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北外高翻学院李长栓教授谈英汉同传中短句的连结

北外高翻学院李长栓教授谈英汉同传中短句的连结
北外高翻学院李长栓教授谈英汉同传中短句的连结

北外高翻学院李长栓教授谈英汉同传中短句的连结

1、汉语句子成分的省略

汉语讲求词约而义丰,只要能听懂,一句话可以少说一两个词,就尽量少说一两个词,决不追求结构上的完整。所以汉语口语句子往往比较短小,无主句多,省略成分多,无需连词或少用连词,偶尔也省略介词。举例如下(方括号中为补充完整的句子成分):四篇主报告已〔被〕撰写完成,专家小组正在〔对它们〕进行审核,〔它们〕将于近期〔被〕定稿,然后〔我们将〕着手翻译、印刷工作。〔在〕17篇辅助报告〔中〕,〔我们〕已收到11篇(其中一篇为提纲)。有一位报告人表示〔他〕不能承担〔这项工作〕,〔所以〕,〔我们〕尚缺5篇,〔我们〕正在〔与作者进行〕联系中。

关于句子结构,王力先生在《中国语法理论》上册里说:

“西洋语的结构好像连环,虽则环与环都联结起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语的结构好像天衣无缝,只是一块一块地硬凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语是硬的,没有弹性的;中国语是软的,富于弹性的。唯其是硬的,所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求……唯其是软的,所以中国语法只以达意为主”(197页)。

所谓达意为主,就是把相关的东西凑在一块,表达一个完整的意思,当中不用任何联结成分。当然硬凑不是乱凑,必须有连贯性,合乎逻辑。

关于主语,王力先生说得好:

“就句子结构而论,西洋语法是法制的,中国语法是人治的。法制的不管主语用着用不着,总要呆板地要求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用不着就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意思,就算了。”(《中国语法理论》上册64页)

根据英汉语言特点,在汉译英时就必须注意把“软”的变成“硬”的,把“人治”变成“法制”,就必须“立法”,添加必要的句子成分,理顺句子关系,如上例可译为:

Four main reports have been completed and are being examined by the expert group.They will be finalized soon and put to translation and printing.Of the17supporting reports,we have received11(including one outline).One writer said he could not undertake the job,so we are still short of5papers,and we are contacting the potential writers.

翻译中我们注意了将不断变换的主语理顺,语态进行了必要的变换或明确,增加了必要的句子成分(主语、宾语及连结词)。

2、汉语中的并列谓语

汉语中使用并列谓语的现象十分普遍,而英语中一般只允许有一个谓语动词,并列过多就会显得是在罗列,读起来拗口。翻译时应注意少用动词,而改为介词、名词等,并用各种手段将句子连成一体,避免译文堆砌,显得干净利落。如:

1)迫使占阿富汗全国人口五分之一的三百万居民背井离乡,逃往邻国,沦为难民。

…forced one third of the Afghan people,totalling3million,to flee their homeland to the neighbouring countries as refugees.

或者…to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.

2)过去几年来,它耍尽了花招,在谈判中不断节外生枝,设置种种障碍,阻挠435号决议的执行。

Over the past years,it played all kinds of tricks to create side issues and obstacles in the negotiations on the implementation of Resolution435.

3、汉语中的“四字格”

汉语中经常将一些政策、现象等编成四字一组的“顺口溜”或口号,读起来朗朗上口,但译起来却要费很大力气。其处理方法与并列谓语相似,就是避免堆砌,加强联系。但在翻译实践中很难完全摆脱汉语这种文风,译文往往不能尽如人意,如:

1)统存统贷,统收统支

state control over deposits and loans,income and expenditure

2)在分配中,我们坚持“效率优先,兼顾公平”的原则。

In distribution,we emphasize efficiency but not at the expense of equity.

3)自主经营,自负盈亏

management autonomy and performance accountability

4)要建立产权明晰,权责分明,政企分开,管理科学的现代企业制度。

We will set up a modern enterprise system characterized by clear property ownership,clear rights and responsibilities,separation of government functions and enterprise management as well as high efficiency.

5)抓住机遇,深化改革,扩大开放,促进发展,保持稳定

seizing the opportunity for further reform and opening up to facilitate development and stability.

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新人教版八年级英语(上)重点单词短语句子归纳 Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? 一、重点短语 1.去度假go on vacation 2.待在家里stay at home 3.去爬山go to the mountains 4.去海滩go to the beach 5.参观博物馆visit museums 6.去参观夏令营go to summer camp 7.相当多quite a few 8.为……而学习study for 9.出去go out 10.大部分时间most of the time 11.尝起来很好吃taste good 12.玩得高兴have a good time 13.当然of course 14.给……的感觉;感受到feel like 15.去购物go shopping 16. 在过去in the past 17.四处走走walk around 18.因为because of 19.一碗……one bowl of…20.第二天the next day 21.喝茶drink tea 22.找出;查明find out 23.继续go on 24.照相take photos 25.重要的事something important 26.上上下下up and down 27.出来come up 二、重点句型及考点 1. 为某人买某物buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth. 2. 尝起来……taste + adj. 3. 看起来……look+ adj. 4. 除了……之外什么都没有nothing…but+动词原形 5.看起来……seem+(to be)+ adj. 6. 到达某地arrive in+大地点/ arrive at+小地点 7. 决定去做某事decide to do sth. 8. 尝试做某事try doing sth . 尽力去做某事try to do sth. 9. 忘记做过某事forget doing sth. 忘记做某事forget to do sth. 10. 喜欢做某事enjoy doing sth. 11. 想去做某事want to do sth. 12. 开始做某事start doing sth. 13. 停止做某事stop doing sth. 14. 不喜欢做某事dislike doing sth. 15. 继续做某事keep doing sth. 16. 为什么不做……呢?Why not do. sth.? 17. 如此……以至于……so+adj.+that+从句18. 告诉某人(不要)做某事tell sb. (not) to do sth Unit 2 How often do you exercise? 一、根据汉语写短语。 1. 多久一次how often 2. 几乎不hardly ever 3. 至少;不少于at least 4. 摇摆舞swing dance 5. 垃圾食品junk food 6. 多少how many 7. 例如;像……这样such as 8. 少于less than 9. 百分之十五fifteen percent 10. 上网go online 11. 对……有好处be good for 12. 多余more than 13. 看电视watch TV 14. 许多好习惯a lot of good habits 15. 去看牙医go to the dentist 16. 一周一两次once or twice a week 二、根据所给英语翻译句子。 1. ---你周末通常都干些什么?---我总是锻炼。(weekend; exercise) ---What do you usually do on weekends? ---I always exercise. 2. 他们经常帮忙做家务。(housework) They often help with housework. 3. ---他多久看一次电视?---他几乎不看电视。(how often) ---How often does he watch TV. --- He hardly ever watches TV.

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十大英文励志短语 1. The greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart. 世界上对勇气的考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。 2. A man's best friends are his ten fingers. 人的朋友是自己的十个手指。 3. Only they who fulfill their duties in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occasions. 只有在日常生活中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。 4. The shortest way to do many things is to only one thing at a time. 做很多事情的捷径就是一次只做一件事。 5. One never lose anything by politeness. 讲礼貌不吃亏。 6. There's only one corner of the universe you can be sure of improving, and that's your own self. 这个宇宙中只有一个角落你肯定能够改进,那就是你自己。 7. The world is like a mirror: Frown at it and it frowns at you; smile, and it smiles too. 世界犹如一面镜子:朝它皱眉它就朝你皱眉,朝它微笑它也朝你微笑。 8. Death comes to all, but great achievements raise a monument which shall endure until the sun grows old.

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新目标英语八年级上各个单元重点词组与句型归纳Unit1 1. go to the movies=go to the cinema =see a film 看电影 2. look after=take care of = babysit 照顾 3. surf the Internet 上网 4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式 5. go skateboarding 去划板 6. (be) in good health =(be)healthy身体健康 7. keep / stay healthy=keep / stay in good health 保持健康 8. as for至于 9. take/do exercise = play/ do sports锻炼,做运动 10. eating habits 饮食习惯 11. be the same as 与……相同 12. once a month一月一次 13. be different from 不同 14. twice a week一周两次 15. make a difference to 对什么有影响 16. how often 多久一次 17. hardly ever几乎不 18. most of the students=most students大多数学生 19. activity survey活动调查 20. go shopping=do some shopping 购物 21. do homework做家庭作业 22. do housework做家务事 23. junk food垃圾食物 24. be good/bad for 对……有益(害)be good at 擅长be good to 对某人友好be good with 与某人相处融洽 25. on/at weekends 在周末 26. want to do sth. = would like to do sth.= feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 27. want sb. to do sth.= would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 28. try to do sth 尽量做某事 try doing sth.试着做某 try one`s best to do sth.尽力做某事 29. come home from school放学回家 30. of course= certainly= sure当然 31. get good grades取得好成绩 32. help sb. ( to )do sth. 帮助某人做某事, 33. help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助某人 34. a lot of = lots of = many + 可数名词。许多,大量的 35. a lot of =lots of= much + 不可数名词许多,大量的 36. the results of … ……的结果 37. a healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式 38. two or three times a week 一周两三次39. a healthy habit 一个健康的习惯 40. kind of unhealthy 有点不健康 41. How often do you exercise 42. What`s your favorite program 43. Good food and exercise help me to study better . 44. How many hours do you sleep every night Unit 2 1. have/ catch a cold = have got a cold 感冒 2. have a sore throat = have a pain in one`s throat 咽喉痛 3. have a stomachache = have a sore stomach = have a pain in one`s stomach胃痛 4. lie down and rest 躺下休息 5. see a dentist 看牙医 6. drink lots of water 多喝水 7. drink hot tea with honey 喝加蜂蜜的热茶 8. That sounds like a good idea. 听起来像个好主意. 9. stressed out 紧张,有压力感, 10. traditional Chinese doctors传统中医 11. a balance of yin and yang阴阳平衡 12. too much yin 阴气过盛 13. a balanced diet饮食平衡 14. healthy/yin/yang food 健康(阴性,阳性)食品 15. at the moment = now 此刻 16. enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun = have a wonderful time 玩得高兴,过得愉快 18. host family 寄宿家庭 19. conversation practice会话练习 20. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事, like doing sth 喜欢做某事, practice doing sth. 练习做某事, mind doing sth. 介意做某事, finish doing sth. 完成某事, give up doing sth. 放弃做某事, keep doing sth. 坚持做某事. can`t stand doing sth.忍不住做某事 have fun doing sth. 做某事很愉快 即:practice, mind, finish, give up, keep, can`t stand, have fun等与enjoy用法相似。 21. It`s + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth. 对某人来说做某事怎么样。 22. have a lot of headaches. 经常头痛。 23.What`s the matter(with Gina)(蒂娜)怎么啦? 24.Maybe you should see a dentist.也许你该看看牙医。 25.Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy.传统中医认为,保持身体健康需要体内阴阳二气的平衡。26.You should eat hot yang foods, like beef .

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1. Don't worry, be happy! 别担心,快乐点! 2. Look on the bright side. 看光明的一面。(往好的一面看。) 3. Keep your chin up. Everything will be all right. 抬头挺胸(不要气馁)。一切会没问题的。 4. Take it easy, man. Its not that big of adeal. 放轻松,老兄。没什么大不了的。 5. Heaven will always leave a door open. 天堂永远留一扇开着的门。(天无绝人之路。) 6. Be more optimistic! Its not the end of the world. 乐观一点!又不是世界末日。 7. Laugh, and the world will laugh with you. 如果你笑(乐观),世界也会陪你一块欢笑。 8. Don't get down. Things will work out eventually. 别失望,事情最后总会有办法解决的。 9. Life is full of trial and error. One failure doesn't mean you're out of the picture. 人生充满了尝试与错误。一次失败不代表你就出局了。 10. Hang in there! / Stick to it! The victory will go to you in theend. 坚持下去,胜利最后会属于你的。 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事必先难后易。Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people.困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。 Do one thing at a time, and do well.一次只做一件事,做到最好! It’s better late than never.迟到总比没做好。 Keep on going. never give up.勇往直前,决不放弃!

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