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第六章 被动与主动

第六章 被动与主动
第六章 被动与主动

第六章被动与主动

(Passive vs.Active)

被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。在某些文体中,使用被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯(passive habit)。S.Baker在“The Practical Stylist”一书中指出:“Our massed,scientific,and bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive voice that you must constantly alert yourself against its drowsy, impersonal pomp.??被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长了被动句。英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面的原因:

一、施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事(agent)由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动句:

1.施事未知而难以言明,如:

The murderer was caught yesterday,and it is said that he will be hanged.

凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。

2.施事从上下文中可以不言自明,如:

She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。

3.施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,如:

Her only son was run over by a car.她的独子被汽车轧了。

有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vague pronoun subject),也用被动句:

At the tea party they served only tea and cake.

At the tea party only tea and cake were served.

茶会上只供应茶和饼。

4.由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种微妙的情绪(tact or delicacy of sentiment),例如:

Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.

今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。

二、句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:

1.为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,如:

Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.

有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。

2.为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(end focus)和末端重量(end weight),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯,如:

1 was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.

他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。

三、修辞的考虑。英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变,避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动式可以减少以填补词“it”、“there”引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。试比较:

There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject—verb—object.

有许多方法可以变换英语“主一动一宾”基本句型。

The basic English sentence pattern of subject—vetb—object can be varied in many ways.英语“主一动一宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。

四、文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。R.Quirk等人指出:

There is a notable difference in the frequency with which the active and passive voices are used.The active is generally the more common,but there is considerable variation among individual texts.The passive has been found to be as much as ten times more frequent in one text another.The major stylistic factor determining its frequency seems to be related to the distinction between informative and imaginative prose rather than to a difference of subject matter or of spoken and written English.The passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in imaginative writing,notably in the objective,non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.

这类信息性的(informative)文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述(impersonal activity seen objectively),力戒作者的主观臆断,因而常常避免提及施事。J.Perlmutter指出,“It?s tradition al among technical writers to keep themselves in the background.to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.”新闻报道注重口气客观、间接,叙事翔实、冷静(calm fact—teller),施事往往难以言明,也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私,口气客观、正式。R.Ahick对此曾作如下解释:The passive voice allows one to express ideas without attributing them to a specific individual source.That is why it is so widely used in government communications,in which decisions and opinions are presumed to be those of the bureau or agency as a whole and not of individual officials.But legitimate use can easily turn into abuse.While the convention by which governmental edicts come from an impersonal entity can be defended,the indiscriminate use of the passive as a grammatical camouflage can also be a sign of moral weakness.Anyone who does not wish to assume personal responsibility for his statements finds an “out”by writing “it is directed that” instead of “I direct that,”or“it is the opinion of the firm” instead of “I think”.The weak passive is used in newspaper writing for the same reason for which it is used in governmental correspondence:to achieve the impersonal note,and thus,in many instances。to disclaim direct responsibility for statements that are based on hearsay.

英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向,正式文体尤其如此。英美语言学者都主张多用主动语态,不要滥用被动语态。许多学者认为被动语态虽有不少用处,但显得罗唆(wordy)、间接(indirect)、无力(weak)、隐晦(oracular),故弄玄虚(mysterious)而深不可测(impenetrable),使交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕(passive smoke-screen)。R.Quirk曾引用D.Senior攻击被动语态的话,说它是“half the dilatoriness,the passing of the bucks,the shirking of responsibility,the lazy-mindedness,and the want of initiative…”.从众多语言学者批评滥用被动语态这一事实来看,英语作者出于各种考虑和需要,确实广泛使用着被动语态,尤其常用于上述的科技文章(technical writing)、报刊文章(newspaperese)和官方文章(bureaucratese)。

英语的结构被动句(syntactic passive)远比意义被动句(notional passive)多。一般地说,绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。被动式可借助形态变化来表示,因而形式很多:有限定动词多种时态的被动式,也有非限定动词(不定式、分词、动名词)的被动式;有非人称被动式(impersonal passive),如it is believed等,也有双重被动式(double passive),如The date is expected to be announced soon,等等。这些结构被动式不仅应用范围

很广,而且使用的频率也很高。意义被动式,即用主动的形式表达被动的意义,在英语里比较少见:

1)These products sell like hot cakes(= are so1d).

这些产品十分畅销。

2)The clock winds up at the back(=can be wound up).

这个钟在背面上发条。

3)She dresses beautifully (=is dressed).

她穿得很漂亮。

4)The room filled rapidly(=was filled).

房间很快就挤满了。

5)This kind of cloth washes very well(=can be washed).

这种布很经洗。

6)The book is printing(=is being printed).

这本书正在印刷。

7)The plan is working out(=is being worked out).

这项计划正在制定。

英语有些被动意义可用词汇手段来表达,如:

名词(短语):

examinee(=person examined) 受审查者;受试人;考生

referee(=to whom a question is referred) 受委托者

his astonishment(=he was astonished) 他感到惊讶

the man?s trial(=the man was tried) 那个人受审问

the imprisonment of the murderer(=the murderer was imprisoned) 凶手被监禁

形容词:

eatable(=fit to be eaten) 可吃的

desirable(=to be desired) 想要的

visible(=that can be seen) 可以看见的

respectable(=deserving respect)值得尊敬的

介词短语:

in one?s possession/in the possession of someone(= owned,held,kept or controlled by someone)为某人所有,在某人的控制之下

under the influence (of alcoho1)(=drunk;affected by alcohol) 酒醉

尽管英语的被动意义有时可以不用被动式来表达,但总的说来,英语常用结构被动式,少用意义被动式。与此相反,汉语则常用意义被动式,少用结构被动式。这一差异主要是因为:

一、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。

古代汉语的被动式是用“为”字或“为……所”结构来表示的(如《论语》“不为酒困”、杜甫诗题“茅屋为秋风所破”),没有“被字式”,被动意义一般借助主动式来表示。到了近代,汉语才有了“被字式”。“被”字是从“遭受”的意义演变而来的(如《后汉书·贾复传》“身被十二创”)。

“被字式”曾被称为“不幸语态”(inflictive voice),主要用以表达对主语而言是不如意或不企望的事(unpleasant or undesirable),如“被捕”、“被杀”、“被剥削”、“被压迫”等。现代汉语受西方语言的影响,“被字式”的使用范围有所扩大,有时也可以用来表达并非不如意的事,如“被选为工会主席”、“被评为先进工作者”等,但大多数被动意义不用“被字式”。按照汉语的习惯,如果句中无须指出施事,主动意义与被动意义又不致发生混淆,一般就不用结构被动式(用介词或介词结构作状语),而用意义被动式。试比较:

It was done.这件事已做了。(不说“这件事已被做了”)

It was well done.这件事做得好。(不说“这件事已被做得好”)

It was poorly done.这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件事给弄糟了。

英语表达这三种意义都可以用被动式,但汉语却用主动式,只有第三种意义才用被动式。

除了“被”字之外,“让”、“给”、“叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”等也可构成被动式,但也大多表达类似“被字式”的不如意或不企望的事,如:

1)庄稼让大水冲跑了。

The crops were washed away by the flood.

2)这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。

The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas.

3)叫你猜对了。

You?ve guessed right.

4)这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。

This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.

与汉语相比,英语的被动式所表达的意义不受此类限制,它可以表达不如意的事,也可以表达如意的事,还可以表达中性的意义,其应用的范围要比汉语广得多。此外,英语的被动式是由系表结构演变而来的,可以表示动作(动句),也可以表示状态(静旬),而汉语的被动式却不是由系表结构演变而来的,一般只表示动作,而不表示状态。比较:The glass is broken.(静句)

玻璃杯破了。(不用被动式)

The glass was broken by my brother.(动句)

玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。(被动式)

玻璃杯是我弟弟打破的。(被动式的转换式)

The house is surrounded by trees.(静句)

房子周围都是树。(不用被动式)

The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops.(动句)

敌人很快被我军包围了。(被动式)

汉语的被动式除了受到意义的限制之外,还受到形式的限制。王力指出,“中国正常的被动式是必须把主事者说出的。??吕叔湘、朱德熙也认为,“在形式上,…被?字底下一般要有宾语,表示主动者。”这种限制使得许多难以说出施事者的句子不能变成被动式,虽然现代汉语有突破这种限制的倾向。与此相反,英语大多数被动句却不必说出施事者。R.Quirk 等人指出,“Unlike the active subject,the agent phrase is optional.1n fact,approximately four out of five English passive sentences have no expressed (surface) agent.R.Zandvoort也认为,“The passive is especially used in sentences in whi ch it is unnecessary or undesirable to mention the agent,though the agent may be expressed by means of an adjunct with by”. O.Jespersen也

有类似的观点。由于英汉这一表达形式的差异,英语被动式的使用比汉语自由得多了。

王力指出:“中国被动式用途之狭,是西洋被动式所比不上的。本来,西洋语言也是主动式多于被动式,尤其在英法语里}有些及物动词竟不能有被动式,例如英语的have,当其用于本义时,罕有用于被动式的。至于中国语呢,就有大部分的及物动词不能用被动式了。………被?字有…遭受?的意思,因此,被动式所叙述者,对主位而言,必须是不如意或不企望的事。西洋的主动句大多数可转成被动句,中国则恰恰相反,主动句大多数是不能转成被动句的。??例如:

1)He is respected by everybody.

人人都尊敬他。(不能译为“他被人人尊敬”)

2)The ceremony was abbreviated by rain.

因为下雨,仪式举行得很简短。

(不能译为“仪式被雨缩短了“)

3)John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.

约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。(不能译为“约翰真的爱玛丽,也被玛丽爱”)

汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义:

1)My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country.(Washington Irving)

每逢假日的下午,我总要漫游周围的乡村。

2)Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.

在教堂里,人们不仅要有礼貌,而且应该有一种虔诚的态度。

3)Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.

人的思想形成了语言,而语言又影响了人的思想。

4)Air that is cooled suddenly shrinks as some of the moisture is squeezed out.and clouds age formed.

突然冷却的空气,由于挤出了部分水份,体积收缩,就变成了云。

5)The Chinese Table Tennis Team also visited a Manhattan public school,delighting the pupils and being delighted by them.(“Ch ina U.S.Table Tennis)

中国乒乓球队还访问了曼哈顿的一所公立学校。队员们和学生们都为这次见面感到高兴。

6)Better my life should be ended by their hate,than that hated 1ife should be prolonged to live without your love.(“Ro meo and Juliet”)

我宁可死在他们的仇恨之下,也不愿意延长这可恨的生命而得不到你的爱。

汉语的被动式既然受到意义和形式的限制,大多数被动意义就必须采用其他形式表达。

二、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。

根据汉人的思维习惯,人的行为,必然是由人来完成的,事或物不可能完成人的行为。这种不言而喻的思维模式使人们在表达时常常把施事者隐含起来,而把注意力集中在受事者及行为本身,因此,受事者便充当了主语。另一方面,表示行为的动词没有形态变化,形式相同的动词可以表达主动意义,也可以表达被动意义,被动式的使用又受到很大的限制,因此,“受事+动词”的格式便成了汉人自古以来的一种表达习惯,其被动意义是由交际者的语感而共同认知的。广泛使用受事主语的倾向便导致了大量的“当然被动句”。一般说来,越是地道的汉语,这种句式越多:

1)昨晚我盖了两条被子。(不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”)

Last night 1 was covered up with two quilts.

2)这锅饭能吃十个人。(不说“这锅饭能被十个人吃”)

A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.

3)一匹马骑两个人。(不说“一匹马被两个人骑”)

Two persons rode one horse.

4)困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。

The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.

英语的被动式也常常译成汉语的主动式,如:

The first clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1000 A.D.,but clocks of that kind could not be carried about from place to place.Another four hundred and fifty years passed before the first watch was made in Germany.(“New Horizon English Reader”)

据说第一座装有钟摆和齿轮的钟大约是在公元一千年左右发明的。但是这样的钟不便携带。又过了四百五十年,第一块表才在德国制造出来。

三、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构齐整,句中不能没有主语,只好采用被动式或其他句式,以便于把施事者省略或隐含起来。如:

1)要制造飞机,就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。

Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.

2)为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?

Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?

3)注意看看信的地址是否写对了。

Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.

4)用机械加工方法,特别是用磨削方法,可以获得最佳表面光洁度。

Best surface finish is provided by machining method, especially by grinding.

四、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称(如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”等)作主语,以保持句子的主动形式。英语也有不定代词(如one,some,any,every,all,somebody,anybody,everybody等),但其用途与汉语的通称不尽相同。英语在许多情况下宁可采用被动式也不用这类代词作主语,如大量的非人称被动式(impersonal passive)用“it”作形式主语:

It is said that… 有人说,据说,据云

It is well known that… 大家知道,众所周知

It is generally considered that… 人们普遍认为

当汉语不便于采用被动式时,常常采用通称作主语,如:

1)He has often, not always justly,been accused of indecisiveness.

人们常常指责他优柔寡断,虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。

2)V oices were heard calling for help.

有人听见呼救的声音。

3)Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of electricity.

大家知道,电子是极为微小的负电荷。

汉语用通称作主语的句式,也常常译成英语的被动式:

1)众所周知,中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。

It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.

2)有人问她感觉如何,她说:“呼吸困难。”

When asked how she felt,she said:“I?m having trouble breathing.??

3)人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。

The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.

五、当不便使用被动式时,汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。如:

1.处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”),表示施事对受事的处置或支配行为。王力认为,“被动式和处置式的形式虽不同(一是被动句,一是主动句),而其所叙行为的性质却大致相同。譬如一件事,在主事者一方面看来是一种处置,在受事者一方面看来往往就是一种不如意或不企望的事。…他把你打了一顿?,在…他?看来是一种处置,在…你?看来就是一种损害了。因此,多数被动式是可以改为处置式的。被动句若要转成主动句,也是变为处置式较为适宜。”试比较:

树被风刮倒了。The tree was blown down by the wind.

风把树刮倒了。The wind blew down the tree.

她被人杀害了。She was killed.

有人把她杀害了。someone killed her.

敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemy?s plot was exposed.

我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the enemy?s plot.

英语的被动式译成汉语时,若不便采用“被字式”,常常采用“处置式”:

1)These questions should not be confused.

不要把这些问题混在一起。

2)The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.

利用发电机,可以将机械能再变成电能。

3)Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another.

凡是做功,都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。

4)Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities not otherwise avail able.

故意把各种金属混合在一起,可以产生数百种新物质。这些物质的特性合乎人们的需要,也是一般金属所没有的。

5)Kissinger was al armed by China?s first atomic blast in October,1964.

一九六四年十月,中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,这把基辛格吓了一跳。

2.“为……所”式,是较古的被动式,与现代的被动式结合,即为“被……所”,如:茅屋为秋风所破。

The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.

她被花言巧语所陶醉。

She is intoxicated with sweet words.

3.“是……的”式,即表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,如:这些产品是我国制造的。(我国制造这些产品)

These products are made in our country.

风速是用秒米表示的。(用秒米表示风速)

The speed of wind is expressed in metres by second.

4.“……的是”式,一般可以与“是(由)……的”式互相转换,

推荐我的是一位教授。(我是由一位教授推荐的)

I was recommended by a professor.

接见他的是一位秘书。(他是由一位秘书接见的)

He was received by a secretary.

5.“……加以/予以”式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如:

这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。

This question will be discussed in the next chapter.

这必须在适当的时候予以处理。

It must be dealt with at the appropriate time.

除了上述的形式以外,汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段,用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义,如:

1)They are paid for this.

他们拿钱就是干这个的。

2)The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.

古代文化重见天日。

3)He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year,by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.

一天又一天,一年又一年,他始终吉星高照,令人惊异不己。

4)He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute.

他在日常生活中有一条不可动摇的信念,那就是,道德标准是绝对的。

英语使用被动式,常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气,以迎合某些表达的需要。汉语要表达同样的口气,往往不用被动式,而用上述的无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。总之,英语常用被动式,汉语常用主动式。英汉互译时,句式的转换便成了一种常用的技巧。

主动形式表被动含义

我是英语专业的,或许能帮助你~!!楼主记得给分啊~!!2011—12--23 主动语态形式表示被动意义在初三英语教学当中,被动语态的学习是一个重点,学生常常在做选择填空和完形填空当中,会遇到一些用主动语态形式表示被动意义的题目,他们常常会犯一些错误。例如以下的一道选择题:The cotton very soft.(棉花摸起来很软)A、is felt B、feels C、was felt D、feel这道题的正确答案是B,而往往很多同学选择A。他们觉得应该用被动结构,其实这就是一个典型的“某些表示状态特征的系动词,就是用主动语态形式表示被动意义”的题目。为了避免学生再遇到类似的问题,犯同样的错误,本人觉得在初三复习当中,在不增加学生过多负担下,有必要将一些初中学生接触过的这一方面的内容,做一下简单的归纳。英语中主动语态形式并不都表示主动意义,有时可表示被动意义,因为被动语态不如主动语态用得普遍,在不引起误解的情况下,可用主动语态表示被动意义。常见的有以下几种情况。一、某些表示状态特征的系动词,如:look,sound,smell,taste等用主动语态形式表示被动意义。如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布料摸起来很软。The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。The cake smells nice. 这蛋糕闻起来香。The meat tastes terrible. 这肉尝起来变味了。二、表示某些“需要、要求”意义的动词,如need、want、require等后的动名词的主动语态形式表示被动意义。如:The bike needs mending. 这辆自行车需要修理。Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。The story requires reading carefully.这篇故事需要仔细阅读。三、形容词worth后接的动名词用主动语态形式表示被动意义。The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得读。The clock isn’t worth repairing. 这闹钟不值得修。The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得一看。四、作表语的形容词,如difficult,easy,hard,nice,possible,impossible等之后的不定式作状语时,用主动语态形式表示被动意义。此时,不定式表示的动作与其主语一般为动宾关系。如:Is English difficult to learn? 英语难学吗?The maths problem is not easy to work out.这道数学题不容易解。I think apples are nice to eat.我认为苹果好吃。五、某些动词,如:lock,open,sell,wash等,特别是与副词badly,easily,well等连用时,常常用主动语态形式表示被动意义。如:The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。This kind of colour TV sells well. 这种彩电很畅销。Does the cloth wash well?这布耐洗吗?The shop opens at eight in the morning.商店早上八点开门。六、不定式作定语,与被修饰动词的名词或代词构成被动关系,表示被动意义。如:I have lots of homework to do today.今天我有许多家庭作业要做。I want to get something to drink. 我想弄点喝的。Would you like something to eat?你想要点吃的吗?当然“学无定法”,英语的学习不能靠死记规则,关键要提高语感,真正养成用英语思维的习惯,才能做到活学活用。

主动形式表被动意义

主动形式表被动意义 1. 1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等,例如: Your reason sounds reasonable. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. 2)一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演)等,例如: The door won't open. It can't move. 3)一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等,例如: The book sells well. These clothes wash well. 4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如: This material has worn thin. The dust has blownsintosthe house. 2. 1)动名词 be worth(值得), want (=need)(需要), need(需要), require(需要)后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表示被动意义,例如: These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully. Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut). 2) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,例如: He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如: There is so much work to do/to be done. 在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing(有趣的),

主动形式表示被动意义的十二种情况

主动形式表示被动意义的十二种情况 英语的被动意义除了用及物动词的被动语态形式表示外,还可以用其他方法来表示,就像在汉语中并非一定要用“被”字来表示的被动意义一样。我们把这种用法称之为“主动表被动”,下面笔者就这种可以用主动形式表示被动意义的场合归纳如下。 1.用某些不及物动词表示被动意义,如:carry, cut, drive, iron, keep, lock, open, pick, read, shut, tear, wash, wear, write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词,也能做不及物动词。作不及物动词时,形式上虽为主动,却表示被动意义。例如:Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。 His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。 The car drove easily.这车很容易开。 Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。 2.某些表示感觉动词的动词可以用主动形式表示被动意义。例如: This shirt feels much softer than that one. 这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。 That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。 3.有少数动词(bind, cook, do, owe, print)的进行时有时有被动意义。在这种用法中,句子的主语都一般是指物的。例如: The magazine is binding(printing).这本杂志正在装订(印刷)。 He paid all that was owing.欠的钱他都还了。 The meat is cooking.正在火敦肉。 4.动词get, come, go之后接过去分词,表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言,更强调动作的结果而非动作本身,并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词。例如: After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年,终于得到提升。 They got delayed because of the holiday traffic. 由于节日交通阻塞,他们被耽误了。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。 The woman's complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。 5.在need(want, require, deserve, etc.)doing句型中,动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done),在意思上没有多大差别。例如: The garden needs watering(to be watered).花园需要浇水。 The problem requires studying(to be studied) with great care. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 These jobs want doing(to be done) at once. 这些工作需要马上就做。 6.在bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing结构中习惯上用动名词形式,而不用动词不定式。其中值得注意的是,在be worth doing句型中,只能用动名词的主动式,而在be worthy to be done中,才能用动词不定式的被动式,两者不可混淆。例如:

英语中主动表示被动的几种情况

主动表示被动的几种情况 英语中,有些句子在形式上是主动的,但意义上却是被动的,这就是所谓的主动表示被动(active passive voice)。其特点是,句子中语法上的主语是逻辑上的宾语。主动表示被动常见于以下八种情况。 一、某些系动词后加形容词,如look, smell, taste, feel, sound, prove 等。 1. It smells terrible. 气味难闻死了。 2. The moon cake with nuts tastes delicious. 果仁月饼好吃。 3. Silk feels very soft. 丝绸摸上去很柔软。 二、某些动词后可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。这类动词want, need, require, deserve等。 1. The car needs repairing. 这车需修理。 2. The coat requires mending. 这件外衣需要补一补。 3. This point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得一提。 三、be + 表示“难、易、轻、重、合适”等形容词+ 带to的不定式。 1. The problem is hard to deal with. 这个问题难以解决。 2. The bag is too heavy to carry. 这包重得拎不动。 3. The sea is not fit to swim in. 这片海水不宜游泳。 四、will, do, would的否定形式加动词原形。 1. This material won’t wear. 这料子不耐久。 2. The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。 3. The box doesn’t lock. 这箱子锁不上。 五、某些及物动词后加副词时。这些动词有wash, write, sell, read, cut, clean, heat, rent, let,act, tell,等,其后的副词多为well, easily, quickly, rapidly等。 1. These types of computer sell well. 这些品类的计算机很畅销。 2. Such houses rent easily. 这样的房子容易租出去。 3. Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙干得快。 六、主语+ be + 带to的不定式 1. You were to blame. 这该怪你。 2. The house is to let. 这房子出租。

动名词主动表被动的三种类型

在某些特殊结构中,动名词可以用主动形式表示被动意义,这主要见于以下几种情况: 一、“需要”型 在need, want, require几个表示“需要”的动词后,英语习惯上用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如: He needs encouraging. 他需要鼓励。 Your hair wants cutting. 你需要理发了。 The front gate requires mending. 前门需要修理。 从意义上看,以上三句的动名词均含有被动意味,但用的都是主动形式。不过,如果改用不定式,则要用被动式,如上面也可说成: He needs to be encouraged. 他需要鼓励。 Your hair wants to be cut. 你需要理发了。 The front gate requires to be mended. 前门需要修理。 二、“值得”型 这类词比较典型的有三个,它们是(be) worth, deserve, merit——它们后面跟的动名词习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义,不能直接使用被动式。如: The film is worth seeing twice. 这个片子值得看两遍。 None of it is worth keeping. 这东西一点儿也不值得保存。 They merit praising. 他们值得表扬 说明:从搭配上看,be worth 和merit 后只能跟动名词,不能跟不定式;而deserve 后则通常是接不定式的。如: They deserved to be congratulated. 他们值得祝贺。 She deserved to win because she was the best. 她有资格获胜,因为她是最优秀的。 只有当它后面所接动词具有被动意义时才可用动名词,且要用主动形式表示被动意义;此时若改成不定式,则要用被动形式。如: 我认为他的文章不值一读。 I don’t think his article deserves reading. =I don’t think his article deserves to be read.

主动形式,被动概念

主动形式表示被动含义的情况 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 (1) 形容词worth 后接的动名词用主动语态形式表示被动意义。 be worth doing= be worthy to be done = be worthy of being done The book is well worth reading. (2)在表示(某物)需要的need, want, require 等后的动名词,用主动形式表示被动 sb./sth wants(needs/requires) doing = sb/sth wants(needs/requires) to be done The baby wants looking after.= The baby wants to be looked after. 孩子需要照顾 The bike needs mending. 这辆自行车需要修理。 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The story requires reading carefully. 这篇故事需要仔细阅读。 (3)lock, open, close, read, write, wash, wear, sell, translate 等动词,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物,且常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely 等副词连用。例如: This kind of cloth washes very well. This book sells well. The sign reads as follows. The dress wears very well. This essay doesn ’t translate well. 这篇文章不好译。 (暗指这篇文章本身不好翻译) This essay wasn ’t translated well. 这篇文章译得不好.

动词的主动形式表示被动之意(附练习及答案)

动词的主动形式表示被动之意 一、系动词无被动语态:以主动形式表示被动之意 常见的系动词有: ①be 动词 ②. 起来(7 个):look/seem/appear, feel(感觉,摸起来),sou nd, smell, taste e.g. She seems/appears happy. It smells terrible. ③(逐渐)变得 /变成: become, grow, get, turn, come, go e.g. His wish has come true. People often went hungry in the old days. The tree is growing tall. ④保持: keep, stay e.g. We must keep quiet in the reading room. 二、下列动词(词组)没有被动式: 1、happen, take place, break out, belong to ,cost, take 2、不及物动词 sell, wash, read , write, open, close, shut, lock, wear 等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。 Ol、An accident was happened yesterday. (x)昨天发生了一起事故。 An accident happened yesterday. O2、 The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。 O3、 The watch looks good. 这表看起来很好。 O4、 This book sells well. 这本书畅销。 O5、 The kind of cloth washes well. 这种布很容易洗。 O6、 The article reads well. 这篇文章读起来很好。 O7、 The supermarket opens at 8:00 in the morning. 超市在早上八点钟营业。 08、The door won ' t close/sh这门关不上。 O9、 The door locks easily. 这门容易锁。

主动形式表示被动含义的用法归纳

主动形式表示被动含义的用法归纳 主动语态表示被动含义是学习语态的难点,也是高考考查的热点。现归纳如下: [考查热点1] 感官动词常用作系动词(如taste,feel,smell ,sound,look,smell等),常用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:How sweet the music sounds! The flowers smell sweet. That sounds very reasonable. [考查热点2] 某些动词如cut,drive,pay,write,read,sell,keep,prove,weigh,number,drink,wear,pay,wash,open,cost,lock,last等常用主动形式表被动含义,这时常和well,easily,perfectly,badly,slowly等方式副词连用,这种用法多用来说明主语的特征、性质或所处的状态等。例如: The pen writes quite smoothly. The book sells well. [考查热点3]在too…to结构中常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例如: It's too good a chance to miss. [考查热点4] 有些及物动词如cook,burn,print,prepare等有时会用进行时态表示被动含义。例如: The potatoes are cooking. The dictionary is printing. [考查热点5] 在“need/want/require+V-ing”及“bear/stand+V-ing”结构中用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,这时相当于不定式的被动式。例如: My car needs/wants/requires repairing.=My car needs/wants/requires to be repaired. [考查热点6]在There be句型中,something,anything,nothing等不定代词以及名词之后的不定式往往用主动形式表示被动含义。例如: There is nothing to do — I'm bored. There are six letters to write tonight. [考查热点7] be+to blame/to seek等结构具有的特点是作表语的不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而用主动形式表被动含义。例如: A better way is to seek. Nobody is to blame for the accident. [考查热点8] 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是及物动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时,可以用不定式的主动式代替不定式的被动式。例如:

主动形式表示被动意义的十二种情况

英语的被动意义除了用及物动词的被动语态形式表示外,还可以用其他方法来表示,就像在汉语中并非一定要用“被”字来表示的被动意义一样。我们把这种用法称之为“主动表被动”,下面笔者就这种可以用主动形式表示被动意义的场合归纳如下。 1.用某些不及物动词表示被动意义,如:carry, cut, drive, iron, keep, lock, open, pick, read, shut, tear, wash, wear, write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词,也能做不及物动词。作不及物动词时,形式上虽为主动,却表示被动意义。例如:Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。 His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。 The car drove easily.这车很容易开。 Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。 2.某些表示感觉动词的动词可以用主动形式表示被动意义。例如: This shirt feels much softer than that one. 这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。 That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。 3.有少数动词(bind, cook, do, owe, print)的进行时有时有被动意义。在这种用法中,句子的主语都一般是指物的。例如: The magazine is binding(printing).这本杂志正在装订(印刷)。 He paid all that was owing.欠的钱他都还了。 The meat is cooking.正在火敦肉。 4.动词get, come, go之后接过去分词,表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言,更强调动作的结果而非动作本身,并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意义的过去分词。例如: After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地无私地干了好几年,终于得到提升。 They got delayed because of the holiday traffic. 由于节日交通阻塞,他们被耽误了。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。 The woman's complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投诉无人理睬。 5.在need(want, require, deserve, etc.)doing句型中,动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done),在意思上没有多大差别。例如: The garden needs watering(to be watered).花园需要浇水。 The problem requires studying(to be studied) with great care. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 These jobs want doing(to be done) at once. 这些工作需要马上就做。 6.在bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing结构中习惯上用动名词形式,而不用动词不定式。其中值得注意的是,在be worth doing句型中,只能用动名词的主动式,而在be worthy to be done中,才能用动词不定式的被动式,两者不可混淆。例如: That won't bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。 The little girl can't stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。

英语中的主动表被动

英语中主动形式表被动意义的情况一般说来,表示被动意义要用被动结构,但是,英语中也有以下几种情况是用主动形式表达被动意义的: 1. 某些连系动词如look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等,习惯以主动语态形式表示被动的意义。例如:The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来香。Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。The silk feels soft.丝绸摸起来很软。 但是,当上述动词不用作系动词时,则不具有这种用法。例如:His heart was felt still beating.他的心脏仍在跳动。Pepper can be tasted in the soup.汤里有胡椒粉的味道。 2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear, begin, start, finish, end, keep等词用作不及物动词表示主语的某种属性、特征或所处状态(常与easily, quickly, well等副词连用),而非强调动作本身时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。例如: The table can’t move.这桌子移不动。The door is easily locked.这门容易锁上。The poem reads smoothly.这诗读起来很流畅。When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始?The peaches don’t keep well.这些桃子不容易保存。 但是,有的时候也要看具体情况而定,例如:This book sells well. So far, 200 books have been sold out.这种书卖得很好,到目前,已经卖出了两百本。The sentence was read clearly by her.这个句子她读得很清楚。 3. 在be worth doing,need / want / require doing (to be done)结构中,其后的动名词一定是以主动语态的形式表示被动意义。例如:The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。The plant needs watering twice a week.这种花一星期要浇两次。The baby wants looking after.这个小孩需要照看。 4. 不定式to blame, to let, to seek用做表语时,通常用主动表被动意义。例如:Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢?She was in no way to blame.决不应该责备她。 A better way is yet to seek..还得找一种更好的办法。

用主动形式表达被动意义

用主动形式表达被动意义 一、1、一类表示感觉、感官等的连系动词,要用主动形式表被动时,常见的动词有:feel,look,smell,sound,taste等。 The water feels cold. Sugar tastes sweet. Your idea proved to be wrong. He turned out (to be) a thief. His advice proved (to be) very helpful. 2.一类及物动词(sell, write, read, wash等)表示主语的特征或状态,而不是强调动作本身时,要用主动形式表达被动意义,后面常跟adv.修饰。 The material washes easily. The door won’t shut. The book sells very well. The pen writes smoothly. (Note:这类动词也可有被动语态,但此时强调动作的发出) The shirts were cheap and sold out fast. 二、特定动词,如need,require,want等(“需要”),如果物作主语,要用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语。 Your composition needs rewriting.(=Your composition needs to be rewritten) The car wants repairing.(=The car wants to be repaired) 三、动词不定式结构。有些动词不定式结构在句中作定语时,往往用不定式的主动来表达被动含义。 There are a lot of problems to deal with. I have a lot of work to do. be to blame, be to let 等也用主动结构表示被动含义。 You are to blame. The house is to let. 四、形容词(词组) 有些adj如easy, difficult, hard, heavy, expensive等,它们后面接的不定式常用主动形式表达被动含义。 The physics problem is easy to work out.

动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义

动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义 1、look ,feel ,smell, sound, taste等系动词在句中做谓语 This coat feels very soft and smooth. Her voice sounds very pleasant.. The dishes taste delicious. 2.有些动词做不及物动词,用来表示主语的内在品性或性质。 如:wash, clean, cook, iron, cut , sell, read, wear, feel , draw, write , sell 等 The book sells well. This knife cuts easily. My new pen writes well. 3.在need , require, want , worth (adj )后的动名词可以主动表被动 The door needs repairing. This book is worth reading. Her mother is ill .She needs looking after. 4.在疑问词what/which/whom+不定式结构中,主动表被动 I don’t know which to choose . He asked me what to do . 5.在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。 1)have(give, show)sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较: Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗? (to do是由you发出的) Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? (谁带不得而知) 再如: Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。 He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。 There is much work to do. Have you any questions to ask? Would you like something to drink? 2)It(This, That)+be+a/an+adj. + n. +to do 在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。 question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。

英语主动表被动用法归纳

英语主动表被动用法归纳 一、谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形 (1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式: That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。 Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。 (2)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义: The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。 The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关的。 【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了) The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关) 有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同: Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者) The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。(强调动作执行者) (3)当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意义: The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。 The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。 This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 这乳酪不容易切,太软了。 This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。 【注】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用,并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作):The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义) The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。(指读的人读得好) 另外,以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态: The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。 Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?

英语中主动形式表被动的用法

英语中主动形式表被动的用法 1.表示被动含义的主动动词 1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等,例如: Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。 Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. 良药苦口。 2)一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开,营业), close(关门), cut(切割), weigh(重), act(上演),例如: The door won't open. 这门打不开。 It can't move. 它不能动。 This shop opens much earlier than it used to. Each stone weighs 2 tons. 3)一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook, wash, write, last, read, wear等。这种“动词+副词”结构,常表示事物内部特有的属性。例如: The book sells well. 这种书很畅销。 These clothes wash well. 这些衣服很耐洗。 4) 用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如: This material has worn thin. 这料子已磨薄了。 The dust has blown into the house. 灰尘被风吹进了房子。 This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. Written in simple English, this article reads easily. 5) 某些不及物动词,如happen, occur, cost以及短语,如come out(出版), come up (出现), come into being(产生)come to one’s mind(想起), turn out(证明是), come about(发生), break out(爆发), belong to(属于)等,本身表被动含义,所以它们常用主动形式。 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. Suddenly an idea came to his mind. It never occurred to me to phone you. 2.表示被动含义的主动结构 1)动名词 be worth(值得), want (=need)(需要), need(需要), require(需要)deserve(应该)等后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表示被动意义,例如: These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully. 这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。 Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut). 你的头发该剪了。

关于主动形式表示被动意义

关于主动形式表示被动意义、动词形态不对应、动词的语态 1. 连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。如: The building looks very beautiful. 这座建筑看上去很美。 Your idea proved to be wrong. 你的想法证实是错的。 2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义: The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。 The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。 3. 有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如: Her coat caught on the nail. 她的大衣被钉子钩住了。 Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了眼泪。 4. 不定式to blame, to let 用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。如: Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢? The house is to let. 此屋出租。 5. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如: The book is difficult to understand. 这书很难懂。 The music isn’t pleasant to listen to. 这音乐不好听。 The picture is interesting to look at. 这幅画看起来挺有趣的。 注:这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。

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