西湖游记二则原文及翻译_袁宏道_全文译文_对照翻译教学教材

西湖游记二则原文及翻译_袁宏道_全文译文_对照翻译

西湖游记二则原文及翻译_袁宏道_全文译文_对照翻译

前一篇：五人墓碑记后一篇：峡江寺飞泉亭记

西湖游记二则全文阅读：出处或作者：袁宏道初至西湖记

从武林门而西，望保叔塔突兀层崖中，则已心飞湖上也。午刻入昭庆，茶毕，即棹小舟入湖。山色如娥，花光如颊，温风如酒，波纹如绫；才一举头，已不觉目酣神醉，此时欲下一语描写不得，大约如东阿王梦中初遇洛神时也。余游西湖始此，时万历丁酉二月十四日也。晚同子公渡净寺，觅阿宾旧住僧房。取道由六桥、岳坟、石径塘而归。草草领略，未及偏赏。次早得陶石篑帖子，至十九日，石篑兄弟同学佛人王静虚至，湖山好友，一时凑集矣。

晚游六桥待月记

西湖最盛，为春为月。一日之盛，为朝烟，为夕岚。今岁春雪甚盛，梅花为寒所勒，与杏桃相次开发，尤为奇观。

石篑数为余言：傅金吾园中梅，张功甫玉照堂故物也，急往观之。余时为桃花所恋，竟不忍去。湖上由断桥至苏堤一带，绿烟红雾，弥漫二十余里。歌吹为风，粉汗为雨，罗纨之盛，多于堤畔之草，艳冶极矣。

然杭人游湖，止午未申三时；其实湖光染翠之工，山岚设色之妙，皆在朝日始出，夕春未下，始极其浓媚。月景尤不可言，花态柳情，容水意，别是一种趣味。此乐留与山僧游客受用，安可为俗士道哉。

西湖游记二则全文翻译：初至西湖记

从武林门往西走，就望见保叔塔高耸在重山叠岭之中，这时我的心已经飞到西湖上面。午间进入昭庆寺，用茶过后，立即雇小船划向湖中。山是青黑色的，如同美女的眉毛；桃花红艳艳的，如同少女的面颊；温风拂面，使人如饮醇酒；微波荡漾，如同绫罗一般轻软。我刚刚抬头一看，不知不觉间就已经是如痴如醉了。这时我想用一个词语来描写（这光景），竟然想不出来，大约像东阿王曹植最初见到洛神时一样。我游西湖就从这一次开始，时间是万历二十五年二月十四日。

晚游六桥待月记

西湖最美的时间是春天和月夜，一天之中最美的时刻是烟雾迷蒙的早晨和山光笼罩的傍晚。今年春雪很大，梅花受到寒气的抑制，跟杏花、桃花依次开放，更是奇特的景观。

石篑多次跟我说：“傅金吾家园中的梅，是宋朝张功甫遗留下来的，赶紧去看看吧！”我这时被桃花迷住了，竟然不忍心离开湖上。从断桥到苏堤这一带，绿柳如烟（原文“绿烟”的“烟”有比喻义，唐温庭筠有句云：“江上柳如烟，雁飞残月天。”（《菩萨蛮》）可证。故译文如此。），桃红似雾，弥漫二十多里，到处都传扬着歌声和器乐声，年轻的妇女们汗流如雨，衣著华丽的富家子弟往来不绝(“盛”，有热烈意，极言来者之众，这里用意译。)，比堤边的草还要多，真是美丽、妖艳极了。

但杭州人游湖，限于午、未、申这三个时辰。其实，湖水被染成绿色，暮烟凝聚在山间(原句是“对文”，

“工”“妙”同义，只好把它们合二而一，用“佳景”作意译并移入下句充当主语。)，这两种佳景都出现在旭日初升、夕阳还未落山之际，（有了它们）才把西湖浓媚的姿态发挥到了极点。月景尤其难以用言语形容，花和柳的情态，山水

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 应用程序。 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 包括： ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 网页，https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

游高梁桥记

游高梁桥记?原文 3相关介绍 高梁桥在西直门外，京师最胜地也。两水夹堤，垂杨十余里，流急而清，鱼之沉水底者，鳞鬣皆见。精蓝棋置，丹楼珠塔，窈窕绿树中。而西山之在几席者，朝夕设色以娱游人。当春盛时，城中士女云集，缙绅士大夫非甚不暇，未有不一至其地者也。 三月一日，偕王生章甫、僧寂子出游。时柳梢新翠，山色微岚，水与堤平，丝管夹岸。趺坐古根上，茗饮以为酒，浪纹树影以为侑，鱼鸟之飞沉，人物之往来，以为戏具。堤上游人，见三人枯坐树下若痴禅者，皆相视以为笑，而余等亦窃谓彼筵中人，喧嚣怒诟，山情水意，了不相属，于乐何有也？少顷，遇同年黄昭质拜客出，呼而下，与之语，步至极乐寺观梅花而返。 译文 高梁桥在西直门外，是京城风景最优美的地方。两条河夹着堤岸，垂杨柳蜿蜒了十余里，水流又急又清，鱼沉到了水底，鱼鳞和鱼鳍都看得清楚。佛寺星罗棋布，红楼朱塔，在绿树的映衬下显得格外的美丽。而从西山为游人所设下的坐席上看到的景致早晚都不一样，仿佛是故意用来娱乐游人的一样。当春意正浓时，城里的达官贵人，只要不是特别的没空都会来这里游览一番。三月一号那一天，带着王袗和和尚寂子一起去游览。当时的杨柳刚刚抽芽，山色雾霭冥蒙，水与河堤齐平，两岸音乐声持续。盘腿坐在古树根上，把茶当作酒来品饮，绿树浪影好似劝人畅饮的音乐和锦帛一般，清清的水让我产生错觉，仿佛鱼在天上飞，鸟在水里游一般，人来人往，也好似这景致的一部分。河堤上的游人看到我们三个人呆坐在古树上，像傻和尚一样，纷纷相视而笑。而我们是在笑他们在这里设下宴席，喧嚣怒诟，和这美景丝毫不相衬，也不知乐从何来。过了一会儿，遇到了同一年登科的黄炜，叫他下来，与他交谈了一会儿，步行到极乐寺观赏了梅花，接着就回家了 2②游高梁桥记袁中道编辑原文 高梁旧有清水一带，柳色数十里，风日稍和，中郎1拉予与王子2往游。时街民皆穿3沟渠淤泥，委积4道上，羸马5不能行，步至门外。 于是三月6中矣，杨柳尚未抽条，冰微泮7，临水坐枯柳下小饮。谭锋甫畅8，而飙风9自北来，尘埃蔽天，对面不见人，中10目塞口，嚼之有声。冻枝落，古木号，乱石击。寒气凛冽，相与御11貂帽，着重裘12以敌13之，而犹不能堪14，乃急归。已黄昏，狼狈沟渠间，百苦乃得至邸15，坐至丙夜16，口中含沙尚砾砾17。 噫！江南二三月，草色青青，杂花烂城野，风和日丽，上春18已可郊游，何京师之苦至此19。苟非大不得已20，而仆仆21于是，吾见其舛22也。且夫贵人所以不得已而居是者23，为官职也。游客山人24所以不得已而至是者，为衣食也。今吾无官职，屡求而不获，其效亦可睹矣。而家有产业能够糊口25,舍水石花鸟之乐，而奔走烟霾26沙尘之乡，予以问予27，予不能解矣。然则是游也宜书，书之所以志予之嗜进而无耻28，颠倒而无计算也29。译文 高粱桥原有一条清澄的带子般的河水，杨柳绵延几十里，刚好天气比较晴好和暖。袁宏道拉我和王章甫一道前去游览。那时市民都在疏通渠道的淤泥，淤泥堆积在路上，瘦弱的马无法行走，我们步行来到西直门外。 这时已是三月中旬，柳树还没有发芽，冰刚刚融化，我们坐在靠近水边的枯柳树下喝酒。交谈的刚刚畅快的时候，暴风就从北而来，灰尘遮蔽了天空，就连对面的人都看不到。沙石击中眼睛，堵塞口鼻，嚼一嚼就能发出响声。冻住的树枝被吹落，古树呜呜号叫，石头相互撞

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb5531848.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。