美英报刊阅读教程(高级本)(精选版 )教学参考资料

Lesson 1

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D

VI.

1. The three big milestones for America‘s population are the following: 1915 when America‘s population grew to 100 million, 1967 when America‘s population increased to 200 million and 2006 when America‘s population reached 300 million.

2. America‘s recent population growth has been extraordinary. Since 2000 alone, America has added 20 million people. In sharp contrast with America‘s population increase, Europe‘s birth rates have been plunging and Japan‘s population has been shrinking.

3. There are the following three trends: migration to the west and the south, sharp increase of immigrants and fast increase of the over-65 population.

4. The fast growth of the South and the West has been buoyed by immigration, lower costs, and recreational opportunities.

5. The major factor in the population growth is immigration. Since 2000 alone, there has been a 16 percent rise in the number of immigrants living in American households.

6. The most striking difference is the change of the main source. Before 1967, the main source of immigrants was Western Europe. However, after President Johnson signed the Immigration and Naturalization Act in 1965 to stop racial and ethnic quotas for new immigrants, and once the Mexican economy tanked in the 1970s, immigrants from Mexico sharply increased. In Fort Wayne, nearly 80 percent of Hispanics are Mexican. An estimated 12 million undocumented immigrants now live in America.

7. According to the article, the influx of new immigrants has caused the problem of racial tensions.

8. Back in 1990, the median age in America was 22.9 years. But with people having fewer babies, that number started to climb. Lower fertility rates mean older populations. The baby boom caused a brief pause in this movement during the 1950s and 1960s, but the aging trend has since resumed. The median age is up to 36.5 and is expected to rise to 39 by 2030 before leveling off.

9. People like Mayor Bill Saffo consider the senior citizens as a real asset because they are active in the community, and they work part-time and create businesses.

10. Its main attractions are its great beaches, low cost of living and abundant golf courses.

11. The enlarged senior population will overburden Social Security and Medicare, the two largest entitlement programs.

Outline

I. Growth of America‘s population

(1—2)

1. Population growth to 300 million in October, 2006

2. Extraordinary recent growth compared with other countries

II. America‘s population trends and their impacts

(3—4)

1. Three broad trends

a. Migration to the west and the south

b. Sharp increase of immigrants

c. Baby-boomers‘ getting close to retirement age

2. Great impacts of the trends on America‘s culture, politics and economy

III. The new migration: case study of Boise

(5—13)

1. Boise‘s fast development

2. Challenge for city planners

3. Four-decade migration pattern

4. Factors in the fast growth

5. Sources of new residents in Boise

6. Developers‘ purchase of land at a feverish pace

7. Economic planners‘ effort to attract solid jobs

IV. Big wave of immigrants

(14—19)

1. Increase of ethnic diversity at Northwood Middle School

2. Fort Wayne‘s population composition change

3. Fast growth of Hispanics

a. Example of Fort Wayne

b. Example of Goshen

4. Tensions caused by the influx of Hispanics

V. Graying of America and its impacts

(20—26)

1. Onslaught of 77 million aging boomers

2. Growth of America‘s median age

3. Impacts of senior people‘s increase on the economy: case study of Wilmington

a. Attractions for the senior people

b. Specific examples of Bill and Bryden

c. Senior people‘s contribution to the local economy

VI. Prospects of America‘s population change

(27-31)

1. Further acceleration of population growth

2. Increase of population proportion of the South and the West

3. Greater impacts of births by new immigrants

4. Doubling of the over-65 population and the heavy loads on Social Security and Medicare

Lesson 2

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D

VI.

1. Because they are pragmatic and resourceful in money matters. They not only work hard to earn more money, but also save for retirement, make investment and hedge against the unexpected.

2. The first grim reality is that in about 30 years, just as the first of this age group step into retirement, the traditional Society Security System won‘t be able to support them. The second one is the decreased job security today. The third one is that they carry more debt at their age than any other generation had. All these factors force them to pay more attention to money matters.

3. Matures are ―savers‖ whereas Xers are ―hedgers‖. Matures saved what they could so that their children might have more comfortable lives. But Xers do not have such an expectation. Their different attitudes toward money were shaped by the circumstances surrounding the youth. Aftereffects of the Depression and World War Ⅱforced the Matures to be self-sacrificing and frugal. Xers experienced many uncertainties and crises: the savings-and-loan debacle of the ?80s, recession of the early ?90s and parents‘divorce. All these experiences have helped them to develop pragmatism and the habit of protecting against the expected.

4. Because this generation is more interested and better versed in investment. A study by Amex shows that they take more risks on technology stocks.

5. They are more eager to earn money through hard work and more interested in starting up their own businesses for profits.

6. No. they are spending money to make the time before retirement a pleasure. They spend more money than Boomers did in the same span on stereos, cellphones, beepers, all new VW Jettas and GMC Sunfires.

Outline

I. News Lead: general description of Gen-X

(1—2)

Definition: age span; total number; focus on money; buying power

II. Reasons for Xers‘ focus on money

(3—7)

1. Survival instinct

2. Early awareness of the unsafe cover of the social security system

3. Faced with decreased job security

4. Burdened with heavy debt

III. Measures taken to prepare for the future

(8—24)

1. Saving for retirement

2. Hedging against the unexpected

3. Investing in stocks

a. Taking more risks on technology stocks

b. Drawing more attention from investment firms

c. Showing more interest in forming clubs

4. Money-first work ethic

a. More willing to work hard, take more job offers

b. More interested in starting up their own businesses

c. More preoccupied with money-making

IV. Xers‘ purchasing power

(25—26)

1. Xers‘ consumption pattern

2. Reason for the consumption pattern

Lesson 3

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D

VI.

1. They found those Korean-Americans isolated and helpless, and recognized the attacks as a threat to Asians as a whole. For many Asian-Americans, the riots represented as an assault on their faith in America.

2. The total population of Asian-Americans is about 7.3 million. Nearly 2.5 million arrived during the 1980s. The fastest increasing groups are Koreans and Vietnamese. About half of Asian immigrants settle on the Pacific coast while hundreds of thousands move on to New York and dozens of cities in between.

3. They were brought to the United States in the 1860s to work on continental railroads as coolies. They were ill-treated and vilified as a ―population befouled with all the social vices‖. In 1887, there occurred the Snake River Massacre in Oregon, in which 31 Chinese were robbed and murdered.

4. Asian families earn an average of $35,900 per year, more than the average for white families. However, as the Asian family is larger, their per capita income is actually less than that of white people.

5. They are called the ―model minority‖ because of their superiority to o ther races in habits of study and work. They are said to embody the American Dream of hard work, thrift and success. Asians, however, rebel against the model-minority label as another insidious stereotype. They think that it is a subtly racist excuse not to help underprivileged Asians and to hold back even average Asians on the ground that they already have ―natural‖ advantages.

6. Because they believe that Asian-Americans have accepted the white mainstream culture and white people love them for everything the blacks are not.

7. They are making great efforts to preserve and acquire the Asian culture by improving their original language proficiency, attacking the model minority image and Asians who forget their original culture.

8. The main obstacles are skin color and lack of English proficiency.

9. The Indo-Chinese group is most noted for street gang activities. The main cause is unemployment.

10. The ties within each small Asian group are close and family connections are strong. A key link in the system is rotating credit association. However, many Asians lack a larger sense of unity and bring ancient rivalries from native countries. Most Asian support groups are based on nationality or even smaller units.

Outline

I. Impact of the Los Angeles riots

(1—2)

1. Korean sufferings and helpless state

2. Assault on Asian-Americans‘ faith in America

II. Racial bias against Asian-Americans

(3—7)

1. Asian immigrants‘ uglified image in the past

2. Present model-minority label and its harmful effects

3. Resentment against Asians for their success and behavior

4. Asians‘ isolation from the rest of the society

5. Boycotts and assaults on Asian businesses

III. American culture‘s influence

(8—12)

1. Fast increase of Asian immigrants wishing to realize the American Dream

2. Second generation‘s tendency to abandon Asian values

3. Identity crisis resulting from two cultures‘ pull

4. Young people‘s efforts to preserve the original culture

5. The least assimilated group: Chinatown residents

IV. Discrimination against Asians

(13—17)

1. Hurdles for assimilation

2. Glass ceiling

3. Unemployment

V. Similarities and differences between Asians and Blacks

(18—21)

1. Similar sufferings

2. Similar spiritualities

3. Asian-Americans‘ less difficulty in shrugging off the legacy of discrimination

4. First-generation Asian immigrants‘ incredibly hardworking and thrifty character

VI. Asians‘ ties and political status

(22—24)

1. Close community ties

2. Lack of a larger sense of unity

3. Underrepresentation at all government levels

VII. Author‘s view concerning the development of Asians‘ sentiment

(25) Unlikely to become a wider political movement

Lesson 4

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C

VI.

1. The author thinks so because New Hampshire is a politically active state. From the interplay of candidates and the press to the frenetic energy of campaign volunteers, no other state provides as many opportunities to see politics in action.

2. The aim of the course was to see and learn about as many political candidates as possible and observe their relationships with media and potential voters.

3. Politics and media are clearly intertwined in shaping the national political agenda. What makes the relationship even more complex is a greater public voice utilizing various means to engage citizen participants in the unfolding story.

4. As the multitude of channels that bombard us on a daily basis and inundate them with messages from all directions, the impact of any single message is often diffused as audiences selectively tune in and pay attention to only certain messages.

5. According to early deterministic theories, media were all-powerful and capable of shaping human behavior in significant ways.

6. Major corporations‘ control of the media has the following two impacts. First, it underscores the fact that most media outlets are profit-generating enterprises and maintain stock holders. Therefore, creating news coverage that can enhance ratings and increase viewership is always the first goal. Furthermore, these profit-making goals often directly contrast with the requirements of responsible, objective journalism. A second impact is the lack of diversity. As corporation ownership narrows, power lies in the hands of a few, making it difficult for diverse voices to be heard. These monopolies tend to create a mainstream mentality that makes it especially difficult for marginalized voices to gain publicity.

7. The bloggers are often called ―the Sixth Estate‖ because they exert great influence on politics. They can provide an added level of transparency to the process and transform how the public access and absorb political news. Through careful fact-checking, scathing critiques, and dialogue, these web journals written by journalists, professors, and average citizens provide another layer of influence as they attempt to ensure that political claims are substantiated and well-developed.

8. Through email and websites, candidates can often bypass traditional media and directly interact with the public in an electronic form of direct mail that is relatively inexpensive and far more expedient. Candidates and their surrogates send daily e-mail messages to supporters and potential voters, keeping them apprised of critical moments, popularity surges, and the need to send more money to maintain momentum. Websites generate armies of political supporters willing to give money and work locally for their candidates. Electronic bulletin boards keep voters informed about candidate sightings and other political events. These technological developments and candidates‘ ability to embrace the new technologies will help the public to become more interested in elections.

9. According to the author, the victory pose of the two leaders illustrates the role visual power has in establishing authority and credibility for the incoming president. The uncritical coverage of Medvedev angered many bloggers as they attempted to identify the characteristics of Medvedev and his relationship with Putin, while also pointing out the merits of other political candidates.

10. Kenya‘s blogging community has been playing a highly vibrant role in the country‘s politics. Over 60 blog sites devoted specifically to the Kenyan election process discuss the violence and unrest that has resulted from perceived fraudulent activities, involving vote tabulations that put incumbent president Mwai Kabaki back in power. When the government instituted a media blackout, blogs were critical in spreading the latest news. Even after the blackout was lifted, bloggers were faster and more detailed in their reporting about the latest clashes than were other news sources. Blogs are attempting to tell the story in ways that reflect the pain and struggle of the Kenyan people.

11. Considering the new realities, media outlets must find multiple ways to feed consumers and new ways to maintain viability.

12. The public can increase their political literacy by becoming more aware of these integrated systems. They can learn how to analyze the ways candidates shape messages to acquire media attention and how media outlets support much of this shaping.

Outline

I. New Hampshire as an ideal place for the study of U.S. politics

(1-2)

1. Strong primary election atmosphere in Manchester, New Hampshire

2. New Hampshire‘s better conditions for the study of media, politics and citizen participation

a. Providing more opportunities for the observation of U.S. politics in action

b. Providing an early view of something profound happening

II. Relationship between media, politics and citizen participation

(3-6)

1. Inextricable link between politics and media

2. Influence of citizen participation through Internet social networks and blogging sites

3. Changes in the ways of media‘s influence on politics

4. Nature of media influence

III. Media plurality‘s impact on politics

(7-8)

1. Diffusion of media messages‘ impact

2. Difficulty in gauging media‘s influence on politics

IV. Media ownership changes and their impacts

(9-10)

1. Major corporations‘ control of the media

2. Impacts of major corporations‘ control

a. More emphasis on profits

b. Reduction of diversity in views

V. Technological development and its impacts on politics

(11-12)

1. Interactive technology and new way of civic engagement in politics

2. Personalization of electronic messages between the candidate and potential voters

VI. Shifting influences in media and increased citizens‘ political participation in the international arena

(13-17)

1. Politicians‘ learning ways to stage political influence

2. Case of Russia‘s election

a. Government‘s use of the victory pose for political influence

b. Challenge posed by bloggers‘ reporting

c. Government‘s consideration of legislation to control blogging

3. Case of the Pakistan‘s election

a. Websites‘ reflection of citizens‘ anger over U.S. involvement

b. More engaged citizenry

4. Case of Kenya‘s election

Bloggers‘ efforts to expose the fraudulent activities in the election

5. Internet‘s tremendous potential in shaping future campaign and elections

VII. Prediction about the evolution of politics, media and civil participation in the future

(18-21)

1. Further development of online networks and growth of their influence

2. Need for political literacy and the way to increase literacy

3. Positive effect of creating a more civil discourse

4. Politician s‘ continuous use of the art of persuasion

Lesson 5

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. D

VI.

1. Because they regard First Amendment freedom as essential American rights and will not allow any restriction on it.

2. Because it holds the view that the reform will place restriction on individual rights and therefore should be fiercely resisted.

3. Because the situation is not the same as before. In the 1950s, McCarthy and his inquisitors trampled the free expression of left-wing view; and so for the next two decades or so it was essential to defend the principle of free speech at every opportunity. Now the free speech is not in jeopardy, it should not be rigidly defended.

4. Mr. Neuborne holds that in modern political campaign rich candidates flood voters with commercials and propaganda of every kind, so that others have no chance of attracting attention. Poor candidates may enjoy the right to speak, but not the hope that everyone will hear what they have to say. To give them a hearing, he suggests that the speech of rich candidates be limited.

5. The authors mean that the situation now is different from that of the 1960s. Americans should not abide by the same principle in spite of the change of time. In the 1960s heyday, the ACLU was

absolutely correct in upholding citizens‘ rights against the police and other authorities. This was because they did not reflect the interests of America‘s black minority. However, all that has now changed: many policemen, and police chiefs, are black, as are many mayors. If these leaders, reflecting the wishes of their constituencies, choose to adopt tough measures to fight crime, the ACLU should not presume to second-guess them. It‘s time to adopt a different attitude.

6. The ACLU‘s rigid defence of rights ends up favoring the strong more than the weak.

7. He thinks that America‘s free speech has a price. Though America has been one of the freest countries in the world, it is one of those in which the gap between the rich and poor is the starkest.

Outline

I. The burial of the campaign finance reform and its implications

(1)

II. Two sides‘ views on the reform

(2)

1. Opponents‘ view

2. Majority‘s view

III. American public‘s qualified support for free speech

(3—5)

1. Firm belief in the first amendment

2. Strong support for the campaign finance reform

3. Deep split within the ACLU over the campaign finance

IV. Criticism of the ACLU‘s rigid defence of rights

(6—11)

1. Burt Neuborne‘s view on the ACLU‘s line on campaign spending

2. Tracey Meares and Dan Kahan‘s criticism of the ACLU‘s other issues

V. Author‘s comment

(12) Liberty has a price.

Lesson 6

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. B

VI.

1. It indicates that Microsoft corp. has tight control over the software business.

2. The present honeymoon will not last long. The industry does not speak with one voice. At the same time, their success has greatly damaged the interests of other industries. So there will be troubles ahead. Besides this, there‘s also potential for a huge culture clash. A lot of Silicon Valley

types don‘t realize the importance of politics and have disdain for government.

3. President Clinton promised to keep the Internet tax-free for now and Hewlett Packard Co. won approval to export sophisticated cryptography chips. The 1986 semiconductor trade agreement was signed to stop the dumping of Japanese chips in the US and set market-share goals for US chips in Japan.

4. The industry believes that government should do what it needs to do but leave them alone. The software tycoons have little patience for bureaucratic oversight and tend to be uncompromising. The hardware tycoons are willing to look for compromise.

5. They are: easing immigration restriction; securities-litigation reform and ending export limit of encryption technology.

6. The Internet and electronic commerce have been rearranging the business landscape—changing how Americans buy everything. They are spreading into all sorts of digital services, from entertainment to online banking to telephony.

7. Because high-tech leaders have realized that the industry‘s future is less about technology and more about policy.

Outline

I. Close contact between high tech industry and Washington politicians

(1—2)

1. Specific example: Bill Gates and Scott G. McNealy‘s attendance at the March 3 hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee

2. Increasing contact between high tech industry and Washington policy makers

II. Reasons for the close relationship

(3—6)

1. High tech industry‘s fast expansion and the appearance of more issues

2. Politicians‘ strong interest in the job growth industry

3. Increasing conflicts between high tech industry and other industries

4. High tech industry‘s urgent need for solution to many problems

III. Relationship between high tech industry and government

(7—11)

1. Good relationship at present

2. Difficulties in maintaining the honeymoon

3. Need for high tech new executives to learn lobbying

IV. Efforts made by high tech companies at lobbying

(12—14)

1. Computer companies‘ fight for a high-definition TV format

2. The establishment of Washington offices

3. Crusade to fight alleged Japanese dumping of computer chips

V. Problems with the high tech industry

(15—16)

1. Lack of unity

2. Little patience for bureaucratic oversight

VI. Objectives of the high tech executives

(17—18)

1. Easing immigration restriction and securities litigation reform

2. Ending limit on the export encryption technology

VII. Prospects

(19) High tech executives will quickly learn how to play the Washington political game

Lesson 7

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. D

VI.

1. The U.S. faces a violent contradiction between its long republican tradition and its more recent imperial ambitions. The contradiction will be resolved in one of two ways. Rome attempted to keep its empire and lost its democracy. Britain chose to remain democratic and in the process let go its empire. The U.S. is well embarked on the course of non-democratic empire.

2. During the Depression that preceded WWII, the English economist John Keynes, a liberal capitalist, proposed a form of governance that would mitigate the boom-and-bust cycles inherent in capitalist economies. To prevent the economy from contracting, Keynes suggested that the government should take on debt in order to put people back to work. He was not averse to creating make-work tasks if necessary. During periods of prosperity, the government would cut spending and rebuild the treasury.

3. Upon taking office in 1933, Franklin Roosevelt put several Keynesian measures into effect, including socialized retirement plans, minimum wages for all workers, and government-financed jobs on massive projects, including the Triborough Bridge in New York City, the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, a flood-control and electric-power-generation complex covering seven states.

4. Between 1940 and 1996, the U.S. spent nearly $4.5 trillion on the development, testing, and construction of nuclear weapons. By 1967, the U.S. possessed some 32,000 deliverable bombs. None of them was ever used. The author believes that this illustrates perfectly Keynes‘s observation that in order to create jobs, the government might as well decide to bury money in old mines and ―leave them to private enterprise on the well-tried principles of laissez faire to dig them up again.‖ His view is that those nuclear bombs were not just America‘s secret weapon but also a secret economic weapon because such spending helped create economic growth.

5. When evaluating the real weight of military Keynesianism in the American economy today, one must approach official defense statistics with great care. The ―defense‖ budget does not include: the Department of Energy‘s spending on nuclear weapons, the Department of Homeland Security‘s outlays for the actual ―defense‖of the US, the Department of Veterans Affairs‘

responsibilities for the lifetime care of the seriously wounded or the billions of dollars the Department of State spends each year to finance foreign arms sales and militarily related development or payments of pensions to military retirees and widows and their families. Still to be added are interest payments by the Treasury to cover past debt-financed defense outlays.

6. By the term ―feedback loop‖, the author means that American presidents know that military Keynesianism tends to concentrate power in the executive branch, and so presidents who seek greater power have a natural inducement to encourage further growth of the military-industrial complex. So the phenomena feed on each other, based not on the demand for defense but rather on the available supply of money.

7. In pursuit of more power, Bush and Cheney have unilaterally authorized preventive war against nations they designate as needing ―regime change‖, directed American solders to torture persons they have seized and imprisoned in various countries, ordered the National Security Agency to carry out illegal ―data mining‖surveillance of the American people, and done everything they could to prevent Congress from outlawing ―cruel, inhumane, or degrading‖treatment of people detained by the US.

8. The War Power Act requires that the president obtain congressional approval within 90 days of ordering troops into combat. No, no president has ever acknowledged the legitimacy of the War Powers Act, and these so-called limitations on presidential powers had been gutted, ignored long before Cheney became Vice President.

9. According to John Yoo, in peacetime, Congress enacts laws, the President enforces them, and the courts interpret them. But in war time, the gravity shifts to the executive branch.

10. No, the judicial is not effective in restraining presidential ambition. The Supreme Court was active in the installation of the current president, and the lower courts increasingly are packed with judges who believe they should defer to his wishes.

11. According to the author, economic bankruptcy would mean a drastic lowering of the current American standard of living, a loss of control over international affairs, a process of adjusting to the rise of other powers.

Outline

I. Key judgements

(1-3)

1. Contradiction between the republican tradition and imperial ambitions

2. Unsustainable conflict between the republican tradition and imperial ambnitions

3. Economic and political collapse as the most likely ending

II. Growth of military Keynesianism

(4-8)

1. America‘s hegemonic policy as the inevitable result of Keynesianism

2. Keynesianism and its aim

3. Roosevelt‘s application of several Keynesian measures

4. Emergence of military Keynesianism

5. Difference between Keynesianism and military Keynesianism

III. Impacts of military Keynesianism

(9-15)

1. Massive shift to armament industry in the US

2. Increasing dependence of America‘s prosperity on the military industry

3. Huge spending on nuclear weapons between 1940 and 1996

4. Reagan‘s massive deficit spending

5. Decline of military spending during Clinton‘s presidency

6. Return of military Keynesianism during Bush‘s presidency

7. Factors which should be taken into consideration when evaluating the impacts of military Keynesianism

IV. Unitary presidency

(16-21)

1. Feedback loop between the president‘s power and military Keynesianism

2. The Bush administration‘s pursuit of more power

3. Cheney‘s view on the need to expand the executive branch‘s power

4. The intention of Bush and Cheney to carve executive powers into the law

V. Failed checks on executive ambition

(22-25)

1. Significant erosion of the division of power between the president, the Congress and the Judiciary

2. Congress‘s ceding power to a wartime President

3. Courts‘ failure to restrain presidential ambitions

4. Unlikelihood of a grass roots movement to break the hold of the military-industrial complex VI. Economic bankruptcy and its effects

(26-31)

1. Economic failure as the inevitable consequence of military Keynesianism

2. Huge spending on the Iraq War

3. Possibility of U.S. economy‘s bankruptcy

4. Effects of the economy‘s collapse

Lesson 8

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. D

VI.

1. The consolation brought by 9/11 was solidarity of American people, who put aside their differences and embraced their common citizenry.

2. According to the author, George W. Bush, after some initial discombobulation, declared war on the terrorists and those who harbored them.

3. Most of the Americans were supportive. 80 percent of the public expressed support for America‘s military operations in Afghanistan. They adjusted to the long lines in airports, color-coded risk advisories and Big Brotherish highway signs urging drivers to report suspicious

behavior. They were eager to do their part even if that meant sacrificing some of their liberties. They were equally supportive of using extraordinary measures against the enemy.

4. According to the opinion polls shortly after the Patriot Act was signed, 53 percent of residents expressed concern that the government would be too protective of civil rights in its pursuit of terrorists.

5. When the Department of Homeland Security was established, many Americans warned of bureaucratic bloat, wasteful spending, and even dangerous consequences.

6. The poll showed that 59 percent believed that the invasion of Iraq would increase the risk of terrorism against the U.S. while only 12 percent thought it would decrease it.

7. Iraq has been led into a civil war. The disclosures of the 9/11 commission have weakened Americans‘ confidence in the U.S. government.

8. It showed that red and blue Americans were deeply and evenly divided over the incumbent‘s handling of the war on terrorism.

9. The term ―big bang‖ in the article refers to a big transformation of the Middle East by changing the regimes. Bush‘s strategic plan for a big transformation of the Middle East is receiving low marks from some of its earlier backers.

10. The term ―the new normal‖refers to the following situation: The American people are resigned to the inevitability of further terrorist attacks. Americans believe that it is a more dangerous world but also feel they are safer. They give some credit for things like airport security, though they are still worried about other areas like port security. They have adapted themselves to the new situation and those security measures. The author thinks that although the terrorists have discovered that they have great power over American daily lives, the way Americans have hardened themselves to the terrorist threats is also a source of power for few Americans think that this is a struggle they can or will lose.

Outline

I. 9/11 and America‘s response

(1—2)

1. Americans‘ solidarity brought about by 9/11

2. America‘s war on terrorists

II. Americans‘ early positive response to the new situation

(3—5)

1. Americans‘ adaptation to the new situation

2. Americans‘ support for the security measures

3. New national obsession with home security

III. Americans‘ development of worry and doubts

(6—10)

1. Americans‘ worries before the Iraq War

2. Growth of doubts about the government‘s foreign policies

3. Criticism of the government‘s foreign policies

4. Decrease of confidence in the government

a. Disappointment with the situation in Iraq

b. Appearance of many troubling deficiencies

IV. Division and disapproval

(11—12)

1. The nation‘s deep and even division over the war on terrorists

2. Disapproval of Bush‘s plan for a ―Big Bang‖ transformation of the Middle East

V.Americans‘ resignment to the new normal

(13—15)

1. Americans‘ doubts about the capability of CIA and FBI

2. Americans‘ resignment to the inevitability of further strikes

3. Author‘s comment on the aging new normal

Lesson 9

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A

VI.

1. America‘s GDP quintupled in the period.

2. After the War, filling one‘s belly and getting a paying job were difficult dreams for Japanese. Nowadays, Japanese own more than one car per household, and spend almost $1000 a year each on recreational travel. Hybrid cars, personal electronics and other items that didn‘t exist a half century ago are today affordable. No, the improvement of living conditions has not increased their sense of well-being. Even before the bubble burst in the early 1990s, polls in Japan showed remarkably little change in well-being since the country began its economic resurgence.

3. The polls taken periodically by the US‘s National Opinion Research Center show that the percentage of Americans feeling happy remains almost the same today as in the 1950s.

4. His studies find those living in poor countries where the average income is less than about $10,000 a year – are unhappy. In countries where the average annual income exceeds $10,000 or so, money and happiness decouple and cease to have much to do with each other.

5. He found that the Forbes 400 group was only a tiny bit happier than the public as a whole.

6. According to that thinking, most people judge their possessions in comparison with others. People‘s soaring reference anxiety is a product of the widening gap in income distribution. In other words, the rich are getting richer and faster, and the rest are none too happy about it.

7. The middle class Americans‘reference anxiety greatly increased in the US because rapid growth in income for the top 5% of households has created a substantial moneyed elite that lived notably better than the middle class. The wealthier minority is occupying ever larger homes and spending more on each change of clothes than others spend on a month‘s rent. No wonder the middle class Americans feel bitter.

8. In today‘s society, it is the very increase in money, which creates the wealth so visible that

trigger dissatisfaction. As material expectations keep rising, money may engender only more desires. As men and women move up on the social ladder, most of them almost immediately stop feeling grateful for the elevated circumstances and focus on what they still don‘t have.

9. Poor Americans feel less unhappy than poor Europeans because poor Americans think that one day they are going to become rich whereas poor Europeans find the barriers to wealth much harder to surmount. The positive thinking about the future gives poor Americans a sense of well-being. 10. High standards of living are an impediment to happiness for citizens of rich countries because they are fixated on getting more and fail to appreciate how much they have.

Outline

I.Slight increase of happiness in the situation of even increasing earning and spending in developed countries

(1-2)

1. Example of Japan

2. Examples of South Korea, US, UK and Germany

II. People‘s obsession with earning more money and buying more things

(3)

III. Researches‘ findings about the relationship between money and happiness

(4-5)

1. Veenhover‘s finding about money‘s influence on happiness

2. Other researches‘ findings about money‘s relationship to happiness

IV. Reason for money‘s loss of the decisive role in guaranteeing happiness

(6-8)

1. The important factor of reference anxiety

2. Amplification of reference anxiety in the past few decades

3. Continuous growth of material expectations

V. Positive thinking and happiness

(9-12)

1. Difference between poor Americans and poor Europeans

2. Influence of positive thinking on happiness

3. Tendency of middle classes in developed countries to accentuate the negative

4. Failure of citizens in rich countries to appreciate how much they have

VI. Comparison of developed countries with developing countries

(13-14)

1. Wider gap between rich and poor and higher reference anxiety

2. Problem of chasing money and the expense of meaning

Lesson 10

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A

VI.

1. President Bush wants a constitutional amendment to preserve marriage.

2. No, divorce doesn‘t mean that Americans are fed up with marriage itself. It means a move on in search of the ideal marriage.

3. In America, as many as 50% of new marriages end in divorce. It has become more common. A Census study showed that 90% of women who married between 1945 and 1949 reached their 10th anniversary, compared to 73% of those who married between 1980 and 198

4.

4. At least half of all newlyweds have lived together first. According to David Popenoe, two thirds of people who marry have lived with somebody else first.

5. Live-in unions are more fragile than marital unions. Sociologists Pamela Smock and Wendy Manning have found that children born to couples who live together have about twice the risk of seeing their parents split than those with married biological parents.

6. They are more reluctant to marry because they themselves have been scarred by divorce.

7. According to Vaughan, 60% of both husbands and wives have had an affair during either their current marriage or a previous one.

8. Marriage is the society‘s most pro-child institution. If you want kids to do well, you have to keep your marriage in good shape.

9. He believes that America‘s marriage institution is in no trouble at all and about 95 percent of people will eventually marry. He thinks that a large share of the people not married are gay or abnormal and that the divorce rate has been artificially inflated by people with multiple divorcees 10. In recent years there have been many attempts to strengthen marriage. Florida requires marriage education courses in high school. Louisiana, Arkansas and Arizona have approved ―covenant marriages‖ in which couples voluntarily limit their ability to divorce. Arizona provides state funds to help couples attend privately run marriage-skills workshops. A national, non-partisan Marriage Movement and all sorts of marriage courses have been promoted by a National Marriage Project at Rutgers.

11. His prediction is that culture will absorb redefinition of marriage. In other words, as culture changes, same sex will be accepted by the society.

Outline

I. Bush‘s suggested amendment to preserve marriage

(1)

II. Peculiar state of marriage in America

(2—10)

1. Support for the marriage institution

2. Changes in the state of marriage for the past four decades

3. Complex feelings about marriage

4. Different concepts on marriage

a. Unchanged love for the idea of marriage

b. Changed concepts on marriage:

Homer‘s concept

Trump‘s concept

c. Reasons for the change of marriage concepts

III. Problems besetting marriage

(11—18)

1. Divorce

a. Increase of divorce rate

b. Shortening of marriage term: multiple marriages, starter marriage

2. Cohabitation

a. Percentage of newly weds with cohabitation experience

b. Risks posed by cohabitation

3. Children born out of wedlock

4. Later marriages

5. Adultery: Percentage of husbands and wives with adultery experience

IV. Strength of Marriage

(19—28)

1. Gravitational pull of marriage

2. No ideal replacement for marriage

3. The alternatives and their impact on kids

4. The fine state of marriage

a. High marriage rate

b. Homosexuals amounting to a large share of unmarried people

c. Housing market‘s preoccupation with the desire of married couples

d. Artificial inflation of America‘s divorce rate

V. Efforts made to strengthen the marriage institution

(29—31)

1. High re-marriage rate of divorced people

2. Sate governments‘efforts to strengthen marriage: marriage-education courses; covenant marriage; marriage-skills workshops;

3. Society‘s efforts to strengthen marriage: marriage movement; marriage courses

VI. Issue of same-sex marriage

(32-35)

1. Opponents‘ view

2. Proponents‘ view

VII. Issue of interracial marriage

(35)

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B

VI.

1. The market situation of the sales in the United States is much better than ever before. Many bookstores report increases of over 30%.

2. America‘s bookstores offer a rich diversity of Bibles to suit people‘s different needs and comprehension levels. The 270 stores in the Family Christian Stores chain might carry 200 different titles. Customers now have more choices in format, bindings, boxing and pricing. All new Bibles claim improved scholarship, better readability and more relevance.

3. The advance of technology has made it possible to publish more quickly and less expensively. Therefore, it has helped to speeden new Bible production and shorten the shelf life of Bibles.

4. In order to meet readers‘ different needs, publishers produce specialty Bibles and Bibles with notes and comments.

5. The initialism NIV stands for the New International Version.

6. The notes and comments in the new Bible would produce the adverse effects of leading the reader off the right page theologically and remaking God in the writer‘s own image.

Outline

I. Fast increase of Bible sales

(1—5)

II. Rich diversity of Bible versions and variations

(6—17)

1. More choices in bindings, boxings and pricing

2. Different kinds of Bibles serving different purposes

3. Different Bibles claiming improved scholarship and readability

4. An explosion of format choices

III. Reasons for the rich diversity

(18—25)

1. Advance of technology

2. Bible companies‘ desire for their market shares

3. Customers‘ wish for specialty versions suiting their specific needs

IV. Possible adverse effects of the notes and comments

(26—35)

1. Leading the reader off the right page theologically

2. Remarking God in one‘s own image

Answers to the Questions

V. 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D

VI.

1. According to the article, the main features of Japanese food are simplicity, beauty and good nutrition. The Japanese food contains fresh and seasonal ingredients in small and well-balanced proportions and is artfully presented.

2. She believes that cuisine is the essence of a country.

3. The author thinks that food and diet are the cornerstones of any culture, one of the most reliable symbols of national identity.

4. By saying ―Geography was culinary destiny‖, the author means that during the agrarian age, people were tied to the land and therefore dependent on it. People ate only what they could grow or slaughter themselves or trade for locally. So the place where they lived, to a large extent, decided what they ate.

5. He believes that the explosion of food cultural exchanges leads to something closer to cultural homogenization and that‘s bad for not only the preservation of national identities but the preservation of health too.

6. The comfortable cycle in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, and gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal eaten with the extended family.

7. The major change in the diet habit of Italians is the shift of the big meal from the midday to the evening. This is because the rhythms of the day have changed. Today meal times have less and less meaning, and worsening traffic in cities makes it impossible for workers to get home and back fast enough. The formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day, the only one at which the family has a chance to get together.

8. Many Latin Americans used to have a large family meal at midday, heavy on starchy grains like quinoa or plants like yucca. But migration from the country to the cities has made that impossible. They don‘t have the luxury of two hours of lunch.

9. According to the article, women‘s presence in the workforce has contributed the most to the deterioration of food culture. Since they are now working, they can‘t shop and prepare a meal. The less exposure younger generations have to the food prepared by their parents or grandparents, the less they appreciate it. Besides, they are greatly influenced by the food ads on TV and prefer those foods appearing on TV advertisements.

10. According to the author, it‘s not easy to preserve the traditional food culture because people live a fast-paced life. They don‘t have time anymore.

Outline

I. Specific example of the disappearance of the national food culture

(1-2)

1. Noriko Yanagihara‘s effort to preserve the Japanese food culture

2. Disappearance of the nation‘s cuisine from Japanese dinner table

II. Pervasive issue of food culture change in the world

(3-5)

1. Importance of food culture to the national identity

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