英汉对比翻译分析
第一讲汉语语法有关特点
汉语词汇上的特点:
一，在古代汉语里，单音节词占优势；在现代汉语里，双音节词占优势。在双音节词中，从构词上来看，合成词占优势。合成词构成主要有三种：
1.重叠：词根的重叠，如“爸爸，星星，刚刚，试试，轻轻，慢慢”。
2.派生：在词缀前后加词缀派生，如“老虎，老弟，桌子，椅子，舌头，石头，馒头”。
3.复合：词根与词根组合，如“学习，白糖，深造，合理，扶手，扩大，地震，冬至，车
辆，借用”。
二，有丰富的成语，大多是四音节的。
三，汉语有量词和语气词。
三本书：three books; 三只狗：three dogs
一支粉笔：a piece of chalk; 一杯茶：a cup of tea
汉语里有系统的语气词，如“啊，吧，呢，呗，吗，嘛，了”等，这些词通常在句末表示一定的语气。用不用语气词，句子的意思就不一样。
他不愿意啊！
他不愿意吗？
他不愿意吧？
他不愿意呢？
他不愿意呗。
他不愿意了。
英语里没有语气词，英语的语气靠语调表示。
语法上的特点：
一，缺乏形态变化和形态标志。这主要表现在：
1，词类无形态标志。在汉语里，我们不能从形态上看出哪个是名词，哪个是动词，哪个是形容词。
2，名词，动词，形容词进入句子无形态变化。汉语里的动词可以做谓语、带宾语、带补语、作主语、作宾语、作定语，也可以受定语修饰，在形式上完全一样。以动词“研究”为例：
他研究（作谓语）
研究语法（带宾语）
研究清楚（带补语）
打算研究（作宾语）
语法研究（名词作定语）
研究课题（作定语）
在汉语句子中，有时只有一连串的名词，而没有一个动词。
“今天下午全校大会”，可分别理解为：
今天下午有全校大会。
今天下午是全校大会。
今天下午开全校大会。
今天下午举行全校大会。
在英语中，词类和句法成分是一一对应的关系，而汉语中，词类和句法成分是一对多的对应关系。
在汉语里，相同的词类序列，可以代表不同的语法构造：
动词+名词
广播新闻（动宾关系）广播事业（修饰关系）
动词+动词
研究讨论（并列关系）打算回家（动宾关系）挖掘出来（动补关系）研究结束（主谓关系）养殖研究（定语—中心语修饰语关系）
二，同一语法关系可以隐含较大的语义容量和复杂的语义关系而无形态变化。以动宾关系为例：
吃苹果（动作—受事）
（这锅饭可以）吃五个人（动作—施事）
吃大碗（动作—工具）
吃食堂（动作—方式）
吃利息（动作—凭借）
三，语序固定，语序成为汉语表示语法意义的重要手段。汉语的基本语序是：
主语—谓语—宾语；修饰语在中心语之前，补语在动词或形容词之后。语序变动，结构关系和意义随之改变。如：
眼睛大大的（主谓关系）；大大的眼睛（定中偏正关系）；吃饭了（动宾关系）；饭吃了（主谓关系）；来早了（述补关系）；早来了（状中偏正关系）
同构与意义：
鸡吃了：老虎把鸡吃了；鸡被老虎吃了；老虎吃了（鸡呢？）
鸡吃了：白菜被鸡吃了；鸡吧白菜吃了；白菜吃了（白菜呢？）
鱼吃了（鱼不吃了）
戏台上摆着鲜花：鲜花摆在戏台上。？戏台上正在摆鲜花。（静态）
戏台上演着京剧：戏台上正在演京剧。？京剧演在戏台上。（动态）
静态：
门上贴着对联；黑板上写着字；墙上挂着画；树上钉着广告牌；左胸上别着校徽。
台上坐着主席团；门口站着人；床上躺着病人；
动态：
外面下着大雪；大厅里跳着舞；教室里上着课；操场上放着电影；炉子上熬着粥。
名词（主语）+动词+名词1+ 给+名词2=名词（主语）+动词+给+名词1+名词2
A. 他送了一个手机给小王：他送给小王一个手机
他卖了一辆自行车给小李：他卖给小李一辆自行车
他交了五千元钱给税务局：他交给税务局五千元
B, 他要了一些白药给小王：？
他讨了一些邮票给小马：？
他从大夫那里要了一些白药给小王。
他从我这里讨了一些邮票给小马。
C, 他煮了一点百合汤给王大妈：？
他刻了一个图章给老王：？
他做了一个风筝给弟弟：？
他画了一幅山水画给老师：?
关于“动词+了+时量+了”句法格式
死了三天了（动作完成所经历的时间）
伤了三天了；断了三天了；出现了三天了；塌了三天了；到任了三天了
等了三天了（动作持续的时间）
哭了三天了；养了三天了；想了三天了；考虑了三天了；病了三天了；盼了三
天了；追了三天了；忍了三天了
看了三天了（既可以是动作完成经历的时间，也可以是动作持续的时间）（小说都看了三天了，还没有看完）
听了三天了；讲了三天了；学了三天了；教了三天了；商量了三天了；擦了三
天了；剪了三天了；
挂了三天了（动作完成经历的时间、动作持续的时间、动作所造成的事物状态
持续的时间）
（灯早挂上了，都挂三天了；灯不好挂，我们挂了三天了，还没挂上；彩灯一
直在大门口挂着，都挂三天了）
插了三天了；贴了三天了；穿了三天了；摆了三天了；吊了三天了；钉了三天
了；
放了一只鸽子：把只鸽子放了；鸽子被我放了
飞了一只鸽子：把只鸽子飞了；？鸽子被我飞了
语义指向问题与歧义问题
砍光了（光，补语，指受事，树砍光了）
砍累了（累，指施事，我砍累了）
砍钝了（钝，指工具，刀砍钝了）
砍疼了（疼，指受事，你把他砍疼了；或指施事的部分，砍了半天柴，把胳膊都砍疼了）
砍快了（快，指向动作，你砍快了，慢点儿砍）
砍坏了（坏，指受事，别把桌子砍坏了；或指工具，他砍了一上午竹子，竟砍
坏了两把刀；或指施事的部分，悠着点儿，别把身子砍坏了）
修饰语指向
他喜滋滋地炸了盘花生（喜滋滋，指施事“他”）
他早早地炸了盘花生（早早地，指动作“炸”）
他脆脆地炸了盘花生（脆脆地，指受事“花生”）
两位大学的教授（两位，指向“教授”）
两所大学的教授（两所，指向“大学”）
两个大学的教授（两个，有可能指“教授”也可能指“大学”）
指向句内成分，还是句外成分。如“我很好”，“很好”指向句内“我”；下面是指向句外成分的例子：
别喝醉了！（“醉”指喝酒的施事）
罢工代表被客客气气地引进了客厅。（“客客气气”指引进的施事）
当时，那孩子就稀里糊涂地判给了男方。（“稀里糊涂”指判案的法官）
老张有一个女儿，很骄傲。（歧义）老张有一个女儿，他很骄傲；老张有一个女儿，她很骄傲。
老张有一个女儿，很知足。（老张）
老张有一个女儿，很漂亮。（女儿）
关于歧义
我在屋顶上发现了小偷。（“我”在屋顶上，“小偷”不在屋顶上；“我”不在屋顶上，“小偷”在屋顶上；“我”和“小偷”都在屋顶上）
我在飞机上发现了敌人的坦克。（无歧义）
我在抽屉里发现了蟑螂。（无歧义）
例句：咬死了猎人的狗：狗把猎人咬死了；把猎人的狗咬死了。
我们需要进口设备：我们需要从国外进口某种设备；我们需要进口的设备。
反对的是他：反对他；反对和解的是他。
山上架着炮：山上正在架炮；山上有炮
发现敌人的哨兵回营房了。发现一个敌情：敌人的哨兵回营房了；那发现敌人的哨兵，回营房了。
关心自己的孩子。（歧义：动宾；偏正）
对报纸的批评。（歧义：介宾；偏正）
知道你回来以后病了。（他）知道，你回来后病了；（他）知道你回来以后，病了。
发现你离开的时候已经来不及打电话了。
听说你上了车之后才想起那件事。
英语：Flying planes can be dangerous.
驾驶飞机可能是危险的。飞行中的飞机可能是危险的。
Planes flying in the air can be dangerous.
Flying a plane can be dangerous.驾驶一架飞机可能是危险的。
A flying plane can be dangerous. 一架飞行中的飞机可能是危险的。
肯定与否定问题
汉语有时既能用肯定，也能用否定，意思却一样。如：
“难免不犯错误”和“难免要犯错误”意思一样；
“自行车别是他骑走了”和“自行车别不是他骑走了”
关于汉语式话题句
汉语中相当多的所谓“主谓句”，其句首名词语（一般所谓主语）跟后面谓语里的核心动词不存在严格的、直接的选择和配置关系，即不是句首名词不是动词的论元。如：
这场大火幸亏消防队来得及时。“这场大火”与动词“来”没有直接的、严格的选择关系。汤姆逊和李讷提出汉语式话题和说明的语言。
一般认为，汉语式话题句大致可分为以下六类：
一, 话题与句子谓语动词以某种特殊的副词相联系。
那座房子幸亏去年没有下大雪。
二，两个句首名词都可以理解为施动者，两个名词之间有领属或包含关系。
他肚子饿了。
三、句首两个名词之间是类属关系，或群体与个体的关系。
他们经常大鱼吃小鱼。
孩子们你看我，我看你，一时都说不上话来了。
四、一般所说的名词谓语句
今天星期四。他黄头发。
五、句首名词语是后面主谓句的关涉对象
昨天那起交通事故我已经向局里写了个报告。生物学我可是门外汉。
六、句首两个名词是换位的稀松的领属关系。
物价上海最贵。房子北京最紧张。
典型的主语是典型的施事和话题的组配。
There are two cats on the mat.. 地席上有两只猫。（存现句）
按照形态照应关系，two cats 应为主语；按照等同名词的删略，there 应为主语。
汉语中，各种语义成分可以作主语，英语也可以这样：（限于部分动词）
The dog walked him in the street. 狗跟着他在街上散步。（伴随者作主语）
The horse rides easily. 这匹马好骑。（受事作主语）
Meat cooks more slowly than rice. 肉比米饭煮得慢。（受事作主语）
This novel sells easily. 这部小说好卖。（受事作主语）
The ground rode hard after the frost.霜后骑马，路面很硬。（处所作主语）
The room sleeps three people. 这间屋子睡三个人。（处所作主语）
The garden swarms with bees. 花园里蜜蜂成群。（处所作主语）
The knife cut deep into his chest. 这把刀深深刺入他的胸部。（工具作主语）
汉语里有一种特殊结构，主语和宾语可以换位。（数量分配关系）（动作给予、取得）
三份礼物送三个人____三个人送三份礼物
一碗饭喂两个孩子两个孩子喂一碗饭
一千元奖励三个学生三个学生奖励一千元
一间屋子睡四个人四个人睡一间屋子
一锅饭吃十个人十个人吃一锅饭
一张沙发坐三个人三个人坐一张沙发
第二讲翻译的标准及基本原则
严复提出：信、达、雅。基本原则：忠实、通顺。
亚历山大.弗雷泽.泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler）（英国）的三原则：The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the manner of the writing should be of the same character with that of the original; the translation should have the case of original composition.
麦修.阿诺德（Matthew Arnold）(英国)在《再论翻译荷马史诗》中指出：the translation ought to be such“that the reader should, if possible, forget that it is a translation at all, and be lulled into the illusion that he is reading an original work__ something original.
卡特福德（J. C. Catford）(英国)：the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language(TL).
乔治.斯坦纳（George Steiner）(生于巴黎，就读任教美国、英国)：understanding as translation. All understanding, and the demonstrative statement of understanding which is translation, starts with an act of trust.
彼得.纽马克（Peter Newmark）(英国)：提出了交际翻译和语义翻译。交际翻译注重译文读者的反应、译文的流畅，实际效果与原文内容发生冲突时，内容让位于效果；语义翻译则注重译文忠实于原作，把原文的信息、内容而于第一位。交际翻译只是技术，语义翻译则是艺术。
“The translator has to be a good judge of writing.”
尤金.奈达(Eugene A. Nida, 1914-)(美国著名的翻译家)，翻译不仅是技术、艺术，还是一门科学。提出了“动态对等”。涉及功能和表达。
关于直译和意译
The moon
直译：月亮；
意译：玉兔；金兔；月桂；婵娟；夜光；蟾宫；
月亮
直译：the moon
意译：celestial body; heavenly body; planet; secondary planet; green cheese; Diana; queen of heaven; Luna;
The sun
直译：太阳
意译：火轮（~ 飞出客心惊：唐韩愈诗）；金轮；红轮；红镜（炎炎红镜东方升：唐李贺诗）；太阳：
直译：the sun
意译：star of day; solar disk; fireball; eye of heaven; light of the day; lamp of the day; source of light; giver of light; Apollo;
Fat
直译：胖
意译：富态；肥实；胖乎乎；胖墩墩；面团团；丰满；丰腴；肉头；臃肿；大腹便便；脑满肠肥；
胖
直译：fat
意译：portly(肥胖的，魁梧的，指年长者)；stout(矮胖的，强壮的)；obese(过度胖)；fleshy; solid;
plump(丰满的)；podgy(矮胖的)；paunchy(大腹便便的)；paunch(大肚子)；in the need of dieting; To kill two birds with one stone 直译：一石二鸟；意译：一箭双雕，一举两得；
To flog a dead horse 直译：鞭打死马；意译：白费力，徒劳，白搭，枉然，事后在作无益的议论
To teach a pig to play on a flute 直译：教猪吹笛；意译：对牛弹琴，做荒谬的事情
过街老鼠直译：（like）a rat crossing the street; 意译：the object of universal condemnation, a bad man hated by everybody
望梅止渴直译：to gaze at plums to quench one’s thirst;意译：to console oneself with false hopes, to feed on fancies(illusion),imagined satisfaction.
危如累卵直译：as dangerous as a pile of eggs; 意译：hazardous in the extreme, great insecurity, in a critical condition;
一般情况下，能直译时，就直译，不能直译时，再意译。下面是直译的例子：
As cold as ice 冰冷as hot as fire 火热as hard as a rock 坚如磐石as light as feather 轻如鸿毛。又如：
As busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌as bold as a lion 像狮子一样的勇猛。
As cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活as blind as a bat 瞎的像蝙蝠
上面的结构，在下面的词组中就要意译：
As cool as a cucumber 非常冷静（？像黄瓜一样镇定）
As sharp as a needle 非常精明（？像针一样精明）as tight as a drum 非常不肯花钱（非常抠）（？像鼓一样紧）as sure as a gun 一点不错（？像枪一样确切）
Raise the roof 大吵大闹stand in a white sheet 公开认错have enough money to burn 有花不完的钱with the tongue in the cheek 话中有话sweep the board 获得全胜put one’s foot down ; set one’s face against 坚决反对smell a rat 觉得可疑keep sth under one’s hat 保密直译不等于死译。
Once in a blue moon 意译：千载难逢；（死译：一个蓝色月亮里的一次）
乱七八糟意译：at sixes and sevens, (死译：seven disorders and eight chaos)
招风惹草意译：look for trouble (死译：invite wind to exasperate the grass)
It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 意译：家丑不可外扬。（死译：弄脏自己巢的鸟的确是坏鸟。）
外甥打灯笼____照舅（旧）
意译：act according to the old ways; doing things in the old fashion.
死译：the nephew carrying a lantern ___showing the way for his uncle
静夜思（李白）床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。
直译：In the still of the night
I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed.
I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.
I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head.
I yearn, while stooping, for my homeland more.（徐忠杰译）
死译：quiet night thought
Besides bright moonlight
Is suspected to be frost on the floor.
Raising head to watch the bright moon,
L0wering head to think of the hometown.
意译：Nostalgia
A splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost?
I raise my eyes to the moon, the same moon.
As scenes long past come to my mind, my eyes fall again on the splash of white, and my heart aches for home. (翁显良译)
第三讲汉英语法方面的几点差异
一，英语形合与汉语意合
所谓形合，指的是句子中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。意合则不用语言形式手段。
英语形合手段：
1.关系词和连接词。关系词包括：who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why,
how;
连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如：and, or, but, yet, so , however, as well as, while, as, since, until, so…that, unless, lest 等。
It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
2.介词
The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
3.其他连接手段，如形态变化形式。包括词缀变化，性、数、格、时、体、语态、比较级、
人称和填补词“it, there”等。
汉语的意合：汉语注重隐性连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重以神统形。
a), 语序。汉语分句含义有主有次，不用连接词，语序起着重要作用。
（因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。Because he is not honest, I can not trust him.
我不能信任他，因为他不老实。I can not trust him, because he is not honest.
人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.
打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.
人到事中迷，就怕没人提。When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint.
他不来，我不去。If he won’t come here, I will not go there.
b), 紧缩句：由复句紧缩而成。
有饭大家吃。（如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧）let everybody share the food if there is any.
狼披羊皮还是狼。A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep’s clothing.
c),四字格
酒醉智昏：When wine is in, wit is out.
玩火自焚：Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
二，物称与人称
英语常用非人称主语，而汉语则常用人称主语。
What has happened to you? 你出了什么事了？
An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。
Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。
A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.. 一看到那颗大树，我便想起了童
年的情景。
My total ignorance of the matter must plead my apology. 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此事一无所知。
英语用非人称词“it”作主语。
It never occurred to me that he was so dishonest. 我从来没想到他这么不老实。
It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. 人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。
It is a good horse that never stumbles. 人有失误，马有失蹄。
三，被动与主动
英语大量使用被动态，汉语被动使用受到限制，大多表示不如意的事，即汉语的被动的典型意义是表消极意义。汉语被动标准除“被”之外，还有“让，给，叫，受，遭，蒙，挨”等。
The crops were washed away by the flood. 庄稼让大水冲跑了。
这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.
叫你猜对了。You have guessed right.
这件事做得不好。It was poorly done. 这件事做得好。It was well done.
汉语常用意义被动式，即用主动的形式表示被动的意义。英语中也有意义被动式的表达形式，但比较少见。
These products sell like hot cakes (=are sold). 这些产品非常畅销。
The clock winds up at the back (=can be wound up). 这个钟在背面上发条。
She dresses beautifully ( = is dressed). 她穿得很漂亮。
The room filled rapidly (was filled). 房间很快就挤满了。
This kind of cloth washes very well (can be washed). 这种布很好洗。
This book is printing ( = is being printed). 这本书正在印。
英语有些被动意义可以用词汇手段表达。如：
名词和名词短语：Examinee ( person examined) 受试人，受审查者; his astonishment ( he was astonished) 他感到惊讶; the imprisonment of the murderer ( the murderer was imprisoned) 凶手被监禁；
形容词：eatable ( fit to be eaten), 可吃的; visible ( that can be seen)，可以看见的；Respectable (deserving respect), 值得尊敬的；
介词短语：in one’s possession (in the possession of someone, kept or controlled by someone), 为某人所有，在某人控制之下；under the influence of alcohol( drunk, affected by alcohol),酒醉；注意静句和被动句的区别：
The glass is broken. (静句) 玻璃杯破了。
The glass was broken by my brother. (被动句，动句) 玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。
The house is surrounded by trees. (静句) 房子周围都是树。
The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops. (被动句) 敌人很快被我军包围了。
汉语常用主动形式表达英语被动意义（汉英语主动被动使用不对称）。
My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的村庄。
昨晚我盖两条被子。Last night I was covered with two quilts.
这锅饭能吃十个人。A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
一匹马骑两个人。Two persons rode one horse.
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome, the work has
been finished and the problem solved.
要制造飞机，就必须考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.
当施事者难以指明时，汉语常常使用泛称，如“有人，人人，大家，别人”等。
It is said that……有人说，据说it is well known that……众所周知it is reported that….据报
It is well known that compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
众所周知，中国人在四千年之前就发明了指南针。
Voices were heard calling for help. 有人听见呼救的声音。
Electrons are known to be the minute negative charges of electricity. 大家知道，电子是极为微小的负电荷。
被动与主动
当不便使用被动时，汉语常用处置式（“把”字式或“将”字式），表施事对受事的处置或支配行为。如：
树被风刮倒了。The tree was blown down by the wind.
风把树刮倒了。The wind blew down the tree.
敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemy’s plot was exposed.
我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the enemy’s plot.
英语的被动式译成汉语时，若不便用被动式，常常采用处置式。
Theses questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。
Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another.
凡是做功，都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。
“为……所”式由古汉语变为现代汉语的“被…….所”。如：
茅屋为秋风所破。The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.
她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet words.
“是……的”是表示状态的静句，可以与动句转换。
这些产品是我国制造的。These products are made in our country.
我是由一位教授推荐的（推荐我的是一位教授）。I was recommended by a professor.
英语被动表示客观和非人称的口气，在科技英语中常常用被动态。
不必要说出主动者或没有必要说出主动者。
常给同学们看新的电子装置。New electronic devices are often shown to the students.
一边钻井，一边下钢管，以防周围土层塌陷。
As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.
当锈生成时，就发生了化学变化。When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.
为了探测月球表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched again and again.
第四讲词类转换问题
翻译中要注意词类的不对称现象。即某个词类在汉语转换成英语时，词类也会发生变化。
一，英语中的名词表达汉语动词表达的意义。这类名词通常是由动词加后缀构成的，具有
一定的施事性。
A harder worker=someone who works hard 工作勤奋的人
A slow walker= someone who walks slowly 走路很慢的人
A bad sailor = someone who often gets seasick 会晕船的人
He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。(C. Eckersley)
He is young and a rapid writer. 他是个笔头快的年轻人。(S. C oleridge)
He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaller. (E. Snow)
他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。
She is the best hater l have ever known. How she got to hate me so much?
我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。她怎么变得这么恨我呢？
Since she lost her job, she’s been a loner. 她失业以后，就很不合群了。
You are all clock-watchers today! 你们今天老是看着钟表等着下班啊！
The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human being.
计算机比人检查更细心、更勤快。
I used to be a bit fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。
He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair)
他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。The rocket has found its application into the exploration of the universe.
火箭被用来探测宇宙。
机器正在运行。
The machine is in the operation.. (The machine is working.)
在汉英转换时，可以用英语动作名词代替汉语动词，起到简洁的表达效果。
他的故事讲得好。He is a good story teller. He is good at telling stories.
她的舞跳得好。She is a good dancer. She dances well. She is good at dancing. She is proficient at dancing. She is expert at dancing.
英语名词优势，造成介词优势。
give rise to (arouse); make contact with (meet); arrive at a decision (decide); bring to a conclusion (finish); undertake a study of (study); take into consideration ( consider); conduct an investigation into( investigate); pay a visit to (visit);
二，英语中的介词表达汉语中动词表达的意义。
He is at his books. (He is reading books.) 他在读书。
He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him.) 有人给他撑腰。
The machine is in operation. (The machine is working.) 机器正在运行。
With these words she went away. (After saying these, she went away).说完这些话，她便走开了。He went home for the key. 他回家拿钥匙。
I am for you.. I am against you. 我支持你。我反对你。
我不反对这个。I have no objection to that.
他的脾气极其急躁。His temper is of the quickest.
他的叙述十分含糊。His description was of the vaguest.
He is at his books. ( He is reading books.) 他在读书。
He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him.) 有人给他撑腰。
With these words she went away. (After saying these, she went away.) 说完这些话，她便走开了。Is this train for Chicago? (Is this train going to Chicago?) 这趟火车是开往芝加哥的吗？
不同介词的搭配与理据性问题，语言是现实的投射。搭配有其认知因素。
三，英语用形容词或副词表达汉语动词表达的意义。
I am doubtful whether he is still alive. ( doubt, live) 我怀疑他是否还活着。
The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. ( cooperate well)
学生合作地很好，老师向学生表示感谢。
He was unaware of my presence. 他当时不知道我在场。
He seems content just to sit in the classroom. 只要坐在教室里，他似乎就满足了。
I’m afraid Mr. Brown is out, but he’ll be in soon. 布朗先生恐怕出去了，但是他很快会回来的。He will be home in half an hour. 他将在半小时内到家。
Down with the old and up with the new. 破旧立新。
两种物质都不溶于水。
Both of the substances are not soluble in water.
打开阀门，让空气进入。Open the valve to let air in.
当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。
When the switch is off, the circuit is open and the electricity doesn’t go through.
汉语谓语的特殊现象
汉语的连动现象，谓语部分两个动词连用。注意两个动词的主次问题以及英语的表达法。
我们边饮酒边讨论。We discussed the matter over a bottle of wine.
他想办法摆脱了困境。He thought his way out of the dilemma. （他想办法，他摆脱了困境）你去教室把他叫回来。Go to the classroom and call him back. (你去教室，你把他叫回来)
我被老师叫到办公室做检讨。（我被老师叫+我到办公室去+我做检讨）
I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.
我挣钱养家。I support the family by earning money. I earn money to support my family.
天真活泼的孩子唱着歌跑过来。The lovely children ran over, singing.
他跑着出了房间。She went running out of the room.
他伸出手接过我的行李。He stretched out his hand to get my luggage.
He reached for my luggage.
他舒服地靠着椅子看书。He nestled down into the chair and read. He nestled down into the chair, reading.
姑娘挨着窗子看着金色的田野。The girl looked at the golden fields by the window.
他找了个干净的地方放下箱子。He found a clean spot and put down his suitcase.
他回家得穿过一片森林。When he goes home, he has to pass through an expanse of woods.
我有急事回广州。I went back to Guangzhou because I had something urgent to do.
汉语的兼语现象( 前一个动词的宾语同时又是后一个动词的主语)。
注意动词选用的不同形式。
我们请他唱歌（我们请他+他唱歌）
她强迫孩子做功课。She forced her child to do his homework.
总经理提升他为行政经理。The president promoted him as an executive manager.
他们任命他为主席。（使成）
The appointed him to be chairman. They appointed him as chairman.
They appointed him chairman.
他买了张桌子三条腿。（伴随）He bought a table with three legs.
He bought a table which has three legs.
她不喜欢他吹吹拍拍。（原因）She dislikes him because he likes to boast.
She dislikes him boasting and flattering. She loathes his boasting and flattery.
表目的：
她邀请我们去参加她的婚礼。She invited us to her wedding ceremony.
我们应该尽快组织起大家来完成这项任务。We should organize them as soon as possible into completing this task.
地方政府分配一所房子给他们住。
The local government allotted them a house to live in. the local government allotted a house for them to live in. (better)
她带来些玩具给孩子们玩。
She brought some toys for the children to play with. (better)
she brought the children some toys to play with.
名人们提供衣服给模特穿。
The celebrity supplies clothes for the model to wear. (better)
The celebrity supplies the models with clothes to wear.
注意同词选用不同形式，结构语义制约。
我陪外宾参观第一幼儿园。I show foreign visitors round No. 1 kindergarten.
我陪你到农场。I will accompany you to the farm.
连长率领全连战士冲锋。The company commander led his men in the charge.
队长带领渔民出海捕鱼。The team leader led the fishermen out to the sea to catch fish.
英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英汉对比研究读书报告
英汉对比研究读书报告
摘要：英语和汉语的对比，通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解，把语言和文化结合起来，对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解，清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知，要想学好外语，对其特点的了解是必须的，而要了解其特点，最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison，the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词：思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合，且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系，所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合，形成复合句或长句；相反，由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化，无拖沓，所以在英译汉时也应当注意，常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用，了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如，英语通常为物做主语，而汉语则为人，所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的，如在写作的时候，西方人喜欢引用专家学者，尤其是有科学依据的观点，而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的，概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响，形成了中国人的悟性，重人文，轻科学，而西方则讲求逻辑思维，以判断推理为主，提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,
英汉对比翻译word.doc
Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹； 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,
实用英汉对比与翻译
第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构。（可分为主动和被动） （二）主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子，即句子的前面是一个话题，后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如：他处境很危险；楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论：将此类句子翻译成英文时，需进行句式结构的调整，在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词，然后再根据主语选择合适的动词，如果找不到主语，就需要添加主语，或将句子中动作的承受着作主语，变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种： ⑴动作承受者作话题。如：那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如：我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如：加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如：张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如：桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如：今天风和日暖。 （三）无主句 1.即“非主语句”，一种是没有主语的，叫无主句，还有一种是由一个词构成的，叫独词句，如：火！注意！这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说，无主句主要用于以下几种情况： ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句，目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下，无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时，一般都转化为被动语态，也就是使用原文的宾语做主语，因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者，可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如：要制造飞机，就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感，在不强调施事者的情况下，表达自己的观点，不满等。在英语中，遇到同样的情况，一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责，听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以，此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：学这一套，不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点，说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中，翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”，最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如：希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.
英汉语言对比与翻译2
幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准
1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），
英汉语言对比与翻译作业
英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）
英汉对比与翻译
华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 完成时间 2013.05.31 课程名称 英汉对比与翻译 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 注：本科生须在规定期限内完成课程论文，并用A4页面打印，加此封面装订成册后，送交评审教师。教师应及时评定成绩，并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位本科生教学秘书存档。 姓 名 郭培斌 学 号 2010210596 成 绩 评卷人
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation I. Introduction I have learned the “Comparison of English and Translation:An Introduction ” for a semester and I would like to talk about some of my own understanding of this course here . II. Native Language Transfer in first language learning : Interference or Facilitation ? Some people may ask what is language transfer . Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . (Od-lin , 1989 : 27 ) We could divided translate into two part : Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer . By awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate first language learning . 2.1 Negative Transfer To sum up , there are probably three causes would form negative transfer . Firstly , analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue makes us study Chinese-style English easier . Secondly , Confusion comes from scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages . Thirdly , we always unconscious falling back on the mother tongue since customary . For a few example : 2.1.1 The writer likes writing at light (night) . The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute . 2.1.2 He only eat two meal a day . Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese . 2.1.3 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population . The noun renkou , the Chinese equivalent of “population ”can have a numerical pre-modifier . 2.1 4 He suggested me to accept this offer . The verb jianyi , the Chinese equivalent of “suggest ” can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese . 2.1.5 --Your English is wonderful . --No , no . My English is still poor . The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous . We could turn negative transfer into positive by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy . III. Contrast and Translation : Enlightenment on translation from the contrast
英汉对比与翻译作业答案
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。
英汉语言系统对比与翻译
英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 （一）英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 （1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 （2）为了使句子平衡。 （3）修辞的考虑。 （4）文体的需要。 （二）汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 （1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) （2）“为……所”式。 （3）“是……的”式。 （4）“……的是” （5）“……加以／予以”式。 二、物称与人称（Impersonal vs Personal ） （一）、英语常用非人称，主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 （二）英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法：汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠
70-英汉语言对比与翻译
中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1. 课程描述 要想学好翻译，最有效的办法莫过于充分了解两种语言之间的相同之处和不同之处。著名语言学家吕叔湘曾指出：“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会”。只有对英汉两种语言之间的差异有了深刻的体会，才能培养出语言之间的转换意识，翻译也才能够顺利进行。可以说，双语认知能力与差异观念、语言对比与转换意识构成了翻译能力的基本要素。一切翻译理论、方法和技巧均建基于此。英汉两种语言在词法、句法、语篇和文体层面迥然有别，英语是综合语，可以充分利用形态变化、虚词、复句等表情达意，而汉语属于分析语，在表达同样意思时，主要借助语序、短句、散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句，按照时间顺序或事理顺序，逐层叙述。在句法层面，英汉两种语言在主谓结构、局部与整体、形合与意合等方面不尽相同；语篇层面， - 7 -
英汉两种语言在时间性和空间性、连贯与衔接等方面均有差异。本课程将从英汉语之间的显著差异切入，探究两种语言之间的转换机制与转换方法。 The most effective way of mastering translation is to fully understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the source language and the target language. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist once remarked: “I firmly believe that the most useful way for Chinese students is to make them be aware of the differences between English and Chinese on every category including lexicon, semantics, grammar, and sentence structure. Only by this way can they have a deeper understanding”. This remark holds truth. A deep understanding of the differences between English and Chinese ensures a sense of shift and successful translation. We can safely conclude that the bilingual cognition between the source language and the target language, the sense of comparison and shift constitute the basic elements of translation competence. All translation theories, strategies and techniques are based upon them. There are huge differences on morphology, syntax, discourse and stylistics between English and Chinese. English belongs to synthetic language, conveying meaning by means of formal devices, function words and complex sentences while Chinese, an analytic language, conveys meaning chronologically and logically through word order, short sentence, loose sentence, contracted sentence, ellipsis sentence and coordinate sentence. At the syntactic level, English and Chinese differs in subject-verb structure, ways of expressing partiality and wholeness, and ways of connection. At the discoursal level, the two languages differ in temporality and spatiality, cohesion and coherence. The course will start from the most obvious differences between English and Chinese, exploring the shifting mechanism and methods. - 7 -