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最全面英国文学史知识点总结

英国文学史

I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages

贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.

Artistic features:

1. Using alliteration

Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）

Some examples on P5

2. Using metaphor and understatement

Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas

Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

The father of English poetry.

writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.

①坎特伯雷故事集：

first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English

②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德

③声誉之宫

Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

Famous three：King Arthur

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Beowulf

II The Renaissance Period

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.

Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:

1. new discoveries in geography and astrology

2. the religious reformation and economic expansion

3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture

The most famous dramatists:

Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare

Ben Johnson.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599

（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）The poets’poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey

①仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)

T he theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull

loves”.

Artistic features:

1. Using Spenserian Stanza

Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.

②牧人日历

The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.

③爱情小唱?

2. Thomas? More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535

One of the greatest English humanists

①乌托邦

3. Francis? Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626

（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）

Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?

Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and p hilosophy to man’s reason.

①学术的推进

②随笔(famous quotas: )?

The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.

4. Ben Jonson

①

②狐狸

5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595

“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama

（完善了无韵体诗。）

Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

①浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）

②帖木耳大帝?

③马耳他的犹太人

6. William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚1564~1616?

①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII

②Four Comedies四大喜剧:

皆大欢喜;

第十二夜;

④Shakespeare Sonnet :

154

Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg

A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

III The 17th Century

1. John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608~1674

（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）

①Epics: 失乐园

复乐园

②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙

③论出版自由?

为英国人民声辩

④我的失明

This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.

Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.

2. John Bunyan约翰·班扬1628~1688

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)

①Religionary Allegory:

天路历程

3. John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).

Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）

Artistic features:

1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)

小说崛起：

In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)

Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

1. Alexander? Pope亚历山大·蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.

①批评论

Artistic features:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e012928392.html,ing “heroic couplets”

2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊1709~1784

①Dictionary =英语大词典

3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）

①格列佛游记(fictional work)

4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福1660~1731

小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

①鲁宾逊漂流记

It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.

②

③

④

5. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

6.Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·格尔德斯密斯1730~1774

7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·施莱登1751~1816

①情敌

②造谣学校

8. William Blake威廉·布莱克1757~1827

①天真之歌

A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.

②经验之歌

A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.

Include:

Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity

Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

③天堂与地狱的婚姻

9.Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯1759~1796

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

V The Romantic Period

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.

Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)

In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to

the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.

Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).

“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.

William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

1. William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770~1850

（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets）

①抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)

②

Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女

②序曲

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·科尔律治1772~1834

Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory

④半夜冰霜

⑤忧郁颂

⑥抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)

3. George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）

“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.

4.Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822

①Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyr anny and oppression

Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.

Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.

Artistic features:

Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …)

致云雀

5.John? Keats约翰?济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

①Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂

Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.

Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods

in a day.

6. Jane Austen简·奥斯丁1775~1817

She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.

①理智与感情

傲慢与偏见(chapter I)

【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved

【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood

【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.

【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters

7. Walter? Scott沃尔特?斯科特1771~1832

(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels

① 罗伯?罗伊

② 艾凡赫

VI The Victorian Period

Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.

1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯1812~1870

（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer

⑧ 双城记(London & Paris)

⑨远大前程

⑩我们共同的朋友

2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷1811~1863

① or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan)

②

3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855

①简?爱

Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.

It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School

It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.

②雪莉

③教师

4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854

①< Wuthering? Heights>呼啸山庄

A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.

【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff

【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella

②< Old Stoic>

5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特1819~1880

①弗洛斯河上的磨坊

②< Adam? Bede>亚当?比德

③< Silas? Marner>织工马南

④< Middlemarch>米德尔马契

6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生1809~1892

（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）

Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）

①< In Memoriam>悼念

To memorialize his friend

②< Break,? Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击

③< Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗

7. Robert? Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889

①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人

②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思

Elizabeth Barrett Browing:

①葡萄牙十四行诗

8. Robert Louis Stevenson

①金银岛

9. Thomas? Hardy托马斯?哈代1840~1928

（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）?Novels

①< Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝

Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration

②< Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德

③< Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下

④< Far From? The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣

⑤< The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长

⑥< The Return of the Native>还乡

?Poems

Wessex Poems And Other Verses

Poems Of The Past And Present

The Dynasts 列国

VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights

①Oscar Wilde

②George Bernard Shaw

1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900

（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）

2. George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist

?Plays

Novelists (Realists)

1. Joseph Concrad

①吉姆爷

②黑暗的心

1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness?

The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart.

2.What is the symbolism of black and white

【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized

Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.

According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.

According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was c onsidered to be in the “dark stage”.

【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.

Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.

White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e012928392.html,ment

The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.

Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.

This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the

英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要

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英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

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英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.

最全人教版三年级下册数学知识点总结

三年级下册数学知识点第一单元位置与方向 1、东与西相对，南与北相对，按顺时针方向转：东→南→西→北。（东南—西北）相对（西南—东北）相对面东背西，左北右南。面西背东，左南右北。面南背北，左东右西。面北背南，左西右东。 2、地图通常是按上北下南，左西右东绘制的。 3、傍晚，当你面对太阳时，你的前面是( 西 )，你的后面是( 东 )，你的左面( 南 ) ，你的右面是( 北 )、 4、早上，当你面对太阳时，你的前面是( 东 )，你的后面是(西 )，你的左面( 北 ) ，你的右面是( 南 )、 5.辨认方向的方法：可以借助太阳等身边事物辨别方向，也可以借助指南针等工具辨别方向。 6、会看简单的路线图，会描述行走路线。（做题时先标出东南西北。）一定写清楚从哪儿向哪个方向走，走了多少米，到哪儿再向哪个方向走就到了哪里。（在转弯处要注意方向的变化）判断一个地方在什么方向，先要找到一个为中心点处画“米”字符号，在进行判断。 7.、指南针是用来指示方向的，它的一个指针永远指向（南方），另一端永远指向（北方）。 8.、生活中的方位知识： ①北斗星永远在北方。②影子与太阳的方向相对。 ③早上太阳在东方，中午在南方，傍晚在西方。 ④风向与物体倾斜的方向相反。（刮风时的树朝风向相对的方向弯，烟朝风向相对的方向飘……）9.判断方向我们一般使用：指南针和借助身边的事物。我国早在两千多年就发明了指示方向的——司南。第二单元除数是一位数的除法 1、只要是平均分就用(除法)计算。 2、★注意：① 71÷8，把71看成72，用口诀估算。 ② 378÷5，把378看成400更接近准确数。③应用题中如果有大约等字，一般是要求估算的。 3、被除数末尾有几个0，商的末尾不一定就有几个0。（如：30÷5 = 6） 4、笔算除法：（1）余数一定要比除数小。在有余数的除法中：最小的余数是1；最大的余数是除数减去1；最小的除数是余数加1；最大的被除数=商×除数+最大的余数；最小的被除数=商×除数+1；（2）除法验算：→用乘法 1．没有余数的除法有余数的除法被除数÷除数＝商被除数÷除数＝商……余数商×除数＝被除数商×除数＋余数＝被除数被除数÷商＝除数（被除数－余数）÷商＝除数2．0除以任何不是0的数（0不能为除数）都等于0；0乘以任何数都得0； 0加任何数都得任何数本身，任何数减0都得任何数本身。 5、笔算除法顺序：确定商的位数，试商，检查，验算。 6、笔算除法时，那一位上不够商1，就添0占位。（最高位不够除，就向后退一位再商。） 7．除法计算时，记住每一次减得的余数一定要比除数小。 8．被2、3、5整除(余数为0)（倍数）的数的特点：当这个数的个位上是2、4、6、8、0其中一个时这个数被2整除（余数为0）（这个数是2的倍数）。当这个数的个位上是0或5时这个数被5整除（余数为0）（这个数是5的倍数）。当这个数，各个数位上的数字加起来的和是3的倍数，这个数被3整除（余数为0）（这个数是3的倍数）。

(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档

英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ①坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

人教版数学三年级下册知识点归纳总结

知识点举例说明金点子认识东、南、西、北根据一个确定的方向,找其他三个方向:面南背北、左东右西绘制简单的示意图平面图一般是按照上北下南、左西右东绘制的。先选好观察点,把选好的观察点画在平面图的中心位置,再确定各物体相对于观察点的方向,在纸上按上北下南,左西右东绘制描述四个方向的路线图描述行走路线,首先要确定好自己的位置,以自己为中心,按上北下南、左西右东的规则来确定目标和周围事物所处的方向,根据目的地的方向和路程,确定行走的路线认识东北、西北、东南、西南东与北之间的方向是东北;东与南之间的方向是东南;西与南之间的方向是西南;西与北之间的方向是西北描述八个方向的路线图以出发点为中心,先确定目的地所在的方向,看哪条路能到达目的地,然后按照先后顺序,用八个方位词来描述

知识点举例说明金点子口算除法口算 40÷4=10 400÷4=100 4000÷4=1000 240÷4=60 2400÷4=600 1.用被除数0前面的数除以一位数, 在商的末尾补上被除数末尾的0 2.想乘法算除法:看一位数乘多少等于被除数,乘的数就是所求的商估算估算323÷4≈80,可以把323看作320,用320除以4 估算时,除数不变,可以把被除数看成和它最接近的整十、整百或几百几十数,再口算出结果笔算除法两位数除以一位数, 商是两位数的笔算先用除数去除被除数十位上的数,商写在十位上,如果有余数,落下来和个位上的数合起来除以除数,商写在个位上,即除到哪一位,就把商写在那一位的上面三位数除以一位数的笔算三位数除以一位数,先从百位除起, 如果百位上的数比除数小,就和十位上的数合起来除以除数,商写在十位上,如果有余数,就把余数和个位上的数合起来除以除数商中间或末尾有0的除法 1.被除数首位能整除一位数,被除数的中间是0或比除数小,商的中间是 2.如果被除数的前两位能整除一位数,末尾是0或比一位数小,商的末尾是0 除法的验算 466÷5=93 (1) 除法的验算: 商×除数=被除数商×除数+余数=被除数

(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式

三年级下册科学知识点汇总(新教科版)

三年级下册科学知识点汇总（新教科版）三年级下册科学知识点汇总（新教科版）第一单元植物的生长变化 1、绿色开花植物一般是用（种子）繁殖后代的。 2、播种前，挑选那些（饱满的）、（没有受过损伤的）种子的过程叫选种。 3、种子萌发先长(根)，再长(茎、叶)，根总是向(下)生长的，根的生长速度(很快)。 4、植物的根能够吸收(水分和矿物质)，还能将植物(固定)在土壤中。、植物的绿叶可以制造植物生长所需要的(养料)，植物生长所需的养料是由植物绿色的叶依靠太阳光提供的能量，利用水和二氧化碳制成的。 6、绿色开花植物如凤仙花的身体由根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子六个部分组成。 7、植物的生长过程中需要阳光、温度、土壤和适宜的水分等条。 8、植物的茎具有支撑植物和运输水分和养料的作用。能从下到上将根吸收的水分和矿物质运输到植物的各个部分；从上到下将植物制造的养料运输到植物的各个部分。第二单元动物的生命周期

1、鸡、青蛙、鱼、乌龟等动物都产卵，卵是动物生命的开始。 2、蚕卵的孵化需要适宜的温度和湿度。在放蚕卵的盒子上要扎些小孔，因为蚕卵需要呼吸。 3、蚕宝宝最爱吃的食物是桑叶，蚕能吐丝结茧，蚕宝宝的生长过程中，要经过四次蜕皮，蚕和蝴蝶等昆虫的一生要经过卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个时期，蚕蛹被茧包裹，茧能起到保护蛹的作用。蚕蛹经过10-1天，会变成蚕蛾，蚕蛾是蚕的成虫，分雌蛾和雄蛾。雌蛾和雄蛾交配后，雌蛾产卵繁殖后代。 4、养蚕、抽取蚕丝，是我国的伟大发明之一。远在4000多年以前，我国劳动人民就开始养蚕，利用蚕丝织成华丽的丝绸和各种丝织品，并远销国外。、蚕的一生是不断生长变化的，要经历蚕卵、蚕、蛹、蚕蛾四个不同形态的变化阶段。 6、蚕的身体分为头、胸、腹三部分，胸部有三对足。蚕长到一定阶段会长出新皮，换下旧皮，这叫蜕皮。 7、蚕的一生会经历出生、生长发育、繁殖、死亡四个阶段，这一过程称为蚕的生命周期，一般大约为6天；自然界中的动物都有生命周期，也都要经历出生、生长发育、繁殖、死亡四个阶段；人也要经历出生、生长发育、繁殖、死亡四个阶段；人和动物一样也具有生命周期。 8、影响蚕生命和变化的因素有食物、气温、有害气体、疾病等。第三单元温度与水的变化

吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读

History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.

英国文学史及选读复习9 summary of the Elizabethan age II

Summary of the Age of Elizabeth (II) 1.Shakespeare’s successors. a.Ben Jonson 1573?—1637 His life: son of an educated gentleman who was thrown into prison by Queen Mary, whose property was confiscated. From his mother he received certain strong characteristics. His father died before he was born. His mother married a bricklayer. He may have studied in Cambridge for a short time, but his stepfather soon sent him to learn the bricklayer’s trade. He ran away from this, and went with the English army to fight Spaniards in the Low Countries. There he fought a duel with one of the enemy’s soldiers. He killed the man. Then he became an actor and reviser of old plays. He killed an actor in a duel and only escaped hanging by pleading “benefit of clergy”, but he lost all his poor goods and was branded for life on his left thumb. Jonson’s masques won him royal favor, was made poet laureate. With his great learning, ability and commanding position as poet laureate, he set himself squarely against his contemporaries and the romantic tendency of the age. He fought bravely for two things---- to restore the classic form of the drama and to keep the stage from its downward course. Apparently he failed. Nevertheless his influence lived and grew more powerful till, aided largely by French influence, it resulted in the so-called classicism of the eighteenth century. His work is in strong contrast with that of Shakespeare. Alone he fought against the romantic tendency of the age, and to restore the classic standards. Thus the whole action of his drama usually covers only a few hours, or a single day. He never takes liberties with historical facts, as Shakespeare does, but is accurate to the smallest detail. His dramas abound in classical learning, are carefully and logically constructed, and comedy and tragedy are kept apart, instead of crowding each other as they do in Shakespeare and in life. In one respect his comedies are worthy of careful reading, --- they are intensely realistic, presenting men and women of the time exactly as they were. From a few of Jonson’s scenes we can understand---better than from all the plays of Shakespeare---how men talked and acted during the Age of Elizabeth. His works: His first comedy: Every Man in His Humor is a key to all his dramas. The word “hu mo r” in his age stood for some characteristic whim or quality of society. He gives to his leading character some prominent humor, exaggerates it, as the cartoonist enlarges the most characteristic feature of a face, and so holds it before our attention that all other qualities are lost sight of. It is the first of three satires. Its special aim was to ridicule the humors of the city. The second, Cynthia’s Revels, satirizes the humors of the court; while the third, The Poetaster, the result of a quarrel with his contemporaries, was leveled at the false standards of the poets of the age. Three best known comedies: V olpone= The Fox The Alchemist , The Silent Woman V olpone is a merciless analysis of a man governed by love of money. Alchemist is a study of quackery on one side and of gullibility on the other, founded on the medieval idea of the philosopher’s stone. The Silent Woman is a

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