英汉翻译教程教案
英汉翻译教程教案
一、翻译史：有语言就有翻译
1. how long: about 2000 years
西方：公元前3世纪
2. 翻译高潮climax
公元前四世纪：古希腊文化（三人用拉丁语）
公元前四—六世纪：罗马帝国后期（中世纪），以宗教文献为主《圣经》—拉丁语
中世纪后期（13-14世纪）：巴格达成为研究古希腊文化的中心
文艺复兴时期（14-16世纪）：大量译著和翻译家
二战以后，翻译范围扩大
3．我国的翻译高潮
1）东汉—唐宋：佛经翻译
三大翻译家：玄奘：第一个
鸠摩罗什：天然西域之语趣
真谛
2）明末清初：科学著作外文—中文
3）五四前：严复、林纾等
严复的翻译标准：faithfulness信
expressiveness达
elegance雅
4）建国后初10年，毛、马、列著作—中文，苏联等社会主义国家的文学著作5）1978年后（改革开放）：西方学术著作和文艺作品：中译外文，量少质劣
二、What’s translation?
三、可译性？
1. 字的音和形法不可译
Practice makes perfect. （押头韵）
Able was I are I saw Elba. （拿破仑说）不到厄岛我不倒（通韵味，但乏对称性）2．直译和意译
Armed to the teeth: fully armed
Strike while iron is hot.
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
滴水穿石。
旧瓶装新油。
火上浇油。
t hrow one’s hat into ring 竞技
莎士比亚《驯悍记》Your three inch fool三打一水浒
3．意译
Many kiss the b aby for the nurse’s sake. 醉翁之意不在酒。
I’m afraid she’s too far away from the cradle for you. 恐怕她对你来说太老了。
as sweet as a nut甜得像蜜一样
He who wants to eat nut must first crack it.
Until …… ambition…… 不到黄河不死心。
Pluck evil（意译）by the root（直译）. 斩草除根。
It’s the question of the egg and the chicken. 这是说不清的问题。
四、翻译的过程
理解：英文水平好结果前提
表达：中文水平好
校核：
1．理解阶段1, 2, 3, 4, 13
He satisfied me that he would do the work well. （make me sure使…相信）There are machines scientists developed.
2. 表达阶段：直译、意译5
The Scarlet Letter（霍桑著）
五、英译汉常用的方法和技巧
derog贬义词：ambitious
distinguished著名的
outstanding杰出的
famous, well-known
prominent杰出的
noted著名的
celebrated
notorious臭名昭著的
（一）词类转译（1）
1．转译成动词（汉语中动词用得多）
Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不烦/想。
Down found them on the halfway. 黎明时候，他们走在大街上。
My admiration for him grew more. 我越来越钦佩他。
Indo-China is a drain on French resources. 印度支那战争不断消耗法国资源。
2. 转译成名词2, 17
She knows what’s what. 她有鉴别力。动词→
My father was between the jobs at the time. 这时我父亲失业。
She was between sheets（睡在被窝里）by eleven last night.
She modelled between roles. 她不演戏的时候就当模特。
She said between sobs. 她边哭边说。
（二）词类转译（2）
1. admit
confess承认不好的事情
acknowledge承认自己原不想承认的事情
recognize承认所说的品质、身份
avow公开承认
2. endure
tolerate
bear
stand
3. exercises：把划线部分转译成形容词
1) He found on the issue, as on Berlin, an identity of approach.他发现在这个问题
上，也像在柏林问题上一样，意见是非常一致的。
2) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习来说，是绝对必需的。
3) The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她当时的情绪。
4) The sun rose, thinly from the sea.淡淡的太阳从海上升起。
5) There is increased demoralization.士气越来越消沉。
6) He was still more surprised at the sigularity of the stranger’s.他看到那个陌生人的外表非常古怪就更加惊奇了。
7) He sometimes, as I thought, bored me down more by his fluency, than by the strength of his reasons.我想他有时只能把我推到，不是因为他理由充分，而是因为他口才好。
8) Looking back the effrontery was quite something.回顾那自高自大的镜头，真够呛！
9) Adenauer doubted the desirability. Adenauer认为举行最高级会议不一定合适。
10) Belande’s admission brought to light the entire hypocrisy of the statement made by the representatives of the Anglo-American bloc about the defence of rights of individual freedom. Belande所承认的事实证明英美集团代表的所谓保障个人自由的说法完全是假的。
（三）增词法（4，5节）
*为了意义上的和修辞上的需要
1) Such was the mood across the former Soviet Union as the old order was ushered out and new one was rung in, on a day when every action prompted reaction. 当旧制度被送走，新制度被迎来的时候，在每一个行动都立刻引起反响的日子里，整个苏联上上下下都持怀疑和观望的态度。
2) As I know she was anxious to get home, and between fire, food and pickpockets, could never be considered at ease for half an hour in London. 因为我知道她极想回家，同时既怕房子着火，又要弄点吃的，又怕遇见小偷，所以她在伦敦一刻也不能安心。
3) Father would pore over the items, calling out to her to tell him what this was, or that, in a vain attempt to boring order out of this feminine chaos. 父亲对这项目进行仔细审阅，叫母亲告诉他这笔是什么，那笔是什么，企图从女性所记的混乱账目中理出个头绪来，但有毫无结果。
4) He is a complicated man ----moody, mercucial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人----喜怒无常、反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
*为了汉语行文特点的需要
1) Sanctions admittedly pressed harder on some countries than others. 制裁措施对一些国家的压力显然比对其他国家的要大。
2) In this mood, I went to diplomatic circles, earnest but only sketchingly informed. 怀着这种心情，我进入外交界，满怀热情，但是知识肤浅得很。
3) He demanded, and got a complete new military picture by cutting the defence budget and giving Li May much of what the Air Force wanted. 他要求军事上出现崭新的局面，其方法是削减国际预军，把空中所需要的东西给李梅，这种新局面果然出现了。
1) All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. 大家都读过一些故事，故事中的主人公将寿终正寝。这些故事感人肺腑，催人泪下。
2) In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune. 在故事中死在眉睫的主人公往往在最后的刹那间由于突然间时来运转或福从天降而转危为安或起死回生。
3) When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. 当我们身强力壮、风华正茂时，几乎不可能想到死亡之事。
4) The days stretch out in an endless vista. 日复一日，年复一年，似乎岁月无限，时光永流。
*为了句法上的需要
1) We don’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。
2) Kettle calls the pot black. 五十步笑百步。
3) Histories make man wise; poems witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; morality grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 历史使人聪明，诗歌使人灵巧、灵秀，数学使人精细严谨，自然哲学使人深沉，伦理使人庄重，逻辑和修辞使人擅辨。
4) At the time o f Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that ( ) a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. 肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸。
*为了表达原文内在意义或风格上的需要
1) If you are not young, he said, it sure helps to be single. 若不是年轻力壮，至少是一个单身汉，家里没有什么累赘的人才好。
2) ( I think they see it all in very different ways, for they are not at all alike). One is sphinx, one seems almost removed, and one sees it all. 一个好像木刻石雕像，对一切漠不光心，无动于衷，一个好像是远处观景，模模糊糊，一个是明察秋毫，了如指掌。
3) Society then had not lost its exclusiveness nor its brilliance. 当时的上流社会，还有一些才华出众的人，而且依然是壁垒森严，不容下层人涉足。
4) P4例4，5
5）I couldn’t describe the relations between our two countries as better, essentially franker, than I had known them. 我可以说，我们两国之间的关系比我所知道的以往任何时候都更好，其基本特点是能更坦率地交换彼此的意见。
Lady Hemits who Are Down But Not Out 潦倒的流浪女
A Wrong Man in Workers Paradise 误入工人天国的人
The Hour of Letdown 放松畅饮的时刻
Look for Rusty Rin (寻找阴暗面)杞人忧天/自寻烦恼
四字词组：言简意赅
Somebody tapped me on the shoulder, I looked up from the exercise books of my young pupils, which I was just correcting, into the lined, kindly face of a little sister. 有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀，我放下正在批改的小学生的作业本，抬头一看，原来是那做杂艺的修女，布满皱纹的脸，她是面目和善的小个子。
（四）重复法（C4S6&7）
concise
报刊的特点：Accuracy, Brevity, Clarity
重复的目的：明确，强调，生动（实际上是一种增词法）
1、重复代词或其它名词
1) Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. 我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
2) The people of Africa are waging (carrying out) a hard struggle for the complete emancipation of the continent. 非洲人民正在为非洲的彻底解放进行艰巨的斗争。
2、重复动词
1) …so that… art which does not meet the demands of the struggle of the broad masses can be tansformed into art that does.
2) To win this victory with no require much more time and effort, but to consolidate will. 夺取这个胜利，不必花费太多时间和精力，但…。
3、重复表语so, as
1) John is your friend as much as he is mine. (B as much/well as A)约翰既是你的朋友，也是我的朋友。
2) From the Chou and Qin dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and economy. 自周秦以来，中国的社会是一个封建社会，其政治是封建政治，其经济也是封建经济。
3) This is absolutely necessary and perfectly just, and the whole nation understands that it’s s o. 这是绝对必要和完全正义的，全国人民都明百其必要性和重义性。
4) We need rapid progress, not slow. 我们需要的是迅速的进步，而不是缓慢的进步。
（五）替代法：替代词代替整个句子
1) You are a bridge between the leadership and broad masses; through you the opinions of the broad masses are transimitted to the leadership and vice versa. 从下面传上来，从上面传下去。
2) We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa. 我们应该对确定一个人的工作成绩是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误应该有一个基本的评价。
3) Therefore, not only the local authorities have demands on central authorities, the same is true the other way around(反过来也一样). 因此，不但地方政府对中央政府有要求，反过来中央政府对地方政府也有要求。
（六）省略法
(The) horse is (a) useful animal. (省冠词)
(A) wise man will not marry (a) woman who has attainments but no virture. 一个聪明的男人决不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。
He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去忧愁不安。
We knew spring wa coming as we saw a robin. 我们看到一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
He declined to amplify on the president’s statement, since he had not read the text. 他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿加以发挥。
If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void. 你写信给他，永
远是石沉大海。
(Ode to West Wind 西风颂)
If winter comes, can spring be farbehind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
Sunday is the day when I’m least busy. 星期天是我最空的一天。
(When) at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to look at his sister, and looked upon her gloomily. 最后他占到悬崖上转过身，忧郁地看看他的妹妹。
(On Sundays)
He was naturally proud and ambitionus, but (he) was honest and true, and always put the interest of (his) countrymen before (his) own. 他秉性高傲，而且野心勃勃，但却真诚正直，总是把国人的利益看得比自己的利益更重。
But it’s the way I am, and try as (I) might, (I) haven’t been able to change it. 但这就是我的脾气，虽几经努力，但未能改变过来。
（七）正反、反正表达法（带有否定词或否定词缀的）
正反：英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达
I said this was new (doctrine) to me. 这个事情，我从未听过。
John was a fool to danger. 约翰什么也不怕（天不怕，地不怕）。
He was a stranger to sympathy. 他丝毫没有同情心。
Herb may be dying somewhere, calling out for his mam and dad, and only strangers around him. Herb也许快要死了，嘴里喊着爹妈，身边连一个亲人也没有。
I want everybody to have a fair deal(公平交易). 我希望大家都不吃亏。
We are grown men, after all, let us settle the affair amicably. 我们又不是三岁小孩，难道就不能和平解决这个问题。
Mrs. Dudgen (threateningly): You’d better keep a civil tongue(说话礼貌点) in your head! Mrs. Dudgen威胁说，你别而言恶语！
So cheer up(振作起来), captain, and buy a flower off a poor girl. 别发愁了，长官，买咱穷人一枝花吧。
Hawkins smies like a man able to take care of himself. Hawkins微笑着，好像是说别人无需为他操心。
Asia was passed over by the Industrial Revolution. 工业革命没有光顾亚洲。Disasters wear many masks. (proverb)灾难是难于预料的/天有不测风云，人有旦夕之祸。
The government had something of a case. 政府也不是完全没有理由的。Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问一些国家。
Appearances are deceptive. 外表是靠不住的。
They could accept it with dignity. 他们可以不失尊严地接受他。
It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 已经有六七个小时，我没…
While she liked his work, she pointed out areas where improvement was possible. 他喜欢她的作品，同时又指出了不足之处。
We have been adding so many programs that the size and growth of the federal budget has taken on a life of its own. 项目一直在一个一个地增加，联邦政府的预算之大、增长之快已到了无法控制的地步。
However, that those measures have had some effect would be a modest enough claim.
然而，说那些措施取得了一定效果，这种说法不能算是言过其实吧。
反正：英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达
They won’t like the smell of you if you don’t. 如果你不洗澡，他们会讨厌你身上的气味。
I’ve nothing smaller than sixpence. 我顶小的是六便士。
Youcouldn’t have come more fortunately.你来得正好/巧。
I want to know what I may take away with me, I don’t want to be accused of stealing. 我想知道哪些东西我可带走，我怕落个偷东西的罪名。
Mexico City is an earthquake zone, earth tremors are not unusual. 墨西哥城处于地震带，在那里地震是家常便饭。
The examination left no doubt that the patient died of cancer. 调查结果清楚地说明病人死于癌症。
He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
It was said that someone had sown discord among them. 据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。
Such flights couldn’t long escape our notice. 这样的飞行迟早要被我们发现。Ashurst saw at once that Phil was not all right. 艾舍斯特马上看出菲尔出了毛病。Sir Percival’s spies were not going to lose sight of me. 帕西法尔爵士的密探一直在监视我们的行踪。
The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. 这些事引起了我们的重视。For him the wheel of slumber was went to turn noiseless and slick and swift. 在他看来，时间在睡眠中总是过得很快，静悄悄就流走了。
Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 在通常情况下，她不是能够忍受她那拥挤寒怆的家庭生活的。
The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. 苦难中，回国的念头一直在他心中萦绕。
Evidentally he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch. 显然，他具有钓鱼者最重要的品质，那就是以钓为乐，钓多钓少一个样。
It never occurred to me not to endeavor to do so. I was politically minded by nature. 我从未想到要打退堂鼓，我天生就是搞政治的。
He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 他自己就是拼命干的，所以我就也得拼命干。
He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. 他马马虎虎地看了看那些便条就走了。
7) 长句的译法：顺序法、逆序法、分译法、综合法
定语从句的译法
They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have lauched a nuclear war. 他们可能已经不得不蒙着一种臭名而终其一生，这种臭名就是他贸然采取了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会议，而且可以设想，还可能已经触发了一场核战争。
被动语态的译法
（被→主）
He said he was assured by the State Department that the US is willing to normalize relations with his country. 他说美国国务院向他保证美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。
Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market. 许多人呼吁要求建立阿拉伯的共同市场。
As a soldier, he displayed courage and tactical skill, but was denied the chance for strategic greatness. 作为军人，他表现得英勇善战，但他没有获得机会表现他伟大的战略才能。
A new student is kept on probation for one semester. 新生按规定要见习一个学期。With the outbreak of the war, flights were stepped up. 由于战争的爆发，飞行任务日益增加。
Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on the matters to be discussed. 在私人会晤之前，就所要讨论的问题，拟好了备忘录。
The invincible defence of Stalingrad was matched by the commanding military leadership of Stalin. 在斯大林格勒，不但有坚不可摧的斯大林防线，还有斯大林英明的领导。
The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal, but also by its deads. 诚意不仅表现在…
He said the Bagdad Pact has now been reduced to less than a shadow. 巴格达条约现已名存实亡。
What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplication. 上面所写的有过于简单之嫌。
New Zealand had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on this reported plan. 新西兰不知道此事，也没有人同他商讨过这个报道中的计划。
He was made to repeat the structure of plastic bubble submercible. 人们要求他重述塑料球状潜水艇的结构。
It was believed that Edward Ducann would throw his hat in the ring. 据信，Edward Ducann将参加竞选。
The ground was covered with pieces of paper, cigarette-end, old tyres.
When he went into the laboratory, the teacher was followed by a silent procession of students. 当他走进实验室，一群列队行进的学生默默地跟着他。
On their domestic station events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly. 在他们的国内电台中，中东文件只是轻描淡写地报道了一下。
（被→被）
So, after ten years, the old leader was ousted by a woman. 这样，十年以后，这老领导竟被一位女人撵下了台。
He was described as being impressed by Teng’s flexibility. 据说，邓的灵活态度给他留下了深刻的印象。
The visitor was flattered and impressed. 这个来访者受宠若惊，深为感动。
He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba. 巴士达逃出古巴后马上就获释了。
The speech of January 12, 1950, ... “Crisis in China” ---An Examination on United
States Policy has been called “one of the most brilliant as well as the most controversia l speeches ever made by Secretary Acheson”. 1950年1月12日的讲话，即“中国的危机——对美国政策的审查”曾被称为是“艾奇逊国务卿历来讲话中最精彩而又最有争议的讲话之一”。
But real influence is not built up by striking attitude by throwing insults. 真正的影响不是靠装腔作势，也不是靠大声辱骂而取得的。
The secretary was aware that the final decision must be held open by President. 国务卿心里明白最后的决定必须由总统来做出。
I decided that a further participation by me in protracted negotiation or time-consuming message-carrying would inevitably be judged in effect as participation in negotiations which were a cloak to the continue of a military compaign. 我断定如果我继续参加旷日持久的谈判，或耗费时间地信息传递，将不可避免地被认为是实际上参与了这些谈判，而这些谈判只不过是继续进行军事活动的伪装。
六、Exercises
1. To be vain of one’s rank or place is to show that one is below it. （反正译）
2. He knows nothing to his fellowmen, breathes nothing to his fellowmen. （重复）
3. Other media closer to the scene dismissed Carter as a poor loser. （词类转译）
4. He would never let those history books say of him that he had been content tosit on side lines, to be a gentle leisurely President, letting events take their course.
5. His halting English is adequate but does not do justice to the fluency of his thought. （四字词组）
七、Materials for translation
（一）词类转译
1. It was no burden to me but a relief to dictate from my general body of knowledge acquired at the summit full explanation to one I know so well. 我根据我在最高地位所获得的知识来向我所熟识的人说明情况，是一种解脱而不是一种负担。
2. Roosevelt, said Summer V oice, a close observer at the time, demonstrated the ultimate capacity to dominate and control supreme emergency, which is the rarest and most valuable characteristic of any statesman. 当时一位密切注意形势的观察家Summer V oice说，罗斯福在驾驭和控制紧急情况方面表现了高超的应变能力，而这种能力是任何一个政治家难能可贵的品质。
3. By the first evening, the number of Germans on the island had been more than doubled, and was progressively reinforced --- by parachute drop, by glider, and, from the second evening outward, by troop carriers. 第一天晚上，岛上的德国人增加了一倍以上，并且不断用空投和滑翔机增援，从第二天晚上起，还用运输机来增援。
4. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
5. He, amply provided with liberal accomplishments, and bound, if he kept the straight road, to attain all distinctions, was goaded by a spirit of haste, which impelled him to outpace first his equals, then his superiors, and finally his own ambitions: an infirmity fatal to many, even of the good, who, disdaining the sure and slow, force a premature success, though destruction may accompany the prize. 他才华横溢，如果坚持走正道，就一定能得到一切荣誉，但是急躁情绪促使他首先想超过与他同等
地位的人，接着又想超过地位比他高的人，最后想超过自己的野心，这是许多人的致命弱点，甚至一些优秀人物也在所难免，他们不屑于稳固升迁，强求过早的成就功名，即使功名到手，随即就身败名裂，也在所不惜。
6. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generations back 36 years. 难怪老一代的许多人见到这件东西就会想起36年前的往事。
7. But I hated Sakamote, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestor. 但是我恨坂本，并预感到他肯定会领着我们去见祖先（送死）。
8. This is a consequence of allowing people to play a fulfilling role in the direction of their lives. 这是由于让人们在处理自己生活方面有所作为的结果。
9. Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point, US insistence on the right to make on site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal. 到1972年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切势力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权观察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。（名→动）
10. The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。（形→动）
11. Party officials worked long hours on meagre food in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。（介→动）12. He said he did not know whether the Russians were ready for a showdown. 他说他不知道俄国人是否准备摊派。（名→动）
13. Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe. 丘吉尔劝说罗斯福把在欧洲开辟第二战场的时间拖延下去。（名→动）14. Newspaper articles are inspired about the President’s very good health. 报纸被授意说，总统的健康状况良好。（形→动）
15. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得他的性命。（形→动）
16. Winston was a very classes person. 温斯顿最不讲究人家的社会等级。（形→动）
17. Formality has always characterized their relationships. 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。（名→动）
18. Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。（动→名）
19. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。（形→名）
20. The US objected that North Korea was not a member of the UN. 美国反对的理由是北朝鲜不是联合国成员国。（形→名）
21. The new treaty would be good for ten years. 这个新条约的有效期为十年。（形→名）
22. Official Cairo is taking pains to create impressions as if its relations with the East have remained untouched. 开罗官方千方百计想制造一种印象，好像他同东方国家的关系仍然没有受到影响。（形→名）
23. The paper said editorially that Mc. Millan has stolen the western leadership during Dulles’ absence. 这家报纸的社论说，麦克米伦在多伦斯卧病时窃走西方领导权。
24. At the thought of the mishap his legs stiffened under him and couldn’t move a step further. 一想到这场灾难，两脚就发直，再也挪不动一步了。（名→动）
25. One after another, the speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。（名→动）
26. Why does he say nothing about the total absence from his list of poems about the Paris Commune? 在他开列的清单中，根本没有有关巴黎公社的诗歌，对此他为何只字不提？（名→动）
27. He taught us the value of a dollar, took us to church, made us mind. 他教导我们要珍惜每一个美元，带我们去教堂做礼拜，叫我们要听话。
28. Nuclear warfare would leave no time for the old-style mobilization of the armed forces. 核战争不让你有时间照老样子按部就班去动员武装部队。（名→动）
29. Food didn’t complain about his press reviews. 福特没有抱怨报界对他的评论。
30. Now, ten years later, she has gained her master’s degree from Harvard’s school of Education and is finally off welfare. 十年过去了，她获得了哈佛大学教育学院的硕士学位，最终摆脱了救济。
31. Hilles was reluctant to accept the post, and with reason. Hilles很不情愿接受了这个职位，他这样做是有道理的。
32. Colonel House was between the sheets by eleven. 豪斯上校十一点正在被窝里。
33. He said the meeting was informative. 他说这个会议传递了很多信息。
34. Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods? 在美国人因卖不出自己的产品而失业之际，我们为什么还要进口外国货呢？
35. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant but soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。（形→名）
36. The Wilde family were religious. 王尔德全家是虔诚的教徒。
37. Because he had stuck a boss, he was blacklisted and lost his job at the fertilizer works. 他由于打了一个工头，被列入黑名单，不能在化工厂工作了。
38. Numerous abstentions marked the election. 法国人选举的特点是许多人弃权。
39. He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise. 他的动机是达成一个协议。
40. It was officially announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union. 官方宣布他们就向苏联回信的问题取得一致的意见。
41. Gorki has deep sympathy in the insulted and the injured. 高尔基对受辱的人何受伤害的人怀着深深的同情。
42. They signed two agreements that server to warm up the atmosphere of their relations. 他们签订了两个协议，目的是使他们之间的关系热乎起来。
43. He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem. 他注意到两国在柏林问题上是非常一致的。(→形容词)
44. The spokesman admitted the feasibility of the American proposals. 发言人承认美国的建议是可取的。
45. In Europe, Heath’s name was well known, if not a household word. 在欧洲，希思的名字纵然不是家喻户晓，也该是很响亮的。
46. As he is a perfect stronger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要帮助。
47. The security and the warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室即安全又温暖，真是好极了。
48. We took brief, restless maps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague. 我们一会儿打盹，一会儿醒来，焦急不安，竭力想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播。
49. It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. 这篇文章清楚明白，心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。
50. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要发现有反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力何风趣把他争取过来。
（二）逆序法
51. Her first impulse was to go around all the rooms, looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have some one with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement. 她的第一个反应就是把所有的房子逐一检查，找出窃贼，但她又想，自己上了年纪，要是有人一起那就更为稳妥，所以她就从地下室找了一个守门人来。
52. If she had long lost the blue-eyed, flower-licked charm, the cool slim purity of face and form, the apple blossom colouring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashust twenty-six years ago, she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion, whose cheeks were faintly mottled, and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness. 如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的，花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那和玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色——二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特——那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠诚的伴侣，不过面颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而灰蓝的眼睛也有点儿饱满了。
53. If parents were prepared for this adolesent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgement, they would not be so hard, and therefore would not drive the child into. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备，而且认为这样显示出孩子们正在形成宝贵的观察力、判断力，那么他们就不会如此苛刻，也就不会因为对此有愤恨和反对的情绪。
54. And it is only a part probably a relatively minor part of the more serious and vastly greater problem of the maintenance of the genetic health of the human species. 这是保持人体基因健康这个重大问题的一部分，而且很可能是很小的一部分。55. And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take ever the outlying regions because of the stiff resistence that gets in the way. 由于受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。
56. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was
born. 他出生于这类人中间，出生在这种地方，有这样的母亲。这些要是让她知道了的话，他知道该有多丢人。
57. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world, they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼，害死我们的家禽家畜，结果使我们不能生存在世。
58. Great, therefore was the rejoicing throughout Egypt when a traveller down the River Nile declared he was court physician to the King of a far country and would gladly, if he was allowed, examine the eyes of the blind man. 这时，有个从尼罗河下游来的游客，声称他是远方国家的御医，并且说如果受治，他将非常乐意为国王诊治眼睛，因此，整个埃及，举国上下，一片欢腾。
59. There was great excitement through out the village, and on the top of the hill the people stood, holding their sides with laughter, as they watched the star Gazer truded bravely along the valley with his bundle at the end of his stick. 全村都哄动起来了，人们站在山顶上，看看望星人，手杖末端系着包裹，勇敢地跋涉于山谷间，不由地捧腹大笑。
（三）分译
60. When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters. 史密斯先生喝醉以后，常常打老婆和女儿；第二天，带着头痛发牢骚，抱怨世人不能赏识他的才华。他痛骂同行的画家都是糊涂蛋。话很尖刻，但有时也很有道理。
61. Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards. 幸好这喊声吵醒了我妻子，正当警察爬上来抓我时，我的妻子就把窗户打开了。
62. Finally, sparing neither labour nor expense, I succeeded in constructing for myself so excellent and instrument that objects seen by means of it appeared nearly one thousand times larger, and over thirty times closer, than when observed with our natural vision. 最后，我既不遗余力又不惜工本，为自己成功地制造了一台仪器。用这台仪器看到的物体与用肉眼看的相比，放大了近千倍，距离近了三十多倍。
63. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greastest place which a prsident ever has it in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his own spirit. 总统把他能力范围内所能给的最高职位给了他最强大而又最卓越的对手，这正是他本人高尚品质的最好证明。
64. The pale old man was calmly sitting in the convenient little back room which the household was taught to call his study, when the smiling face of the housemaid appeared at the door, holding a ship of paper in her hand. 那位老人正从容地坐在不方便的小后室里，他叫家人把这房间叫做书斋，这时，女仆的笑脸出现在门边，她手里拿着一张便条。
65. He knew that his papa had been an Englishman, because his mama had told him so; but then his papa had died when he was so little a boy that he could not remember very much about him, except that he was big, and had blue eyes and a long moustache, and that was a splendid thing to be carried about the room on his shoulder. 他知道他
爸爸是个英国人，因为妈妈这样告诉过他。但他很年幼时，爸爸就去世了。关于爸爸的事，他能记起来的也不多了，他只记得爸爸身材高大，长着一对蓝色的眼睛，一撮长胡子，爸爸把他扛在肩上，在房间里兜圈子，这是一件很有趣的事。（四）综合
66. At this time Mrs. Thatcher perhaps less embarrassed by those who dubbed her reactionary than by an effusive article by Mr. Godrey Wonn which compared her with the queen----the same flawless complexion----at the mention of which she still winces, though when read now it looks harmless enough and was indeed well written. 那时，有人骂撒切尔夫人为反动分子，她或许对此并不感到难堪，使她难堪的倒是哥德雷威尔先生的一篇热情洋溢的文章。这篇文章把同伊丽莎白女王相比----说她的容貌同样完美无瑕----尽管这篇文章现在读起来无伤大雅，也确实写得好，但一旦提到它，她也许会感到难为情的。
67. In that infinitesimal fraction of time, inconceivable and immerasurable, during which the first atomic bomb converted a small part of its matter into the greatest burst of energy released on earth up to that time, Prometheus had broken his bends and brought a new fire down to earth., a fire three million times more powerful than the original fire he snatched from the gods for the benefit of man some five hundred thousand years ago. 在无法想象的刹那间，普罗米修斯挣脱了锁链又把新的火种送到了人间，这时，第一颗原子弹爆炸时把他屋子的一小部分化为地球上迄今为止所能释放出来的最大的能量，这个新火种与大约50年前普罗米修斯为了造福人类而从天庭盗走的旧火种，其威力要大约300 万倍。
68. But without Adolf Hitler, who was possed of a demoniac personality, a grantie will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and--until toward the end, when drunk with power success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. (P156) 然而，如果没有阿道夫·希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。因为阿道夫·希特勒有着恶魔般的性格，花岗石般的意志、不可思议的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。这种判断力最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。
（五）移就法
69. As we topped the hill, the clouds lifted and the harbor looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and half-lights. The color of pale pearl grey and a fairy texture, quite indescribable and unpaintable. The air crisp and fresh. This article scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition. Soft, melting half-tones. Nothing brittle or garish. 我们登上山顶，云消雾散，只见海港围成半圆形的小屋中，朦朦胧胧，非常美丽。这一带充满着珍珠似的银灰色，宛若仙境，难以形容，也难以描绘，空气清新宜人。这北极地区景色之美，同传统的圣诞节卡片形成鲜明对照，它淡淡交融，光影柔和，清雅绝俗。
70. The years season in the sun has run its course. Nature begins to prepare for winter. After the color in the woodlands. The leaves will blanket the soil. The litter of autumn will become mulch, the humus for root and tender seed. The agency of growth is ended for another year but life is hound in root and bulb and seed and egg. 阳光下九月健步走完它的旅程。大自然开始迎接冬季，层林褪色，树叶凋零，大地铺盖着
厚茧，秋白的馈赠覆盖在天地上，沃土滋养着根茎和幼嫩的种子。生长的冲动终止了，静待来年，但是生命却长生于根茎子丸之中，永无止期。
（六）四字词组
71. Every good soldier will be silent and attentive – wait for orders, and reserve his fire until he is sure of doing execution. 每一位优秀士兵都将枕戈待旦，整装待命，一旦出击必歼强敌。
72. The seasons came and went and they revolved around Joshua. He was the centre of Jennifer’s world. Sh e watched him grow and develop day by day and it was a never-ending wonder as he began to walk and talk and reason. His moods changed constantly and he was in turn, wild and aggressive and shy and loving. (Rage of Angels)寒来暑去，冬去春来，一年四季仿佛围绕着乔舒亚转。在她眼皮底下，他一天天长大起来，看着他蹒跚学步，咿呀学语，逐渐懂事，她天天都感到惊喜不已。他的情绪变化无常，时而凶野，咄咄逼人，时而羞涩，逗人喜爱。
73. As I must therefore conclude that you are not serious in your rejection of me, I shall attribute it to your wish of increasing my love by suspense, according to the usual practice of elegant females. (Pride and Prejudice)因此我不得不认为你不是真的拒绝我，而是仿效一般高贵妇人的通例，欲擒故纵，想让我更加爱你。
74. Forms leaned together in the taxis as they waited, and voices sang, and there was laughter from unheard jokes, and lighted cigarettes outlined unintelligible gestures inside.(Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatesby)那些坐在出租车里等待开车的人影影影绰绰地依偎在一起，他们情话绵绵，虽不知在窃窃私语什么，却可以听到她们的嬉笑声，还可看见点燃的香烟头在一闪一闪地跳动，至于她们的手势表示什么意思，那就不得而知了。
75. He became engaged to Isabel. This was no surprise to Mrs. Bradley since they had been inseparable for years and one knew that Isabel was in love with him. 他同Isabel 已订婚，这对Mrs. Bradley来说不足为奇，因为他们耳鬓厮磨了多年，并且人们都知道。
76. Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting.
可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑。（译文并没有将"hoping and beating"简单地译为"盼望着、跳动着"，而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情人的心情，使人如见其人、如听其声，产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。）
77.They were the strangest pair at such a time that ever firelight shone upon. Mr. Dombey so erect and solemn, gazing at the blaze; his little image, with an old, old face, peering into the red perspective with the fixed and rapt attention of a sage. Mr. Dombey entertaining complicated worldly schemes and plans; the little image entertaining Heaven knows what wild fancies, half-formed thoughts, and wandering speculations. Mr. Dombey stiff with starch and arrogance; the little image by inheritance, and in unconscious imitation. The two so very much alike, and yet so monstrously contrasted. 在这种时刻，他们真是炉火照射过的最奇怪的一对。Mr. Dombey带着器宇轩昂、一本正经的神情凝视着火焰，酷象他的小家伙，有一副老气而又老成的脸孔，象一个指人似的目不转睛，全神贯注地窥视着沉沉的火光画面，Mr. Dombey满脑子求财图利的复杂计划，小家伙满脑子天才知道的一大堆荒诞念头。
78. It seemed to me the next morning, as I lay in bed, looking at the wall, at the light coming in at the window, as Maxim’s empty bed, that there was nothing quite so showing as a marriage that had failed. Failed after three months as mine had done. For I no longer made any effort to pretend. Last night had shown me too well. My marriage was a failure. We were not companions. I was too young for Maxim, too inexperienced, and worse still, I was not of his worked. Even Mrs. Hooper had known it. I’m afraid you will regret it. I believe you are making a big mistake. I wouldn’t listen to her. I thought she was hard and cruel. But she was right. “Don’t imagine that he was in love with you! He’s lonely. He can’t bear the great empty house. That’s all.”It was true! Maxim was not in love with me. He didn’t belong to me at all, he belonged to Rebecca. She was in the house still, as Mrs. Dawers had said, and he would never love me, because of her. 翌日早晨…，装模作样…匹配良缘（不般配）…，心知肚明…，铸成大错，大错特错，…置若罔闻，…冷酷无情，…被不幸言中，…孤独寂寞，人去楼空，耐不住…，仅此而已，确是如此，千真万确，果然如此，…由于他心里还装着前妻，他决不爱我。
Exercises
一、扎实的功底
英汉笔译工作并非易事。初学者自不必说，即使是多年的老手，也常在难句面前煞费踌躇。不查词典的人是没有的，不起草稿的人是不多的，不出错误的人也很罕见。英汉笔译工作之难在于三个方面，一是英文理解难，二是中文表达难，三是知识掌握难。
英文理解难
这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉。其之所以如此，是因为中国与英国相隔万里，历史、文化不同，风俗习惯不同；汉语和英语各属一大语系，它们各有自己的起源和发展过程，可以主没有丝毫的“亲属关系”。一个句子，在英美人看来顺理成章，在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒，断断续续，别扭透了。例如：
1. Mossolini, hard pressed by Sanctions, and under the very heavy threat of “fifty nations led by one”, would, it was whispered, welcome a compromised o f Abyssinia.
人们私下议论说，墨索里尼受到了制裁的巨大压力，又在“由一个国家领导的五十个国家”[按：指国联]的严重威胁之下，他是会欢迎在阿比西尼亚事件上实行和解的。
这一句话若按照英文句式翻译下来，会成为零零碎碎，读起来上气不接下气的句子：
墨索里尼，受到制裁的巨大压力，又在“由一个国家领导的的五十个国家”的严重威胁之下，将要，人们私下议论说，欢迎在阿比西尼亚事件上实行和解。
2. Roosevelt, said Sumner Welles, a close observer at the time, demonstrated the ultimate capacity to dominate and control supreme emergency, which is the rarest and most valuable characteristic of any statesman.
当时一位密切注视形势的观察家萨姆纳·威尔斯说，罗斯福表现了驾驭和控制最紧急事件的高超能力，这种能力在任何政治家身上都是难能可贵的品质。
一句话31个词，四次被切断，主语和谓语被两个插入语隔开。若照英文形式翻译下来，就是这样一句难懂的句子：
罗斯福，萨姆纳·威尔斯说，他当时是一位密切注视形势的观察家，表现了最高超的能力，足以驾驭和控制最紧急的事件，这在任何政治家身上都是最少见的、最宝贵的品质。
3. Withdrawal from and neutralization of Germany would be disastrous, Acheson warned, for, as he had once remarked, without American troops “to monitor the continued integration of Germany into the West, we should be continually haunted by the spectre of a sort of new Nazi-soviet Agreement.”
艾奇逊警告说，无论是从德国撤军还是让德国中立化，都会带来灾难性的后果，其道理正如他曾经说过的，要是没有美军“监督德国与西方国家一体化，我们就会不断碰到一种新的德苏条约的幽灵”。
这一句话将从句放在开头。主句Acheson warned刚说出口，便又插入for, 这是用来申述从句“无论是从德国撤军还是让德国中立化，都会带来灾难性结果”的原因的。但这个for刚一出现，又插入as he had once remarked, 来说明这个原因是“他曾经说过的”。这样剖析以后，without American troops…这后半句便容易理解了。
还有一种句子虽然没有被许多标点符号打断，是整整一块，但是有些组成部分之间的排列显得不同寻常，理解起来颇为费事：
4. Tito’s growing military strength raised in a inc reasingly acute form the ultimate position of the Yugoslav monarchy and the exiled Government.
铁托的军事力量在不断增强，这使南斯拉夫君主政体和流亡政府的最后地位问题日益尖锐地突出了。
X铁托的军事力量以日益尖锐的形式发展起来，它使南斯拉夫君主政体和流亡政府陷入最后的局面。
这一句话的主、谓语是strength raised, 倒不难确定。这个raised 是一
个及物动词，它应有一个宾语，但这个宾语position却被一个介词短语（用作状语）in an increasingly acute form隔开，因此容易产生误解，以为raised 是一个不及物动词，从而是使the ultimate position及其后的文字部分无法读通。
5. It was no burden to me but a relief to dictate from my general body of knowledge acquired at the summit full explanations to one I know as well.
我根据我在最高的地位上所获得的全部知识来对一位我所深知的人说明情况，这并非是一种负担，反而使我如释重负。
在一上句话中，It 是个形式主语，它所代替的真正主语是不定式to dictate, to dictate的宾语是full explanations, 在它们中间插入了from my general body of knowledge acquired at the summit, 这个插入的状语相当长，而且未用任何标点。
二、中文的表达
创作有创作的艰难，它需要酝酿、构思；写三千字，一删删掉两千五，甚至全部推倒重来；一篇文章，一部作品，三易其稿，五易其稿，是常事。翻译不用费那么大的功夫，却有另一种难处。一个词，一句话，创作时写不出，或表现不好，可以另外找词，另换表现方法。翻译则不成，原文如此，你想避开，那是失职，译不出也还得译。所以鲁迅先生说，创作难，翻译也不易。翻译并不比随便的创作容易。为了想一个名词或动词，往往“一直弄到头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。”鲁迅这番话真是经验之谈。
中文表达之难还在于找到了确切的词以后，还要把句子弄得通顺流畅。麻烦的是，英语句子往往是嘀哩嘟噜一大串。按照中文习惯把它译得文从字顺，这可不是简单的事。有时似乎是两者不可兼得，符合愿意了又不大通顺，中文通顺了又有一两个零件没处安放。遇到这种情况，翻译人员自然更感到不比一般的创作轻松了。
6. The soldiers, embittered by the memory of hardships undergone and battle so often hoped for against the elusive foe, took every man his fill of revenge and blood.
士兵们想到自己曾经吃过的苦头，又想到这是一次早就希望要同那些神出鬼没的敌人进行的战斗，他们憋了一肚子火，因此作战是第一个人都尽情地进行报复和杀戮。
主语soldiers和谓语took之间插了很长的一句话。Embittered是一个过去分词，说明士兵们被memory即回忆中的那些事情所苦，可译成“憋了一肚子火”。他们想到的是两件事情：过去吃过的苦头；早就想同敌人进行的战斗。The soldiers took every man his fill of revenge and blood是这句话的主体，不好译。为了与前面回忆的事情区别开来，为了“作战时”三个字。Revenge比较好译：“报复”；blood则用字典上“杀戮”的释义；take one’s fill of 意为“尽情地进行杀戮和报复”。
7. He, amply provided with liberal accomplishments, and bound, if he kept the straight road, to attain all distinctions, was goaded by a spirit of haste, which impelled him to outpace first his equals, then his superiors, and finally his own ambitions: an infirmity fatal to many, even of the good, who disdaining the sure and slow, force a premature success, though destruction may accompany the prize.
他是个很有才能的人，如果走正路的话，一定能够得到一切荣誉。但是急躁情绪促使他首先想超过与他同等身份的人，接着又想超过比他地位高的人，最后竟想超过他自己的野心：这是许多人的致命弱点，甚至优秀的人物也在所难免，他们不屑于稳步迁升，强求过早地成就功名，但是功名到手，郁怒就会身败名裂了啊。
一句话，66个英文单词，用了14个标点符号。主语he和谓语was goaded 之间隔了4个逗号，17个单词，其中有分词provide引导的短语，有形容词bound 引导的定语成分，bound后面又插进了一个从句。在谓语was goaded后面，介词短语by是用于说明这个谓语的，后面又跟了一个which从句，是修饰spirit 的。冒号之后并不是一句完整的话，只是infirmity一个词，fatal to many是用来修饰它的。Who又是用来说明many的，这个who引来了一个从句——细藤上结了一个大瓜，后面还跟了一个连接副词though引导的从句呢。
三、言外知识
知识掌握难
翻译工作者必须有丰富的知识。你不是搞古代历史的，但有可能要你去译一本古代历史书，或者在你翻译的一篇经济论文中插有一段古代历史。你不是搞国际问题的，却有可能要你去译一篇国际关系的文章，或者你正在翻译的文艺作品会涉及某些国际知识。翻译不比其他专业，它的疆域并不固定。你翻译的文章或书籍，其内容可能涉及到极为广阔的知识领域：历史、地理、哲学、文学、自然科学、社会生活、风土人情，而且多半是一般人不太熟悉的外国的事情。写这篇文章或这本书的作者，在动笔时并不考虑翻译上的技术问题而缩小他们所谈及的
知识范围，也许他正以知识渊博而怡然自得呢。他海阔天空地写文章，你就得跟着他，把意思译出来，不海阔天空也不行。例如：
8. In March 1959, Kassim destroyed the shell of the Baghdad Pact by formally withdrawing.
1959年3月，卡塞姆正式退出巴格达条约，从而使这个组织破了外壳。
巴格达条约以其总部设在伊拉克首都巴格达而得名。卡塞姆宣布伊拉克退出巴格达条约以后，这个条约组织改名为中央条约组织，因此这里说“使这个组织破了外壳”。这句话若是译成“从而使这个组织解体”，便不确切，因为它并未解体，只是改了名字。
9. Naturally, a child of both worlds, am conscious of these.
作为新旧两个世界的后裔，我当然意识到这些关系。
作者丘吉尔的母亲是美国人，所以他自称是新旧两个大陆的后裔。若是不了解这个背景，很容易误译成“当然，作为了解两个世界的人，我是懂得这些的。”
10. Ethiopia’s betrayal left American internationalists in sea of uncertainty and despondency. Isolationists jeered that once again Uncle Sam had been gulled by European diplomats.
埃塞俄比亚的被出卖使美国的国际派陷于迷惘与消沉之中，孤立派揶揄说，山姆大叔这回又上欧洲外交家们的当啦。
这句话里betrayal一词可以解释为“被出卖”，又可以解释成“出卖”。翻译时如何确定其含义，需要“知识”。这里说的是意大利侵略埃塞俄比亚，英法等国的绥靖主义者对侵略者搞妥协，出卖了埃塞俄比亚。因此这句话里的betrayal只能译成“被出卖”。此外，这句话里的internationalists, isolationists, Uncle Sam等词要译得准确，也需要一定的知识。
我们谈了翻译的这些困难，目的在于强调翻译研究的重要意义。各行各业都有攻关的任务，各行各业都有研究工作的必要，各行各业都有规律可寻，翻译工作也不例外。当然，研究翻译工作，并不想在最后找到翻译各种句型、各种体裁、风格文章的公式；找到这样的公式是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，我们可以比较找到这样的公式是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，我们可以比较英汉词句结构、语法特点、表现方式的异同，比较两种文字的种种翻译方法，研究翻译工作中应该注意的事项及如何避免缺点和错误，探索翻译的新技巧、新门径。我们通过总结经验、交换意见、互相借鉴、互相学习，不断改进工作，就可以使翻译这朵花开得更加鲜艳多姿
四、直译
专业英语翻译教案
浙江师范大学 外国语学院 课程大纲及教案 专业名称：英语专业 课程名称：《翻译》（1） 主导教材：毛荣贵《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》所属课程组：翻译组 课程负责人： 适用年级：英语专业本科2003级200 5 —200 6 学年第一学期
翻译（1）（2）课程大纲 一、课程概况 课程名称：翻译 课程类别：专业基础课课程编号：030903081，030903082 学分：4 学时：68 开课学期：五、六 二、课程教学目标和要求 1、[教学目标] 通过本课程的教学，帮助学生有效提高翻译实践能力和理论认识，达到高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对其翻译能力的基本要求，即：能运用翻译理论与技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，译文忠实、流畅，译速每小时250-300个英文单词汉字，使之可以胜任未来的中学英语教学以及其他涉及翻译能力的工作。 2、[课程要求] 本课程为系列专业基础课，由英译汉和汉译英组成，要求学生按顺序修读。为达到课程教学的目的，采用讲练结合的方式，布臵相当数量的课后作业要求学生按时按量完成，并积极参与课堂讨论。 三、教学内容与教学安排 1、[教学内容要点] 本课程教学以实践为主，理论为辅，重点是翻译技巧的介绍与练笔，翻译内容涉及各类文体、各个领域。课程安排按照讲练结合的原则展开，帮助学生有步骤有针对性地训练翻译的基本技能。通过大量的练习和讲评，强化学生对不同文本语体特点和翻译原则的认识，为其将来从事翻译工作或运用英语作为工作语言打下坚实的双语转换实践基础。 2、[教学安排] 本课程教学依据教学大纲，安排在本科三年级上、下两学期进行，共计68学时，其中36学时为英译汉，32学时为汉译英，每周2学时。教学计划允许授课教师在具体操作中有一定的灵活度，但至少应包含以下3部分的主题内容： 1)翻译概述（含翻译的标准、原则、过程、中外翻译简史及翻译名家的主要观点等）； 2)翻译技巧讲练（介绍主要的英汉互译技巧，结合学生的练笔进行讲评）； 3)多视角的翻译实践与研究（不同领域的翻译实践及其操作原则与技巧，如外来词 翻译、报刊标题及新闻翻译、旅游翻译、科技翻译、广告翻译、文化与翻译等； 在实践的基础上开始涉猎翻译的前沿理论，提高学生对翻译的理性认识，目的在 于训练其解决问题的探索能力，为其将来从事翻译实践或理论研究开辟一个窗 口）。 四、教材及主要参考资料 教材： 毛荣贵：《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版 毛荣贵：《新世纪大学汉英翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版
《英汉翻译课程教学大纲》
英汉翻译课程教学大纲 一、课程的目的和任务 《英汉翻译教程》和《汉英翻译教程》的教学目的和任务是，从英译汉和汉译英的一般规律和原则出发，围绕翻译的基本理论、英汉异同的对比以及翻译实践中成功或失败的实例，介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析、各类文体的语言特点以及不同翻译方法，向学生传授基本的翻译理论和常用方法、技巧，通过反复实践培养学生汉英翻译基本技能。通过学习，学生能够熟练地运用已掌握的英语基本语法和词汇等知识，忠实、准确、通顺、完整地将汉语句子、段落和短文译成英语，并对文化差异有着较强的敏感性，能够较好地处理英汉互译中具有民族特色的形象、比喻等，胜任一般性的政治、经济、文化、科技、应用文等的翻译工作。同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义。 适当补充口译实践，训练学生在政治、经济、文化等方面的能力，并提高学生的政策水平和涉外工作能力。 二、课程的基本要求 《英汉翻译教程》和《汉英翻译教程》课程的教学分为翻译方法和技巧训练阶段和短文翻译两个阶段，其分别要求是： １、翻译方法和技巧训练阶段的基本要求： （1）、词汇： 掌握10000－12000 个词汇以及这些单词构成的常用词组；正确而熟练地使用其中5000－6000 个词 汇及最常用的搭配，能够运用到汉英互译中。 （2）语法： 熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想，侧重语法结构在翻译过程中的理解和应用。 （3）阅读能力： 能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评，理解文章大意，分辨事实与细节；能读懂有一定难度的 历史传记及文学作品，理解其真实含义；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点，语篇结构，语言特点和修辞手法。 （4）翻译能力： 能借词典将文字资料译成理解正确、表达准确、译文连贯通顺具一定修辞手段的规范语句，写译的速度达到每小时250－300 词。 2. 短文翻译阶段的基本要求： （1）词汇 1
最新商务英语翻译课程教学大纲
商务英语翻译课程教学大纲 课程编码： 03050262406课程性质：专业方向课 课时： 36（20+16）学分：2 开课学期：第5学期先修课程：基础英语 适用专业：商务英语专业 课程简介： 《商务英语翻译》课程是为培养“英语+专业”的应用型涉外人才而设置，从英汉两种语言在表达上的差异入手，旨在通过向学生传授基本的翻译理论和技巧，并结合大量的实践训练，培养学生的翻译能力，从而提高其英语综合运用能力，并使学生能够胜任国际贸易中出现的各类实用文体以及简单的文字翻译工作。 一、课程教学目标 本课程以培养学生的翻译能力为目标，旨在使商务英语专业学生掌握和运用一些基本的翻译理论；能够在一些参考书的辅助下，熟练翻译名片、商标、标识、公司简介、产品说明、广告等商务英语方面的资料；能够掌握常见的组织机构的翻译方式；能够运用所学翻译技巧熟练翻译各类公关文稿；能够正确翻译商务信函和单证材料；能够正确熟练翻译各种常见商务报告，译文达意，格式恰当；能够辨识一些商务文本存在的翻译问题和错误。在大量实例训练中锻炼学生在商务语境下有效进行英汉、汉英互译、正确传达信息、顺畅开展交流的能力。 二、课程重点、难点 该课程教学重点是英语商务文本汉译的基本知识、理论和方法，难点是专业外贸知识及专业术语；跨文化交际理论与实践 三、整体课时分配
四、课程内容安排 （一）Unit1 Business Cards 主要内容：英汉名片的互译、设计和正确运用中英文商务名片、商务英语翻译中遵循正确的翻译原则 教学要求：帮助学生初步了解商务名片的互译特点与原则 其它教学环节：案例教学 （二）Unit 2 Signs 主要内容：商务环境中的常见中英文标识、中英文标识的语言特点及其常见翻译技巧 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境中的常见中英文标识，掌握常见翻译技巧 重点、难点：商务环境中的直译法和意译法 其它教学环节：情景教学 （三）Unit 3 Trademarks 主要内容：识别中英文商标、商标的翻译、转译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解中英文商标的翻译 重点、难点：商标翻译中的转译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （四）Unit 4 Organizations 主要内容：识别组织机构名称、外来词翻译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境下常见的组织机构名称与外来词翻译 重点、难点：织机构名称 其它教学环节：交互教学 （五）Unit 5 Company Introductions 主要内容：公司简介翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握被动语态、名词从句、定语从句、状语从句和长句的拆合、转译。 重点、难点：长句的拆译，各类从句的转译 其它教学环节：案例教学 （六）Unit 6 Product Descriptions & Advertisement 主要内容：产品介绍的翻译和广告 教学要求：帮助学生掌握运用反译法进行英汉互译 重点、难点：反译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （七）Unit 7 Business Contracts 主要内容：商务合同的翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握商务合同常见术语和句式、正确翻译常见合同文本、长句的处理
汉英翻译教案
汉英翻译教案 I 提示 ·原文来源 林庚、冯沅君主编，1980年，《中国历代诗歌选》（下编二）。北京：人民文学出版社。 ·译文来源 < 1 >译文1为翁显良译，选自翁显良，1985年，《古诗英译》。北京：北京出版社。 < 2 >译文2、3选自吕俊、侯向群编著，2001年，《英汉翻译教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。 <3>译文4为Schlepp译，见黄国文《从<天净沙? 秋思>的 英译文看“形式对等”的重要性》。《中国翻译》2003年第2期。 <4>译文5为丁祖馨&Burton Raffel译，见黄国文《从<天净 沙? 秋思>的英译文看“形式对等”的重要性》。《中国翻译》2003年第2期。 ·语体特征与翻译策略 < 1 >篇章本单元为一首曲，作者马致远（1250-1323）是
元代戏曲家，但散曲更著名。《天净沙?秋思》不仅是 他的代表作和元朝散曲小令中的杰作，也是脍炙人口、历代传诵的名篇。全曲描写一个秋暮行人的见闻与心 情，情景均嫌衰飒。 < 2 >句式曲，源于民间，属于可以合乐歌唱的长短句，是诗词发展到元代的新的文学形式。曲和诗词的区别 是：曲没有字数限制，而诗词是有字数限制的。不过 在句式结构上，曲与诗词一样，句式结构多为名词或 名词词组，很少使用完整的简单句或复合句，这是因 为在短的篇幅中“要舒展相当丰富的想象，不能不力 求简洁，凡可以省去而不至于影响语意的字，往往都 从省略。”（王力.2002：261）由于多种原因而省略 去主语、谓语或其他成分，或是介词或是连词，但是 所省略的部分究竟是什么，往往又是很难确定的；即 便如此，诗句的大意还是容易猜着的；诗人以大意的 表达为满足。（王力.2002：270）所以在这个意义上，汉语的意合性在诗/词/曲的运用中达到极至。汉语是 一种诗歌式语言。 < 3 >语义散曲是一种吟唱，用韵密，几乎是句句押韵，而且不准换韵，一韵到底。散曲用词也比较口语化， 整体上的语言都是朴素新鲜的。 < 4 >翻译策略传统的翻译研究中有这样一种倾向，即重
英语翻译教程 温秀颖授课教案
教案 使用教材：英语翻译教程 授课课名：翻译理论与实践 授课课号：1220010261 授课教师：温秀颖 授课年级：2005级 授课专业：英语语言文学 授课学年度：2007—2008学年度（第1学期）授课日期： 2007年9月——2008年1月 外国语学院 2007年9月
教学大纲 课程名称：翻译理论与实践 课程编号：1220010261 学时：72 学分：4 开课学期：第五学期、第六学期 课程类别：必修 课程性质：专业必修课 先修课程：无 教材：21世纪高校英语专业基础课系列教材《英语翻译教程》。为了适应新时代的需要和新大纲对翻译教学的新要求，选用由南开大学出版社出版的该教材，注意到既讲翻译技巧，也强调翻译理论；在讲理论时对各种理论采取兼收并蓄的方针，尽可能反映本学科领域的研究状况和成果，培养学生在理论上继承批判的学风。本教材以优秀的、具有一定代表性的译文赏析为线索，突出翻译的实践性，既讲翻译技巧，也讲翻译理论。 一、课程的性质、目的及任务 本课程是英语专业高年级专业必修课。旨在传授基本的翻译知识及常用的方法和技巧，通过反复实践培养学生的翻译熟练技能。其以翻译知识为先导，英汉语言的对比为基础，翻译技巧为主干，通过讲解，范文赏析，译文对比，练习和讲评等具体措施为学生打开思路，提高双语的转换能力，使学生们掌握大纲规定的必要的翻译知识与技能。 二、本课程的基本要求 (一) 掌握基本的翻译知识和规律。 (二) 能熟悉汉英语言对比，并掌握常用的翻译技巧。 (三) 对源语应有较强的语感；对两种语言现象差异和文化差异有较强的敏感性，有较强的双语转换能力。
(四) 能翻译相当于英美报刊上中等难度的文章，题材包括日常生活记叙，一般政治、经济、文化方面的论述，科普材料和浅近的文学原著。速度每小时为200—250英文词。译文再现原意，语言通顺。 (五) 能对译例的优劣得失进行适当的评析，从而提高语言分析与综合能力。 三、课程的基本内容 第5学期 Unit 1, Lesson 1; 翻译的概念、分类和译者素质；摸底练习 Unit 1, Lesson 2; 翻译技巧学习：英汉翻译的难点 Unit 1, Lesson 3; 翻译理论学习：中国翻译史简介 Unit 2, Lesson 1; 翻译技巧学习：英汉词汇和句法的异同 Unit 2, Lesson 2; 翻译技巧学习：词的翻译（一） Unit 2, Lesson 3; 翻译理论学习：翻译的标准问题 Unit 3, Lesson 1; 翻译技巧学习：词的翻译（二） Unit 3, Lesson 2; 翻译技巧学习：词的翻译（三） Unit 3, Lesson 3; 翻译理论学习：严复和信、达、雅 Unit 4, Lesson 1; 翻译技巧学习：词的翻译（四） Unit 4, Lesson 3; 翻译理论学习：五四时期的翻译 Unit 5, Lesson 1; 翻译技巧学习：否定的翻译（一） Unit 5, Lesson 2; 翻译技巧学习：否定的翻译（二） Unit 5, Lesson 3; 翻译理论学习：1949到文革前的翻译 第6学期 Unit Six Lesson one，句子的翻译（一）Exercise Unit Six Lesson Two句子和翻译（二）Exercise Unit Six Lesson Three Exercise Unit Seven Lesson One句子的翻译（三）Exercise Unit Seven Lesson Two句子和翻译（四）Exercise Unit Seven Lesson Three西方翻译理论简介（一） Unit Eight Lesson One翻译技巧学习：语篇翻译（一）Exercise
英汉互译一第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案 编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作 课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光 教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班
《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法 （A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches） 1. Introduction Translation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century. In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad. 2.The Origin of Translation Language makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life. Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4). In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, and
《英汉翻译》教学大纲
《英汉翻译》教学大纲 课程编号： 课程名称：英汉翻译 课程模块：三年制英语教育专业的专业方向必选课 课程属性：必修课 学时：总学时为36学时，一学期内上完，每周2课时。 先修课程：综合英语；英语泛读；英语口语；英语听力 适用专业：三年制英语教育专业 成绩考核：考试课 开课教研室：英语教研室 一、课程性质与任务 课程性质：《英汉翻译教程》是英语专业的必修课，教学分配在英语专业二年级进行。 课程任务：《英汉翻译教程》任务是，从英译汉和汉译英的一般规律和原则出发，围绕翻译的基本理论、英汉异同的对比以及翻译实践中成功或失败的实例，介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析、各类文体的语言特点以及不同翻译方法，向学生传授基本的翻译理论和常用方法、技巧，通过反复实践培养学生汉英翻译基本技能。通过学习，学生能够熟练地运用已掌握的英语基本语法和词汇等知识，忠实、准确、通顺、完整地将汉语句子、段落和短文译成英语，并对文化差异有着较强的敏感性，能够较好地处理英汉互译中具有民族特色的形象、比喻等，胜任一般性的政治、经济、文化、科技、应用文等的翻译工作。同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义。适当补充口译实践，训练学生在政治、经济、文化等方面的能力，并提高学生的政策水平和涉外工作能力。 二、课程教学内容、学时安排与要求 第一章翻译概论 【教学目的要求】 通过介绍世界和中国翻译史中理论与实践的发展情况,使学生对翻译标准、翻译基本方法、翻译中的可译性与不可译性等理论与实践问题有初步的了解，认识到翻译工作的重要性。 【教学重点难点】 注意在翻译练习中体现并强调翻译理论的运用。 【教学内容】 翻译的作用与使命，翻译的标准，翻译的方式，笔译与口译，可译性与不可译的补偿，中国翻译史，翻译练习
实用英语翻译教案(1)
实用英语翻译教案 授课专业：商务英语 授课班级： 11商英（1）、（2）、（3） 授课时间：2012年9月-11月 教师姓名：马越
第一讲翻译概述（2课时） Brief Introduction to the English-Chinese Translation 本讲要点 主要介绍翻译的定义、目的、种类、标准、过程以及翻译者的合格条件的一般知识。 一、翻译的定义、目的和种类(The Definition and Purpose of Translation and Its Kinds) 1．翻译的定义(Definition of Translation) 翻译是一种语言活动。涉及两种语言与各种知识，它用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容、感情、风格等忠实地重新表现出来的语言实践活动。这一活动有时在不同国
籍的不同语言之间进行，有时在同一国籍的不同民族或不同区域的语言之间进行，但这种实践活动更多地应用于前者。这一活动进行得好坏也就决定了翻译质量的高低。 同时，翻译被认为是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。一篇译文在定稿之前，一般都要经过许多次修改，才能达到较高的水准。一部名著经常会有数种译本并存。一个译本的反复修改，同一原著的各有千秋的不同译本，都体现了翻译的艺术性。 如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。因为原著的创作不受语言形式的限制，而翻译既要考虑到对原文的忠实，又要按照译文的语言规则来表达原文的思想。从这个意义上来讲，翻译并不比创作容易，有时甚至更难。难度越大，其艺术性也就越高。应该说，翻译是一门永无止境的艺术。 Question: What is translation? Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas, feelings and styles, etc. which have been expressed in another language. 2．翻译的目的(Purpose of Translation) 利用语言这一工具使不同语言的人们能够进行信息交流，这就是翻译的目的。翻译（这里指汉英和英汉翻译）作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译中的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生。通过翻译，对已经掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行依次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在综合运用中得到巩固和提高。学习英语的主要目标是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进英语学习。这是翻译的一种特殊作用。 3．翻译的种类( Kinds of Translation) 从不同角度出发可以对翻译作出以下分类： 1）从出发语和归宿语/目标语角度看，翻译可分为：本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语；(From the source language and the target language, we have translation from native language into foreign language and in turn from foreign language into native language.) 2）从翻译的形式和手段来看，翻译可分为：口译、笔译和机译；(From the translation form or means, we have oral translation, written translation and mechanical translation.) （后者是现代智能科学和现代对比语言学相结合的产物，可望在某些领域代替人工翻译。） 3）从翻译的内容来看，翻译可分为：文学翻译、政治翻译、科技翻译和实用文体翻译等等; (As far as the contents of translation, we have translation of literature, politics and editorials,
实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
1. 翻译的定义 1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary 转换成另一种语言。--《韦氏大词典》 2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois 3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》 翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。 2. 翻译的目的 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。 3. 翻译的历史 1）Translation in Bible On the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world. Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there… Then they said, ―Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.‖And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, ―Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.‖ So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth. 上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。然后，一群无聊人士希望后世记住这个时代，决心合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。上帝恐慌，不希望这个奇观建成，于是让人们分化成不同的语言，令其不能交流。之后，因为沟通不畅，工程被迫放弃，而且人类从此不再团结，因为语言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于沟通问题，经常发生战乱，因此再无力撼动上帝的权威。巴别塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示变乱（人类不再团结）。拜Lord所赐，我们今天要拼命学英语，外国人也要受汉语煎熬。而且，各种分歧，甚至战争，都或多或少由语言文化沟通不良引发。 2) Translation in China Actually the earliest translation can be dated back to ancient time. Versions in two languages used in
汉英翻译教案
汉英翻译教案 【篇一：翻译教案】 使用教材：张培基等编《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2003年 第一讲翻译原则简介 教学目标：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题 教学方法：理论讲授、课堂讨论、翻译练习讲评相结合 重点：1.翻译的定义和内涵(translation is an n art/science/craft?) 2.中国几位翻译家的理论:严复、傅雷、钱钟书、刘重德 3.中国翻译史上的论争：鲁迅—宁信而不顺；梁秋实、赵景深：宁 顺而不信 难点：1.直译与意译 2.归化与异化：归化派代表人物尤金.奈达，异化派代表人物韦努蒂 课时分配：课堂讲授60分钟；课堂小节10分钟；课堂作业20分 钟 教学内容： 1．翻译的定义和内涵：（definition and connotation） translation is an art/ science/craft? 2．中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. the “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。 钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic chinese version for the sake of the chinese reader. 刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness. 阅读本讲全文 课后练习：p.6 第三大题 第二讲翻译的过程 教学目标：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略 教学方法：理论讲授、课堂讨论、翻译练习讲评相结合
《英语翻译》教学大纲
《英语翻译》教学大纲 课程代码： 学时：36学时 学分：2 课程类别：必修课 适用专业：涉外旅游专业 一、课程的性质与目标 课程性质：为专业必修课，是实用性较强的课程。本课程利于涉外旅游专业的学生开拓视野，把文化研究和文化导入纳入翻译学习，提高学习者的双文化洞察力和跨文化的敏感性，旨在培养能用地道英语与海外旅行社进行业务交流，向海外游客介绍中国悠久历史文化和秀丽山水景色，或独立带领国内游客畅游欧、美、澳洲，具有良好表达力及亲和力，具备良好的职业道德意识和熟练的综合职业能力，能适应国际旅游业飞速发展所需的高技能旅游英语人才。 前导课程：英语听说 后续课程：跨文化交际 二、教学基本要求 本课程的主要目标： 1.知识目标：通过教学让学习者了解英汉语言结构对比的要点，在错综复杂的语言现象中学会洞察其各自的特点和表达规律，从理论上理解在某种情况下要采取某一翻译方法和技巧；懂得同一语言现象可以从不同的侧面来考察，采用不同的方法予以解决，加快了解跨文化背景下中西方旅游发展、工作中的知识； 2.能力目标：掌握英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换英汉互译的基本技巧，熟悉翻译中的语用和文化因素，使学生掌握一定的英汉互译技能，具备与海外企业、海外游客交流的能力；在了解东西方文化差异的基础上，具有较强的英语语言表达、人际沟通能力。 3.素质目标：通过对《英语翻译》专业课程理论和技能的学习和培养，让学生更深入地掌握英语，并达到“中英兼修”的目的。理论和实践并重使学生克服对外交流的自
卑感，养成勇于表现、能够承担压力的良好心理素质，有利于提高学生运用英汉语言结构对比的能动性和自觉性，为以后的旅游工作实践打下良好的基础。 三、教学重、难点 了解英汉语言结构对比的要点，在错综复杂的语言现象中学会洞察其各自的特点和表达规律，从理论上理解在某种情况下要采取某一翻译方法和技巧。 四、教学方法： 讲授法、演示法、合作学习法、实际演练法。 五、教学条件 理论教学场所 六、教学内容及学时安排 第一篇英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 （一）形合与意合 教学时数：2 教学目标： 通过课程介绍，理解英语翻译中的形合和意合的概念；掌握英译汉中形合转意合以及汉译英中意合转形合的要领。 教学重点难点： 1.英译汉——形合转为意合； 2.汉译英——意合转为形合。 教学方法：讲授法、讨论法，情景演示法 理论教学内容： 1.何谓形合、意合； 2.英译汉——形合转为意合； 3.汉译英——意合转为形合； 4.关于形合与意合的说明。 （二）主语显著与话题显著 教学时数：2 教学目标： 通过课程学习，掌握英语翻译中英语“主谓结构”转为汉语“话题——评论”结构以及
优秀英汉翻译教案
3.1.1 将单词分译成汉语的句子 1. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. 她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。 她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。 2. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed. 古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。 3. Chairman Mao might have spoken with unders tandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance.” 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。 4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。 3.1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子 1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 2. I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game. 我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。 我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。 3. Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。 4. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law. 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。 5. Their power increased with their number. 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。 3.1.3 将分句译成句子 1. On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。 2. He just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand. 他本可以帮我一把，却偏偏只是站在那儿袖手旁观。 3. Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%. 基础教育是一个关键领域；据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益率为30%。4. Three may keep secret if two of them are dead. 若要三人保密，除非两人死去。 3.2 名词性从句的译法 4. It’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已经走了，那是很可能的。） 他很可能已经走了。 5. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.<
各专业课程英文翻译说课讲解
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理) 生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表 应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology 细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine 生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery 海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology 医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy 口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine 心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology 放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics 运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology 有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences 生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry 生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology 生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology 生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics 生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy 生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia 生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science 生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology 细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing 力学专业 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity
英汉互译在线翻译句子教案资料
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.