最多有几个先进的文明社会——这要么是因为从统计数据上看我们是已经形成的首批技术文明社会之一，要么由于命运不济，所有这样的文明社会在他们发达得远远超过我们之前就自我来亡了。

我认为这种绝望是相当幼稚的。所有这些论断取

决于我们对远比我们自己先进行得多的生物的动

机是否能作出正确判断：如果对这些论断进行更

为细致的审视的话，我认为它们表现出了人类一

种有趣的自负心态。我们为什么要指望会很容易

地找出非常先进的文明社会存在的迹象呢？我们

reveal a range of interesting human conceits. Why do we

expect that it will be easy to recognize the manifestations

of very advanced civilizations? Is our situation not closer

to that of members of an isolated society in the Amazon

basin,say,who lack the tools to detect the powerful international radio and television traffic that is all around

them?Also,there is a wide range of incompletely understood phenomena in astronomy.Might the modulation of pulsars or the energy source of quasars, for

example, have a technological origin? Or perhaps there is

a galactic ethic of noninterference with backward or emerging civilizations.Perhaps there is a waiting time before contact is considered appropriate, so as to give us a

fair opportunity to destroy ourselves first,if we are so inclined. Perhaps all societies significantly more advanced

than our own have achieved an effective personal immortality and lose the motivation for interstellar gallivanting, which may, for all we know, be a typical urge

only of adolescent civilizations.Perhaps mature civilizations do not wish to pollute the cosmos. There is a

very long list of such "perhaps," few of which we are in a

position to evaluate with any degree of assurance.

The question of extraterrestrial civilizations seems to me

entirely open.Personally,I think it far more difficult to understand a universe in which we are the only technological civilization,or one of a very few,than to conceive of a cosmos brining over with intelligent life. Many aspects of the problem are, fortunately, amenable to experimental verification.We can search for planets of other stars,seek simple forms of life on such nearby planets as Mars, and perform more extensive laboratory

studies on the chemistry of the origin of life.We can investigate more deeply the evolution of organisms and societies.The problem cries out for a long-term, open-minded, systematic search, with nature as the only

arbiter of what is or is not likely.的境况不是和亚马逊河流域的与世隔绝的社会中

的人很接近吗？这些人缺少工具来探测他们周围

功率强大的国际间的无线电和电视通讯。天文学

中也有大量没有完全理解的现象。肪冲星的调制

或者类星体的能量来源, 例如，是不是可能源于某种技术？或许银河系有一条不许干涉落后或新兴

文明社会的道德规范；或许要等一段时间再进行

接触才认为得体，以便给我们一个公平的机会来

先毁灭自己。假如我们想这么做的话。或许所有

比我们自己要先进得多的社会都已经有效地达到

了使每个成员长生不老的阶段，所以以就失去了

到星际间去邀游的愿望，而这种愿望可能可是早

期文明社会的一种典型的冲动，谁知道呢。或许

成熟的文明社会不想污染宇宙。可以说出很多这

样的“或许”，但没有几种我们能够肯定地作出估计。在我看来，地球文明社会的问题还远未解决。我个人认为理解在一个宇宙中只有我们这一个技

术文明是很困难的。或着少数几个宇宙与想象的

一个充满生命的宇宙想比也是一样。幸运的是，

这个问题的许多方面可以经得起实践的检验。我

们能够搜寻其它恒星，寻找象火星这样离我们很

近的行星上的简单生命形式，并且在实验室中可

以对生命起源的化学机理作更广泛的研究。我们

还可以更深入地研究生物和社会的进化原理。这

个问题需要人们长期地、不带偏见地、系统地去

探索，而只有大自然才是什么可能、什么不可能

的唯一仲裁者。

THE LIBRARY CARD

One morning I arrived early at work and went into the

bank lobby where the Negro porter was mopping. I stood

at a counter and picked up the Memphis Commercial Appeal and began my free reading of the press. I came

finally to the editorial page and saw an article dealing with

one H. L. Mencken. I knew by hearsay that he was the editor of the American Mercury, but aside from that I knew

nothing about him. The article was a furious denunciation

借书证

一天早上，我上班到得早，便走进银行的门廊，里面有一个黑人清洁工在拖地。我站在柜台

边，拿了一份孟菲斯《商业呼声报》，读起了免费

报纸。我最后翻到社论版，上面登了一篇写关于一

名叫 H.L. 门肯的人的文章。我听说门肯是《美

国信使》报的编辑。不过除此之外，对他毫无别

of Mencken,concluding with one,hot,short sentence: Mencken is a fool.

I wondered what on earth this Mencken had done to call

down upon him the scorn of the South. The only people I

had ever heard enounced in the South were Negroes, and

this man was not a Negro. Then what ideas did Mencken

hold that made a newspaper like the Commercial Appeal

castigate him publicly?Undoubtedly he must be advocating ideas that the South did not like.

Now, how could I find out about this Mencken? There was

a huge library near the riverfront, but I knew that Negroes

were not allowed to patronize its shelves any more than

they were the parks and playgrounds of the city.I had gone into the library several times to get books for the white men on the job. Which of them would now help me

to get books?

I weighed the personalities of the men on the job. There

was Don, a Jew; but I distrusted him. His position was not

much better than mine and I knew that he was uneasy and

insecure;he had always treated me in an offhand, bantering way that barely concealed his contempt. I was

afraid to ask him to help me to get books; his frantic desire

to demonstrate a racial solidarity with the whites against

Negroes might make him betray me.

Then how about the boss? No, he was a Baptist and I had

the suspicion that he would not be quite able to comprehend why a black boy would want to read Mencken. There were other white men on the job whose

attitudes showed clearly that they were Kluxers or sympathizers, and they were out of the question.

There remained only one man whose attitude did not fit

into an anti-Negro category, for I had heard the white men

refer to him as "Pope lover". He was an Irish Catholic and

was hated by the white Southerners. I knew that he read

books,because I had got him volumes from the library several times. Since he, too, was an object of hatred, I felt

that he might refuse me but would hardly betray me.I hesitated,weighing and balancing the imponderable realities.

One morning I paused before the Catholic fellow's desk.

"I want to ask you a favor," I whispered to him.

"What is it?"

"I want to read. I can't get books from the library. I

wonder if you'd let me use your card?"

He looked at me suspiciously.

"My card is full most of the time," he said.

"I see," I said and waited, posing my question silently.

"You're not trying to get me into trouble, are you, boy?" he 的了解。该文言辞激烈地遣责门肯，文章结尾时

用了一句辛辣的短句：门肯是个傻子。

我在想这位门肯先生到底做了什么事以至于引得

南方对他嘲弄。我所听说过在南方唯一受到谴责

的人就是黑人。而此人不是黑人。那么门肯持有

什么样的观点使得象《商业呼声》这样的报纸公

开攻击他？不用说，他一定是在宣扬南方所不喜

欢的思想。

那么我怎样能够弄清楚门肯其人？江边有一大型

图书馆，但我知道，正如不许黑人进入城里的公

园和运动场一样，他们也同样不被允许进入图书

馆。我曾经几次去过那儿，帮正在干活的白人借

书。

他们中有哪个人能帮我借书呢？

我反复琢磨着这些白人的人品。有一个犹太人叫

唐，但我信不过他。他的情况并不比我好多少，

而且我知道他这个人总是不安分没有安全感。他

待我总是满不在乎、傲气十足，对我的轻视几乎

也不加掩饰。我不敢要他去帮我借书。他特别渴

望表示自己在与白人团结一致反对黑人，这使他

有可能会出卖我。

那么老板如何样呢？不成。他是个浸礼会教徒，

我有这样的怀疑，就是他可能不大会明白为什么

一个黑人孩子想去读门肯的书。上班的还有一些

别的白人，但他们的态度明确地表明他们要么是

三K 党徒，要么是其支持者，要他们帮忙是不可

能的。

仅剩一人了，他的态度不属于反黑人的范畴，因

为我曾经听白人们叫他为“拍教皇马屁的人”。他是爱尔兰的天主教徒，南方白人不喜欢他。我知

道他常读书。因为我曾经有几次帮他去图书馆借

过书。因为他也是白人仇视的对象，我感到他也

许会拒绝我但不大可能出卖我。我拿不准，只在

心里反复琢磨，反复权衡着这无法估计的事情。

一天早上，我来到这位天主教徒的桌子边停下。

“我想请你帮个忙。”我低声对他说。

“什么忙？”

“我想借书。我从图书馆中借不到书。

我不知道你可否让我用一用你的借书证？”

他满心怀疑地看着我。

“我的证大部分时间都借满了，”他说。

“我知道。”我边说边等待着，用沉默来提出我的问题。

“你不是想给我惹麻烦，对吗，小伙子？”他两眼

asked, staring at me.

"Oh, no, sir."

"What book do you want?"

"A book by H. L. Mencken."

"Which one?"

"I don't know. Has he written more than one?"

"He has written several."

"I didn't know that."

"What makes you want to read Mencken?"

"Oh, I just saw his name in the newspaper," I said.

"It's good of you to want to read," he said. "But you ought

to read the right things."

I said nothing. Would he want to supervise my reading?

"Let me think," he said. "I'll figure out something."

I turned from him and he called me back. He stared at me quizzically.

"Richard, don't mention his to the other white men," he

said.

"I understand," I said. "I won't say a word."

A few days later he called me to him.

"I've got a card in my wife's name," he said. "Here's mine."

"Thank you, sir."

"Do you think you can manage it?"

"I'll manage fine," I said.

"If they suspect you, you'll get in trouble," he said.

"I'll write the same kind of notes to the library that you

wrote when you sent me for books," I told him. "I'll sign

your name."

He laughed.

"Go ahead. Let me see what you get," he said.

That afternoon I addressed myself to forging a note. Now,

what were the name of books written by H. L. Mencken? I

did not know any of them. I finally wrote what I thought

would be a foolproof note: Dear Madam: Will you please

let this nigger boy -- I used the word "nigger" to make the

librarian feel that I could not possibly be the author of the

note -- have some books by H.L.Mecken?I forged the white man's name.

I entered the library as I had always done when on errands

for whites,but I felt that I would somehow slip up and betray myself. I doffed my hat, stood a respectful distance

from the desk,looked as unbookish as possible,and waited for the white patrons to be taken care of. When the

desk was clear of people, I still waited.

The white librarian looked at me.

"What do you want, boy?"

As though I did not possess the power of speech, I stepped

forward and simply handed her the forged note,not 瞪着我。

“噢，不，先生。”

“你想借什么书？”

“ H.L门.肯写的。“

“哪一本？”

“我不知道。他写过不止一本书吗？”

“他写了好几本。” “我以前不知

道。” “你为什么想读门肯的书？”

“噢，我刚刚在报纸上看到他的名字。”我说。

“你想读书是不错的，”他说，“不过，你应该

读一些好的书。”

我什么也没说。他会不会要监督我的阅读呢？

“让我想一下，我会想出办法的。”他说。

我转过身走开，他把我叫了回来。

有些不解地盯着我说：

“理查德，不要对其他的白人讲此事。”

“我知道，我是一个字也不会说的。” 几天后，他

把我叫了过去。“我用我妻子的名义搞了张借书证，”他说。“我的这张就给你了。”

“谢谢你，先生。” “你

认为自己能成功吗？”

“我会搞妥的。”我说。

“如果他们怀疑上你，你就麻烦了。”他说。

“我会象你以前让我去借书时一样写张条子给图

书馆。”我告诉他说，

“我会签上你的名子的。”

他听后笑了起来。

“去吧。看看你能借到什么书。”

那天下午，我竭尽全力造了一张假便条。但是，

H.L. 门肯写的书的书名都是什么呢？我一点也不

知道。最后，我写了一张自认为万无一失的条子：

亲爱的夫人，请让这个小黑鬼——我使用了“黑

鬼”这个词是为了让图书管理员不认为我写这张

便条——借几本 H.L. 门肯的书好吗？在便条上我

假冒了这个白人的签名。

我象以往为白人跑腿借书时一样走进了图书馆，

但不知怎么搞的，我总觉得自己不知会在什么地

方出点岔子，最终暴露自己。我摘下帽子，毕恭

毕敬地站在离借书桌有一段距离的地方，显出一

副不会读书的样子，等着白人读者先借。桌边已

经空无一人了，我仍在等着。

白人管理员看着我问道：

parting my lips.

"What books by Mencken does he want?" She asked.

"I don't know, ma'am," I said, avoiding her eyes.

"Who gave you this card?"

"Mr . Falk," I said.

"Where is he?"

"He's at work, at M -- Optical Company," I said. "I've been

in here for him before."

"I remember," the woman said. "But he never wrote notes

like this."

Oh, God, she's suspicious. Perhaps she would not let me

have the books?If she had turned her back at that moment,I would have ducked out the door and never gone back. Then I thought of a bold idea.

"You can call him up, ma'am," I said, my heart pounding.

"You're not using these books,are you?"she asked pointedly.

"Oh, no, ma'am. I can't read."

"I don't know what he wants by Mencken," she said under

her breath.

I knew now that I had non;she was thinking of other things and the race question had gone out of her mind.

She went to the shelves. Once or twice she looked over her

shoulder at me, as though she was still doubtful. Finally

she came forward with two books in her hand.

"I'm sending him two books," she said. "But tell Mr. Falk to come in next time, or send me the names of the books he

wants. I don't know what he wants to read."

I said nothing. She stamped the card and handed me the

books.Not daring to glance at them.I went out of the library,fearing that the woman would call me back for further questioning.A block away from the library I opened one of the books and read a title:A Book of Prefaces. I was nearing my nineteenth birthday and I did

not know how to pronounce the word "preface". I thumbed

the pages and saw strange words and strange names. I

shook my head, disappointed. I looked at the other book;

it was called Prejudices, I knew what that word meant; I

had heard it all my life.And right off I was on guard against Mencken's books. Why would a man want to call a

book Prejudices?The word was so stained with all my memories of racial hate that I cold not conceive of anybody using it for a title. Perhaps I had made a mistake

about Mencken?A man who had prejudices must be wrong.

When I showed the books to Mr. Falk, he looked at me and frowned.

"That librarian might telephone you," I warned him.“你想干什么，伙计？”

像不会说话一样

我迈向前，一声也没作的把那张伪造的条子递了

过去。

“他想借门肯的书？”她问。“我不知道，

夫人。”我躲开了她的双眼。“这张卡是

谁给你的？” “福尔克先生。”

“他在哪儿？”

“他在工作。在 M——光学仪器公司，”我说，

“我以前在这儿给他借过书。”

“我记得，”她说。“但他从未写过象这样的条子。” 噢，天啊！她有点怀疑了。也许她不会让我借这

些书了。如果当时她转过身去的话，我一定会低

头冲出门外，再也不回去了。这时，我想出了一

个大胆的主意。

“你可以打电话问问他，夫人，”我说道，心里却

紧张得砰砰狂跳。

“不是你自己用这些书吧？”她直率地问。“噢，

不会，夫人。我不会认字。” “我不知道他要门肯

的什么书？”她低声说道。此时，我知道成功了。

她已经忘了种族问题，在考

虑其它的问题了。她走到书架前，又转过头来看

过我一、两次，似乎仍对我有些怀疑。最后她拿

了两本书走了过来。“我借给他两本书。”她说。

“但你要告诉福尔克先生，下次让他来，要不就告

诉他要借的书的名字。我不清楚他借什么书。” 我

什么也没有说。她在借书证上盖了章，然后把

书交给了我。我连看都没敢看一眼借到的书就走

出了图书馆，生怕她会把我叫回去进一步地盘问。

走出一个街区后我打开其中一本书，看了一下书名：

《序言集》。我马上就十九岁了，可我不知道怎样发

“序言”这个词的音。我用手指快速地翻着，看到

了一些奇怪的词和句子。我失望地摇了摇头。又去

看另一本书。书名叫《偏见》。我知道这个词的含

义。我从小到大都一直在听到这个词。我由

此一下子对门肯的书有了警觉。为什么一个人要

把书名定为《偏见》呢？这个词沾满了我对种族

仇恨的所有记忆，我以致于无法想象会有人以它

作为书名。也许我错看了门肯？一个带有偏见的

人肯定是错的。

当我把书扔给福尔克先生看时，他望了望我皱起

了眉头。

“图书管理员可能会给你打电话的。”我先给他提

"That's all right,"he said."But when you're through reading those books, I want you to tell me what you get

out of them."

That night in my rented room, while letting the hot water

run over my can of pork and beans in the sink, I opened A

Book of Preface and began to read.I was jarred and shocked by the style,the clear ,clean,sweeping sentences. Why did he write like that? And how did one

write like that? I pictured the man as a raging demon, slashing with his pen,consumed with hate,denouncing everything American,extolling everything European or German, laughing at the weaknesses of people, mocking

God, authority. What was this? I stood up, trying to realize

wh at reality lay behind the meaning of the words

this man was fighting, fighting with words. He was using

words as a weapon, using them as one would use a club.

Could words be weapons? Well, yes, for there they were.

Then, maybe, perhaps, I could use them as a weapon? No.

It frightened me. I read on and what amazed me was not

what he said, but how on earth anybody had the courage

to say it.

I ran across many words whose meanings I did not know,

and either looked them up in a dictionary or, before I had

a chance to do that, encountered the word in a context

that made its meaning clear. But what strange world was

this? I concluded the book with the conviction that I had

somehow overlooked something terribly important in life.

I had once tried to write, had once reveled in feeling, had

let my crude imagination roam, but the impulse to dream

had been slowly beaten out of me by experience. Now it

surged up again and I hungered for books, new ways of

looking and seeing.It was not a matter of believing or disbelieving what I read, but of feeling something new, of

being affected by something that made the look of the world different.

I forget more notes and my trips to the library became frequent.Reading grew into a passion.My first serious novel was Sinclair Lewis's Main Street. It made me see my

boss, Mr. Gerald, and identify him as an American type. I

would smile when I saw him lugging his golf bags into the

office. I had always felt a vast distance separating me from

the boss, and now I felt closer to him, though still distant.

I felt now that I knew him, that I could feel the very limits

of his narrow life. And this had happened because I had

read a novel about a mythical man called George F. Babbitt.

I read Dreiser's Jennie Gerhardt and Sister Carrie and they

revived in me a vivid sense of my mother's suffering; I was 个醒。

“这好办。”他说，“但是当你读完这些书后，希望

你能告诉我从中学到了些什么。”

那天晚上，有租来的房间里，我让热水冲着洗碗

池里的猪肉烧豆罐头，一边打开那本《序言集》

读了起来。我被书中的风格和它那干净、整齐，

有力的句子给震惊了。他为什么要这样写呢？又

是怎样象这样写成的呢？我把他想象成一个凶狠

的魔鬼一样，用手中的笔奋力进攻，内心充满仇

恨。对美国的一切进行抨击，而又竭力称颂欧洲

或德国的一切东西。他嘲笑人性的弱点，嘲弄上

帝和权威。这是怎么回事？我站起来，试图弄明

?白隐Yes,藏在字眼后面的实际情况。是的，这个人一

生在战斗，用他手中的笔作武器进行战斗。他就

象别人使用棍棒一样使用文字。文字可以作为武

器吗？是的，因为在这儿就是如此。不，这种想

法把我吓坏了。而是居然会有人有勇气说这些话。

我遇到了很多自己不知其意的词。有些我查了字

典，有些词还没等我去查，就又遇见了，通过上

下文词义清楚了。世界多么奇特啊！看完书后我

得出一个结论，那就是不知由于什么原因，自己

忽视了生活中一些重要的东西。我曾经试过写作，也曾十分乐意去感受事物，让我那淳朴的想象云

游四方。但人生的经历慢慢地磨灭了这些的冲动

的梦想。现在它又冒了出来。我渴望看书，期待

着新的观察和理解世界的方法。这不是相信或不

相信自己所读到的东西的问题，而是一种对新的

东西的感受，受到影响并使世界的面貌有的不同。

我又造了一些假便条，到图书馆去的次数也更多

了。读书成了我的一种爱好。我读的第一本严肃

小说是辛克莱·刘易斯的《大街》。它让我明白了自

己的老板杰的尔德先生。我发现到他是一个典型的美国人。当我看到他拖着高尔夫球袋走进办

公室时我总要笑。以前我一直觉得自己和老板间

距离很远，现在我感到离他近多了，尽管还有一

定的距离。我感到自己真正认识了他，我能够感

到他的生活圈子小，具有局限性。因为我读了一

本写一个虚构的人物乔治·F·巴比特的小说才有这

番变化的。

我读了德莱塞的《珍尼·格哈特》和《嘉莉妹妹》。它们使我又一次真切地感受到了母亲所遭受的苦

难。我完全沉浸在书中了。我变得沉默起来，思

考着周围的生活。我不可能告诉任何人自己从小

说中有什么收获，因为那正是对生活自身的感受。

overwhelmed.I grew silent,wondering about the life around me. It would have been impossible for me to have

told anyone what I derived from these novels, for it was

nothing less than a sense of life itself.All my life had shaped me for the realism, the naturalism of the modern

novel, and I could not read enough of them.

Steeped in new moods and ideas, I bought a ream of paper

and tried to write; but nothing would come, or what did

come was flat beyond telling. I discovered that more than

desire and felling were necessary to write and I dropped

the idea. Yet I still wondered how it was possible to know

people sufficiently to write about them? Could I ever learn

about life and people? To me, with my vast ignorance, my

Jim Crow station in life, it seemed a task impossible of achievement.I now knew what being a Negro meant. I

could endure the hunger. I had learned to live with hate.

But to feel that there were feelings denied me, that the

very breath of life itself was beyond my reach, that more

than anything else hurt, wounded me. I had a new hunger.生活的经历使得我喜欢现代小说中的现实主义，自然主义，这些小说中我百读不厌。

我沉浸在新的思想和情绪之中。买了一令纸，我试着写作。可有时我什么也写不出来，有时写出的东西又极为乏味。我发现写作所需要的不仅仅是愿望和感情，于是便放弃了这种想法。但我仍想弄明白怎样才能充分地了解以便能够把他们写出来。我能否真正理解人和生活呢？对我为说，由于自己完全无知和作为黑人在社会中的地位。这似乎是一个可望而不可及的目标。我现在明白了作为一个黑人到底意味着什么。我能够忍受饥饿，也能面对被仇恨的现实。但感觉到自己连某些感情的东西都得不到，就连生活中最基本的东西对我来讲也以难以获取，这一点比其他任何东西都令我伤心。我有了一种新的渴望。

HOW COULD ANYTHING THAT FEELS

SO BAD BE SO GOOD?

Maybe it is time to adopt a new strategy in trying to

figure out why life today is so difficult, and what can be

done about it. Assume that not only are things often not

what they seem, they may be just the opposite of what

they seem. When it comes to human affairs, everything is paradoxical.

People are discontented these days, for example, not

because things are worse than ever, but because things

are better than ever. Take marriage. In California there are

about six divorces for every ten marriages -- even higher

in some of the better communities. One must admit that a

good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics. But

the explanation so frequently offered -- that the institution

of marriage is in a state of collapse -- simply does not hold.

Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than

is it now; so appealing in fact, that even those who are in

the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow

them to marry again.

The problem is that people have never before entered marriage with the high expectations they now hold. Throughout history,the family has been a vital unit for survival,starting as a defense system for physical survival,and gradually becoming a unit for economic survival. Now, of course, the family has become a physical

and economic liability rather than an asset. Having met, as

感觉很糟糕的事情为何如此之好？

可能现在是采用一种新的策略去搞清楚为什么今天的生活会如此困难。

以及该怎样来应付这个问题的时候了。假定事物

不仅是它们通常看上去的样子，

它们可能恰好相反。当涉及到人的问题的时候，

一切事情都是自相矛盾的。

例如，人们现在感到不满意，不是因为事情比以

往更糟，而是因为事情比以往任何时候都好。以

婚姻为例，在加利福利亚，十对夫妇中有约六对

离婚-- 在一些较富裕的地区这个比例还要高一些。人们必须承认，这些数字说明了许多不满。

但人们通常对此给予的解释 -- 婚姻制度正处于崩溃的状态 -- 根本站不住脚。人们从未象现在这样渴望和欢迎婚姻。的确，婚姻是如此地引人入胜，连很多正在办离婚的人几乎等不及法律许可他们重新结婚。

问题在于人们对婚姻报有的期望从未象现在这样高。有史以来，家底就一直是一个生存的重要单元。从一个充当肉体生存的防御体系，渐渐地演

变成为一个经济生存的单元。现在，毫无疑问，

家庭变成了经济和肉体上的负担而不是财富。作

a society,the basic survival and security needs,people simply don't need each other anymore to fight Indians or

spin yarn -- or wash dishes or repair electrical plugs for

that matter. The bonds of marriage and family life are no

longer functional, but affectional. People used to come to

love each other because they needed each other. Now it's just the other way around. They need each other because

they love each other.

Listening to the complaints of those recently divorced, one

seldom hears of brutality and desertion,but usually something like,"We just don't communicate very well", "The educational differences between us were simply too

great to overcome","I felt trapped in the relationship", "He won't let me be me", "We don't have much in common anymore". These complaints are interesting, because they

reflect high-order discontent resulting from the failure of

marriage to meet the great expectations held for it. Couples now expect -- and demand -- communication and understanding,shared values and goals,intellectual companionship, great moments of intimacy. By and large,

marriage today actually does deliver such moments, but

as a result couples have gone on to burden the relationship with even greater demands. To some extent it

has been the success of marriage that has created the discontent.

The same appears to be true in the civil rights movement.

The gains that have been made have led not to satisfaction

but to increased tension and dissatisfaction,particularly among those benefiting from such gains. The discontent is

higher in the North than in the South, higher in cities than

in rural areas.

The disturbing paradox of social change is that improvement brings the need for more improvement in constantly accelerating demands. So, compared to what

used to be, society is way ahead; compared to what might

be,it is way behind.Society is enabled to feel that conditions are rotten, because they are actually so good.

Another problem is that everything is temporary, nothing

lasts.We have grown up with the idea that in order to develop personal security we need stability,roots, consistency, and familiarity. Yet we live in a world which in

every respect is continually changing.Whether we are talking about sky-scrapers or family life, scientific facts or

religious values,all are highly temporary and becoming even more so.If one were to plot a curve showing the incidence of invention throughout the history of man, one

would see that change is not just increasing but actually accelerating. Changes are coming faster and faster -- in a 为一个社会，基本的生存和安全需要得到满足之

后，人们不再相互需要去纺纱或是去和印第安人

作战了 -- 进而言之，人们也不相互需要去洗盘子

或是去修电源插头。婚姻和家庭生活的纽带不再

是功能性的，而是情感性的了。人们过去相爱通

常是因为他们彼此需要。而今却刚好相反，人们

互相需要是因为他们彼此相爱。

听一听最近离婚的人的抱怨，人们很少能听到虐

待和遗弃的事。常常听到的都是这样的话：我们

就是无法好好地沟通。我们之间受教育的差距太

大，难以逾越。

我感到被婚姻束缚住了。他不让我自主行事。我

们之间不再有很多共同的东西了。

这些抱怨都很有意思。因为它们反映了由于婚姻

未能达到原来人们对其所抱的高期望值而引发的

高层次的不满。夫妻们现在期望 -- 并要求 -- 相互沟通和理解，共同的价值观和目标，精神伴侣，

和美妙的亲密时刻。总体上看，婚姻的确带来了

这样的时刻，但正是这样，夫妻们进一步用更高

的要求来给婚姻关系增加负担。从某种程度上看，

是婚姻的成功产生了这些不满。民权运动的情况

也是一样。它所取得的就没有导致满足而是增加

了紧张和不满意，特别是在那些从中获益的人中

更是如此。

人们的不满情绪北方高于南方，城市高于乡村。

社会变革产生了一种令人不安的矛盾现象。即进

步带来了对更多的进步的要求，而且这种要求是

以不断加速的形式出现的。所以，与过去相比，

社会已经大有进步了；但与将来可能的情形相比，却又远远落后了。由此使人们感到情况很糟，而这正是由于实际情况很好所致。

另一个问题是一切都是短暂的，没有什么是一成不

变的。人们从小就养成了一种观念：为了增进个人

的安全，我们需要安定，有根基，始终如一，需要

了解熟悉周围的一切。但我们生活在一个各个方面

都在不停变化着的世界上。无论是说到摩天大楼，

还是家庭生活，是科学事实还是宗教信仰，一切都

是非常短暂的，并且会越来越短暂。如果要画一张

曲线来反映人类历史上发明创造的发生率的话，就

会发现变化不仅在增加，而且在加速进行。变化越

来越快

-- 从某种意义上看，变

sense change has become a way of life. The only people

who will live successfully in tomorrow's world are those who can accept and enjoy temporary systems.

People are also troubled because of the new participative

mood that exists today. It's a do-it-yourself society; every

layman wants to get into the act. Emerson's "do your own

thing"has become the clichéof the times.People no longer accept being passive members. They now want to

be active changers.

This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part

of contemporary life -- on campus, in the church, in the

mass media,in the arts,in business and industry,on ghetto streets, in the family.

The problem is that modern man seems unable to redesign his institution fast enough to accommodate the

new demands,the new intelligence, the new abilities of segments of society which,heretofore,have not been taken seriously.Consequently,people are frightened by the black revolution, paralyzed by student activism, and

now face what may be even more devastating--the women's rebellion.

Society simply has not had these kinds of problems before, and to meet them it will have to adopt strategies

for their solution that are as new, and as different, and as

paradoxical as are the problems themselves.

Instead of trying to reduce the discontent felt, try to raise

the level or quality of the discontent.Perhaps the most that can be hoped for is to have high-order discontent in

today's society, discontent about things that really matter. Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy

they make people,how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the

discontent they engender.For example,if a consultant wants to assess whether or not an organization is healthy,

he doesn't ask, "Is there an absence of complaints?" but

rather, "What kinds of complaints are there?"

Instead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments, make big changes. After all, big changes are

relatively easier to make than are small ones.Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement

is to make the change small enough so that nobody will

notice it. This approach has never worked, and one can't

help but wonder why such thinking continues. Everyone

knows how to resist small changes; they do it all the time.

If, however, the change is big enough, resistance can't be

mobilized against it. Management can make a sweeping

organizational change,but just let a manager try to change someone's desk from here to there, and see the 化已经成了一种生活方式。在将来的世界上只有

那些能够接受和喜欢暂时性制度的人才能够成功

地生活下去。

人们还因为现今存在的参与情绪而烦恼。这是一

个自己动手干的社会。

每个人都想参与到活动中去。爱默生的自己动手

自己干的中号已经成为时代的口头禅。人们不会

再做被动的成员，他们如今想成为积极的变革者。人们可以在现代生活中的各个方面看到这种参与

现象， -- 无论在校园，在教堂，在大众传播媒体

中，在艺术上，在商业和工业中，在贫民窟的街

道上，还是在家里。

问题是现代人似乎不能重新设计其体制，来不及

迅速地容纳那些新的要求。

新的智慧，新的社会能力。至到如今，仍然没有

认真对待。相应的结果是，人们被黑人革命吓怕

了，被学生的激进活动惊呆了。现在他们又面临

着可能更具破坏性的事情-- 妇女的反叛。社会只不过以往从未经历过这些问题罢了。要解决这些

问题，需要采用与这些问题一样新、一样相异、

一样矛盾的策略才行。不要试图去减少不满的情

绪，应该去提高不满的水平或质量。也许最有希

望在今天的社会上做到的是产生高水平的不满，

即对那些真正事关紧要的事情的不满。在估价方

案的时候，不要以它们会使人们多么高兴，满意

为标准，而要看它们会产生什么样的不满。例如，

当一个顾问在评价一个机构是否健全时，他不是

去问是不是没有抱怨？而是要问有些什么样的抱

怨？

不要试图渐进地变革，要进行大的变革。毕竟大的

变革相对而言比小的变革要容易一些。有些人认为

进行改进的方式是使变革小到让人难以察觉得到。

这种方法从未成功过。人们不禁要问，为什么这种

思想还在继续？人人都知道如何去抵抗小的变革，

他们时时都在这样做。然而，如果变革足够大的话，要想对它发起抵抗就不行了。管理部门可以进行大

规模的机构改革，但如果让一个经理把某个人的办

公桌从一个地方移到另一个地方的话，你就会看

到他将遇到的困难会有多大。所有的变革都会有阻力，问题在于怎样使变革的步子大到使之有机会获

得成功。

great difficulty he encounters.All change is resisted, so the question is how can the changes be made big enough

so that they have a chance of succeeding?

Buckminster Fuller ahs said that instead of reforms society

needs new forms; e.g., in order to reduce traffic accidents,

improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drives. The same concept should be applied to human relations. There is a need to think in terms of social architecture, and to provide arrangements among people

that evoke what they really want to see in themselves. Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture, and

is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in

which the human being is a component. But most of these

designs are only for safety,efficiency,or productivity. System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life

people care most about such as family life, romance, and

esthetic experiences. Social technology as well as physical

technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has

yet experienced. People need not be victimized by their environments; they can be fulfilled by them.

The great frontier today is the exploration of the human

potential man's seemingly limitless ability to adapt,to grow, to invent his own destiny. There is much to learn,

but we already know this: the future need not happen

to us; we can make it happen.巴克明斯特 ?富勒说过，社会需要的不是变革而是

新的形式。比如，要减少交通事故，就该去改进汽

车和公路而不是司机。这一概念也适用于人际关系。有必要根据社会构成考虑问题，提供人员安排，从

而引出人们真正想从自己身上看到的东西。人们一

直在苦心经营着有形的建筑，现在开始关心人类自

身作为其组成成份的系统设计了。

但这些设计大多是为了安全、效率和生产力而进

行的。系统设计没有影响人们最为关心的生活方

面，比如家底生活，谈情说爱和美学欣赏等。在

进行超越迄今为止人类所有的一切经历和人际安

排时，我们需要社会科学和自然科学的技术。不

类不应该成为其环境的受害者，而应该通过自身

的环境实现自身的价值。

当今重大的前沿课题是人类潜能的开发。人的那

种似乎无限的适应能力。生长，设计其自身命运

的能力我们要学很多的东西，但有一点我们早已

知晓：我们不必消极地坐等明天，我们可以创造

未来。

THE MONSTER怪才

He was an undersized little man, with a head too big

for his body -- a sickly little man. His nerves were had. He

had skin trouble. It was agony for him to wear anything

next to his skin coarser than silk. And he had seclusions of

grandeur .

He was a monster of conceit. Never for one minute did

he look at the world or at people, except in relation to himself. He was not only the most important person in the

world, to himself; in his own eyes he was the only person

who existed. He believed himself to be one of the greatest

dramatists in the world, one of the greatest thinkers, and

one of the greatest composers. To hear him talk, he was Shakespeare, and Beethoven, and Plato, rolled into one.

And you would have had no difficulty in hearing him talk.

He was one of the most exhausting conversationalists that

ever lived. An evening with him was an evening spent in

listening to a monologue.Sometimes he was brilliant; sometimes he was maddeningly tiresome. But whether he

was being brilliant or dull,he had one sole topic of

他身材矮小，同他的身体相比，头却很大——他是一个常生病的小个子。

他的神经有毛病，他的皮肤也有病。要是贴身穿

的衣服比丝绸粗糙一点的话，他就会非常痛苦。

而且他还患有狂想症。

他是个自负的怪才。他是一刻都没有正眼看过世界和世人。除了和自己和关在他看来，他不仅是世界上最伟大的剧作家之一、最伟大的思想家之一、最伟大的作曲家之一。听他谈话，他就是集莎士比亚、贝多芬、柏拉图于一身。你如果听他谈话并不会有什么困难。他是人世间最健谈的人之一。你如果听他谈话并不会有什么困难。

他是人世间最健谈的人之一。如果和他在一起呆上一个晚上，就等于花一个晚上听他一人独讲。他有时讲得很精彩，有时却让人讨厌。不过无论

conversation: himself. What he thought and what he did.是精彩还是让人讨厌，他的话题只有一个，那就He had a mania for being in the right. The slightest

是他自己，他和所想和他所为。

hint of disagreement,from anyone,on the most trivial

point, was enough to set him off on a harangue that might他有一种癖号，就是认为自己总是对的。对last for house, in which he proved himself right in so many于来自任何人的一点点不同的意见，在这最不起ways, and with such exhausting volubility, that in the end眼的观点上，很可能使他夸夸其谈几个钟头。用

his hearer, stunned and deafened, would agree with him,

各种方法来证明自己是正确的。和尽力流利的证

for the sake of peace.

It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of明最后他的听众目瞪口呆，为了息事宁人，只好

the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with同意他的观点。

whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost

他从来都没有想过，他和他所做的事对于同他有

any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the

drama,politics,and music;and in support of these联系的人来说并不是最令人感兴趣的。他对天底theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books? thousands下差不多作何事情都有自己的观点。无论是素食upon thousands of words,hundreds and hundreds of主义、戏剧、政治还是音乐。为了证明自已的观

pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them

点，他写了小册子信，书，和成千上万的字。共

-- usually at somebody else's expense -- but he would sit

and read them aloud,for hours,to his friends and his数百页。通常是靠别人资助－而且总是坐着把这family.些东西大声的读。一念就是几个小时，给他的朋

He wrote operas, and no sooner did he have the synopsis

友和家人。

of a story, but he would invite -- or rather summon -- a

他写歌剧，一有了故事的概要，他就邀请——说crowed of his friends to his house,and read it aloud to

them. Not for criticism. For applause. When the complete得更准确一点是召唤——他那一帮朋友去他家，poem was written, the friends had to come again, and hear听他念故事概要。他请他们来不是听他们批评意

that read aloud.Then he would publish the poem,

见的，而是听他们赞扬的。当歌剧的词全部写完sometimes years before the music that went with it was

written. He played the piano like a composer, in the worst后，他的朋友们还得再来听他读整部戏的歌词。sense of what that implies, and he would sit down at the而后你就拿去发表，可有时歌词写好了，数年后

piano before parties that included some of the finest

其配乐才完成。他弹钢琴象一个作曲家，一样弹pianists of his time, and play for them, by the hour, his

得糟糕透顶，而且他还总是坐在钢琴傍，面对有

own music, needless to say. He had a composer's voice.

And he would invite eminent vocalists to his house and他同时代的最优秀的钢琴家在场的一群人，数小

sing them his operas, taking all the parts.时地为他们演奏；不用说，他演奏的都是自己写

He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child.

的音乐作品。他有作曲家的嗓子。他总是邀请杰When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink

into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to出的声乐家到家里，给他们演唱自己写的歌剧，

end his days as a Buddhist wonk. Ten minutes later, when一个人演所有的角色。

something pleased him, he would rush out of doors and他的感情就象 6 岁孩子那样极不稳定。只要感到

run around the garden, or jump up and down on the sofa,

不舒服，他总是乱骂一通，直跺脚，要么就情绪

or stand on his head. He could be grief-stricken over the

death of a pet dog, and he could be callous and heartless极其低落，伤心地说要去东方当和尚，度过余生。

to a degree that would have made a Roman emperor十分钟后如果有什么事让他高兴的话，他就会冲

shudder .

出门，在花园里跑来跑去，或者在沙发上跳上跳

He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. Not

only did he seem incapable of supporting himself, but it下，或头朝下倒立着。一只爱犬死了他会痛不欲never occurred to him that he was under ay obligation to生，可他要是冷酷起来，连罗马皇帝也会发抖的。

do so. He was convinced that the world owed him a living.他简直缺乏任何责任感。他不仅好象没有能力养

In support of this belief,he borrowed money from

everybody who was good for a loan--men,women, friends,or strangers.He wrote begging letters by the score, sometimes groveling without shame, at other loftily

offering his intended benefactor the privilege of contributing to his support, and being mortally offended if

the recipient declined the honor. I have found no record of

his ever paying or repaying money to anyone who did not

have a legal claim upon it.

What money he could lay his hands on he spent like an

Indian rajah. The mere prospect of a performance of one

of his operas was enough to set him to running up bills

amounting to ten times the amount of his prospective royalties. No one will ever know -- certainly he never knew

--how much money he owed. We do know that his greatest benefactor gave him $6,000 to pay the most pressing of his debts in one city, and a year later had to

give him$16,000to enable him to live in another city without being thrown into jail for debt.

He was equally unscrupulous in other ways.An endless procession of women marched through his life.His first wife spent twenty years enduring and forgiving his infidelities. His second wife had been the wife of his most

devoted friend and admirer, from whom he stole her. And even while he was trying to persuade her to leave her first

husband he was writing to a friend to inquire whether he

could suggest some wealthy woman--any wealthy woman -- whom he could marry for her money.

He was completely selfish in his other personal relationships.His liking for his friends was measured solely by the completeness of their devotion to him, or by

their usefulness to him, whether financial or artistic. The

minute they failed him--even by so much as refusing dinner invitation-- or began to lessen in usefulness, he

cast them off without a second thought. At the end of his

life he had exactly one friend left whom he had known even in middle age.

The name of this monster was Richard Wagner. Everything that I have said about him you can find on record-- in newspapers, in police reports, in the testimony of people

who knew him, in his own letters, between the lines of his autobiography. And the curious thing about this record is

that it doesn't matter in the least.

Because this undersized, sickly, disagreeable, fascinating

little man was right all the time. The joke was on us. He

was one of the world's greatest dramatists; he was a great

thinker;he was one of the most stupendous musical geniuses that, up to now, the world has ever seen.

The world did owe him a living.活自己，而且他也从来没有想到有这么做的责任。他坚信人们该养活自己。由于是这样认为的，他向

所有的人——无论是男人还是女人，无论是朋友

还是陌生人——谁有能力拿出钱来，他就向谁借。他写信向别人乞讨，一写就是二十封；有时奴颜婢膝，毫无羞耻，有时却非常傲慢地把别人给他的特

权赏给他心目中的捐助人，如果领受者拒绝接受，

他就会万分愤怒。我没有找到他把钱付给或还给没

有法律依据的借款人的任何记录。只要弄得到钱，

他就象印度王公那样花销。一旦他的某部歌剧有望

演出，就足以使他欠下的帐单

十倍于预计给他的版税。无人会知道——他本人也一定不曾知道——他欠别人多少钱。但我们肯定知道的是，资助他最多的人曾经给过他六千块

钱来偿还在某个城市要得最多的欠款。而一年后

为了能使他在另一城市生活而不会因债务入狱又

不得不给他一万六千元。

在其他方面，他同样肆无忌惮。在他一生中，与他

有过关系的女人无计其数。他的第一位妻子和他生

活了二十年，容忍、原谅他的种种不忠行为。他的

第二位妻子原来是对他最忠诚、最崇拜的朋友的妻

子，可他却把她从朋友那里夺走了。更有甚者，当

他还在设法说服她离开第一位丈夫时就写信给朋友，问他能否穿针引线介绍某位有钱的

女人——只有她有钱，他都会为了她的钱而娶她。在和他人交往中他也非常自私。他对朋友的喜好完全是由他们对他是否忠诚，或者他们是否在经济上或艺术上对他有用来决定的。要是他们让他

有所失望——哪怕是拒绝宴会邀请——或是开始不是那么有用了，他就会毫不犹豫地不与他们往

来了。他在晚年只剩一个朋友，而且还是在中年

时认识的。

这个怪才名叫理查德·瓦格纳。我所讲的在关他的

一切都有案可查——在报纸上，在警方报告中，

在认识他的人的证词里，在他自己的信件中，和他

自传的字里行间里都能可以找到记录。这个记录奇

怪的是它对此人没有丝毫影响。

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译

第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们

大学英语精读1课文翻译

大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。

大学英语精读第一册课文翻译全

Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说我对英语感兴趣是I'm 湩整敲瑳摥椠?湅汧獩屨，而说我精于法语则是???潧摯愠?牆湥档？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说获悉消息或秘密是汜慥湲琠敨渠睥?牯猠捥敲屴，而获悉某人的成功或到来却是汜慥湲漠?潳敭湯?环猠捵散獳漠?牡楲慶屬？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片18 / 1 或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5．广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。6．经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力；与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。 语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。 Sailing Round the Word 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是1931年。 好多年过去了。他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经五十八岁。他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不该去，但奇切斯特决意实施自己的计划。

现代大学英语精读第六册 的第四课和第九课课文 原文

Nettles Our farm was small-nine acres. It was small enough for me to have explored every part of it. Each of the trees on the place had an attitude and a presence-the elm looked serene and the oak threatening, the maples friendly, the hawthorn old and crabby. Even the pits on the river flats had their flats had their distinct character. The girls as well as the boys were divided into two sides. Each girl had her own pile of balls and was working for paticular soldiers, and when a soldier fell wounded he would call out a girl’s name, so that she could drag him away and dress his wounds as quickly as possible. I made weapons for Mike, and mine ws the name he called. There was a keen alarm when the cry came, a wire zinging through your whole body, a fanatic feeling of devotion. When Mike was wounded he never opened his eyes. He lay limp and still while I pressed slimy large leaves to his forehead and throat and-pulling out his shirt-to his pale tender stomach, with its sweet and vulnerable belly button. One morning, of course, the job was all finished, the well capped, the pump reinstated, the fresh water marvelled at. And the truck did not come. There were two fewer chairs at the table for the noon meal. Mike and I had barely looked at each other during those meals. He liked to put ketcup on his bread. His father talked to my father, and the talk was mostly about well, accidents, water tables. A serious man. All work, my father said. Yet- he-Mike’s father-ended nearly every speech with a laugh. The laugh had a lonely boom in it, as if he were still down the well. Sunny and I had been friends in Vancouver years before. Our pregnancies had dovetailed, so that we had managed with one set of maternity clothes. In my kitchen or in hers, once a week or so, distracted by our children and sometimes reeling for lack of sleep, we stoked ourselves up on strong coffee and cigarettes and launched out on a rampage of talk about our marriages, our personal deficiencies, our interesting and discreditable motives, and our forgone ambitions. We read Jung at the same time and tried to keep track of our dreams. During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman’s mind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelled to discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and “The Cocktail Party”. He had slept in the guest bedroom the night before but tonight he’d moved downstairs to the fold-out sofa in the front room. Sunny had given him fresh sheets rather than unmarking and making up again the bed he had left for me. Lying in those same sheets did not make for a peaceful night. I knew that he wouldn’t come to see, no matter how small the risk was. It would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends. And how could he be sure that it was what I wanted? Or that it was what he really wanted? Even I was not sure of it. Up till now, I had always been able to think of myself as a woman who was faithful to the person who she was sleeping with at any given time. My sleep was shallow, my dreams monotonously lustful, with irritating and unpleasant subplots. All night-or at least whenener I woke up-the crickets wre singing outside my windows. At first I thought it was birds. I had lived in cities long enough to have forgotten how crickets can make a perfect waterfall of noise. The bushes right at the edge of the grass looked impenetrable, but close up there were little openings, the narrow paths that animals or people looking for golf balls had made. The ground sloped slightly downward, and we could see a bit of the river. The water was steel gray, and lookedto be rolling. Between it and us there was a meadow of weeds, all in bloom-goldenrod, jewelweed with its red-and-yellow bells, and what I thought were flowering nettles with pinkish-

新概念英语第三册课文及翻译1[1]

Lesson1 A puma at large Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. 美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。可是，随着证据越来越多，动物园的专家们感到有必要进行一番调查，因为凡是声称见到过美洲狮的人们所描述的情况竟是出奇地相似。 搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采摘黑莓时的看见“一只大猫”，离她仅5码远，她刚看见它，它就立刻逃走了。专家证实，美洲狮非被逼得走投无路，是决不会伤人的。事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早晨在甲地发现那只美洲狮，晚上却在20英里外的乙地发现它的踪迹。无论它走哪儿，一路上总会留下一串死鹿及死兔子之类的小动物，在许多地方看见爪印，灌木丛中发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。有人抱怨说夜里听见“像猫一样的叫声”；一位商人去钓鱼，看见那只美洲狮在树上。专家们如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪儿来的呢？由于全国动物园没有一家报告丢了美洲狮，因此那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏豢养的，不知怎么设法逃出来了。搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能逮住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村里有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。 Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since. ' One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom

[实用参考]大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译.doc

Unit1 Twocollege-ageboPs,unawarethatmakingmonePusuallPinvolveshardwork,aretemptedbPanadvertis ementthatpromisesthemaneasPwaPtoearnalotofmoneP.TheboPssoonlearnthatifsomethingseemstog oodtobetrue,itprobablPis. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。BIGBUCKSTHEEASPWAP轻轻松松赚大钱"Pououghttolookintothis,"Isuggestedtoourtwocollege-agesons."ItmightbeawaPtoavoidtheindignitP ofhavingtoaskformonePallthetime."Ihandedthemsomemagazinesinaplasticbagsomeonebadhungon ourdoorknob.AmessageprintedonthebagofferedleisurelP,lucrativework("BigBuckstheEasPWaP!")o fdeliveringmoresuchbags. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。（“轻轻松松赚大钱!”） "Idon'tmindtheindignitP,"theolderoneanswered.“我不在乎失不失尊严，”大儿子回答说。"Icanlivewithit,"hisbrotheragreed.“我可以忍受，”他的弟弟附和道。"Butitpainsme,"Isaid，"tofindthatPoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesPou."“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子，真使我痛心，”我说。TheboPssaidthePwouldlookintothemagazine-deliverPthing.Pleased,Ilefttownonabusinesstrip.BPmi dnightIwascomfortablPsettledinahotelroomfarfromhome.Thephonerang.ItwasmPwife.Shewantedt oknowhowmPdaPhadgone.孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴，便离城出差去了。午夜时分，我已远离家门，在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了，是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。 "Great!"Ienthused."HowwasPourdaP?"Iinquired.“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样?”我问道。 "Super!"Shesnapped."Justsuper!Andit'sonlPgettingstarted.Anothertruckjustpulledupoutfront."“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”"Anothertruck?"“又一辆卡车?” "Thethirdonethisevening.ThefirstdeliveredfourthousandMontgomerPWards.Thesecondbroughtfour thousandSears,Roebucks.Idon'tknowwhatthisonehas,butI'msureitwillbefourthousandofsomething.S incePouareresponsible,IthoughtPoumightliketoknowwhat'shappening.“今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。” WhatIwasbeingblamedfor,itturnedout,wasanewspaperstrikewhichmadeitnecessarPtohand-deliverth eadvertisinginsertsthatnormallPareincludedwiththeSundaPpaper.ThecompanPhadpromisedourboPs $600fordeliveringtheseinsertsto4,000housesbPSundaPmorning.我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。 "Pieceofcake!"ouroldercollegesonhadshouted.“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。"SiGhundredbucks!"Hisbrotherhadechoed,"Andwecandothejobintwohours!"“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!” "BoththeSearsandWardadsarefournewspaper-sizepages,"mPwifeinformedme."TherearethirtP-twot housandpagesofadvertisingonourporch.Evenaswespeak,twobigguPsarecarrPingarmloadsofpaperup thewalk.Whatdowedoaboutallthis?"“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办?”"JusttelltheboPstogetbusP,"Iinstructed."TheP'recollegemen.TheP'lldowhatthePhavetodo."“你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”AtnoonthefollowingdaPIreturnedtothehotelandfoundanurgentmessagetotelephonemPwife.Hervoic

第二版综合教程第三册课文译文及翻译

Unit 1 Cloze ▆Complete the following passage with words chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each is given. ▆ Answers: 1)reliable 2)syndrome 3)adopted 4)got done with 5)gloomy 6)| 7)or something 8)chance 9)come through 10)barely 11)in good shape 12)booth 13)mess 14)scrawled 15)peeking 16)in ' Translation 1. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets. ▆Answers for reference: 1)What I didn’t count on was that over time I would sincerely take pride in being a social worker. 2)Shooting a quick look at the clock on the wall, Grandma let out a cry, “Oh, My dear /My goodness/My gracious, we’re going to miss the train!” 3)At the kindergarten entrance, I always see some kids/children holding firmly on to their parents. Should young parents be sterner towards their kids/children and leave immediately under these circumstances 4)In the dim street light stood a weeping little girl/ a girl weeping. 5)When making donations, rich people should be as considerate as possible in order not to put the recipient in an embarrassing situation. 6)Since last month, my work has been revolving around the routine office duties, so now I am counting the days until the National Day comes, when my friends and I are going hiking in the countryside. — 课文参考译文

大学英语精读课文翻译

大学英语精读课文翻译 Unit 1 How to Improve Your Study Habits 你也许是个智力一般的普通学生。你在学校的学习成绩还不错，可你也许会觉得自己永远也成不了优等生。然而实际情况未必如此。你要是想取得更好的分数，也还是能做到的。是的，即使中等智力水平的学生，在不增加学习负担的情况下，也能成为优等生。其诀窍如下：1．仔细安排你的时间。把你每周要完成的任务一一列出来，然后制定一张时间表或时间分配图。先把用于吃饭、睡觉、开会、听课等这样一些非花不可的时间填上，然后再选定合适的固定时间用于学习。一定要留出足够的时间来完成正常的阅读和课外作业。当然，学习不应把作息表上的空余时间全都占去，还得给休息、业余爱好和娱乐活动留出一定的时间，这一点很重要。这张周作息表也许解决不了你所有的问题，但是它会使你比较清楚地了解你是怎样使用你的时间的。此外，它还能让你安排好各种活动，既有足够的时间工作，也有足够的时间娱乐。 2．寻找一个合适的地方学习。选定某个地方作为你的“学习区”。这可以是家里或者学校图书馆里的一张书桌或者一把椅子，但它应该是舒适的，而且不该有干扰。在你开始学习时，你应能够全神贯注于你的功课。 3．阅读之前先略读。这就是说，在你仔细阅读一篇文章之前，先把它从头至尾迅速浏览一遍。在预习材料时，你就对它的内容及其结构有了大致的了解。随后在你正式开始阅读时，你就能辨认出不太重要的材料，并且可以略去某些章节不读。略读不仅使你的阅读速度提高一倍，还有助于提高你的理解能力。< 4．充分利用课堂上的时间。上课时注意听讲意味着课后少花力气。要坐在能看得见、听得清的地方。要作笔记来帮助自己记住老师讲课的内容。 5．学习要有规律。课后要及早复习笔记。重温课堂上提到的要点，复习你仍然混淆不清的

大学英语精读1--第三版--课文英汉对照.

UNIT 1 As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier. 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies for Learning English Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them. 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, "I am interested in English", but "I am good at French"? And have you ever asked yourself why native English speakers say, "learn the news or secret", but "learn of someone's success or arrival"? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives. 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'm interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I'm good at French”？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learn the news or secret”，而“获悉某

全新版大学英语综合教程3课文翻译

AppendⅡ Chinese Translations of Texts A (Units 1-8) 参考译文 目录： 第一单元生活方式的改变 (2) 第二单元民权英雄 (5) 第三单元安全问题 (8) 第四单元外星人 (10) 第五单元如何欢庆节日 (14) 第六单元人情味 (18) 第七单元谋生 (21)

第八单元克隆技术 (27) 第一单元生活方式的改变 课文A 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己做出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 多尔蒂先生创建自己的理想生活 售姆·多尔蒂有两件事是我一直想做的——写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听

牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃、堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲——贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆满一罐罐的腌渍食品，有番茄汁、葡萄汁、李子、果酱和果冻。最后，地窖里遍地是大堆大堆的土豆、葫芦、南瓜，谷仓里也储满了苹果和梨。真是太美妙了。 第二年我们种了更多的作物，差不多就靠着从自家树林砍伐的木柴以及仅仅100加仑的燃油过了冬。其时，我开始认真考虑起辞了职去从事自由撰稿的事来。时机选得实在太差。当时，两个大的女儿肖恩和埃米正在费用很高的常青藤学校上学，而我们只有几千美金的银行存款。但我们一再回到一个老问题上来：真的会有更好的时机吗?答案无疑是否定的。于是，带着老板的祝福，口袋里揣着作为累积津贴的半年薪水，我走了。