英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

[转]英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

作者 : 熊弯

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理~背完这些考试必过英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴

1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义

者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of king1970uage, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which

meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标

是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。

(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞

10. the theme of Redcrosse is not“Arms and the man,”but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11. It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exq uisite melody that make him known as“the poets’poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。

(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛

12. As the most gifted of the“University Wits,”Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”

中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。

13. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了

无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14. Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15. His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国

戏剧的先驱。

16. The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘

This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨

利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

和《裘利斯.凯撒》。

19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called

dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁

最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicome dies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有

浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。

21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。

23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。

25. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》26. “The King’s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good

of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。

28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。

29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in king1970uage.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。

31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根

32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版）

33. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种：一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34. According to Bacon, man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy

to man’s reason.培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学，基

于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主

义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36. Bacon’s es says are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。

37. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故，隐喻和基调。38. Of Studies论学习

Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智。

(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩

39. The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42. In his gloomy po em“Farewell to love,”we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中，我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43. With the brief, simple king1970uage, the argument is continuous

throughout the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。

45. Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。

47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。

49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。

50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。

51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52. aradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

【英国】Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义

1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained

emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，

而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧

（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。

12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of king1970uage developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的

先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。

16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古

典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。

17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。

(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬

19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。

20. he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。21. Bunyan’s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim’s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部

22. The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）

The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English king1970uage. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人

们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。

(II)Alexander Pope亚历山大.蒲伯

23. ope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。

24. For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25. ope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。

26. ope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯

是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。

27. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.

28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的

热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。

30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。

31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他

的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33. His king1970uage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。

34. There is nothing artificial in his king1970uage: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。

35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。

39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。

40. His“A Modest Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。

42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of king1970uage mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一

种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43. Swift’s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The

Drapier’s Letters(note rapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver’s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44. Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan’s best fictional work, the book contains four

parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。

47. a“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。

50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。

51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供

娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。

52. Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write

s pecifically a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代

小说确立了结构和风格。

54. He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55. Fielding‘s king1970uage is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言

自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。

56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Home.”The panoramic

view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊

58. The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。

59. In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60. Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61. His chief works include pomes:“London”, and“The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。

62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English

king1970uage, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的

虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。

65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹

66. The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。

67. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。

68. In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。

69. The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活

以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。

(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷

70. he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。

71. In contrast to those professional writers, Gray’s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。

72. His masterpiece,“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially“the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73. His other poems include“Ode on the Spring”,“Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat”and so on. (Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。

74. A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。

75. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray’s best and most representative work. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪

最优秀的诗歌之一。

【英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义

1. This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。

2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论

是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---

理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。

7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医

治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。

8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。

9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。

13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.

14. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.

15. The major theme of Jane’s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯

中药化学总结个人

注：除习题集中所列内容或习题集中已列但需归纳的内容 P248. β为分配因子讨论液液萃取 β≥10，仅作一次简单萃取就可实现基本分离；但100>β ≥10，则须萃取10-12次；β≤2时，要想实现基本分离，须作100次以上萃取才能完成。 分配比与pH 酚类pKa值为9.2-10.8，羧酸类pKa值约为5，故pH值在3以下时，大部分酚酸性物质将以非解离形式（HA）存在，易分配于有机溶剂中；而pH值在12以上时，则将以解离形式（A¯）存在，易分配于水中。 P256 聚酰胺色谱对鞣持的吸附特强，近乎不可逆，帮用于植物粗提取物的脱鞣处理特别合适。 P261 液体混合物沸点差在100℃以上，可反复蒸馏法 25℃以下，则需用分馏法 P265 氢核磁共振中化学位移反映化合物中氢的种类 峰面积相同类型氢的数目 偶合常数氢与氢之间的相互关系及影响 P268-271 生物碱分类 吡啶类槟榔碱、烟碱、苦参碱 莨菪烷类阿托品 异喹啉类罂粟碱、去甲乌药碱、小檗碱、延胡索乙素、吗啡、可待因 吲哚类长春碱、利血平、马钱子碱 有机胺类麻黄碱、秋水仙碱、益母草碱 特点：N原子不在环结构内 P279 总生物碱的提取 1.脂溶性生物碱酸水提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 醇提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 2.水溶性生物碱雷氏铵盐是常用于提取季铵型水溶性生物碱的沉淀试剂 含生物碱的中药实例 P285 苦参极性大小：氧化苦参碱＞羟基苦参碱＞苦参碱 苦参碱：既可溶于水，又能溶于氯仿、乙醚、苯 氧化苦参碱：易溶于水、可溶于氯仿、难溶于乙醚 P287 麻黄伪麻黄碱形成分子内氢键稳定性大于麻黄碱，故碱性稍强于麻黄碱，但均具挥发性 草酸麻黄碱草酸伪麻黄碱盐酸麻黄碱盐酸伪麻黄碱 水难易 氯仿不溶溶 麻黄咸、伪麻黄碱特征性反应：（1）二硫化碳-硫酸铜反应；（2）铜络盐反应 P289 黄连小檗碱属苄基异喹啉类衍生物△干燥时≤80℃ 属季铵型生物碱强碱性 游离小檗碱能溶于水、热乙醇、难溶于苯、氯仿、丙酮等 小檗碱盐酸盐在水中溶解度较小，易溶于沸水，难溶于乙醇 特征性反应：丙酮加成反应漂白粉显色反应 P290 汉防已（熟悉） 汉防已甲素、乙素均为双苄基异喹啉衍生物，亲脂性；轮环藤酚碱（丙素）为季铵型生物碱（强碱性）、水溶性。 甲素极性较小，能溶于冷苯；乙素极性较小，难溶于冷苯，溶于热苯。

英语四级_翻译考点总结

英语比较结构具体考点： 特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对

象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.

剑桥少儿英语一级下知识点汇总

剑桥少儿英语一级下知识点汇总 Unit 1 School Opening Day 重点词汇： 【默写】太好了great，又again，假期holiday，过得愉快have fun，担心worry，蜡笔crayon，练习exercise，水water，蛋糕cake，录音机radio，图画picture，卫生纸toilet paper，柠檬汁lemonade 【复习】橡皮eraser/rubber，尺ruler，书book，文具盒pencil-case，铅笔pencil，玩具汽车toy car，钢笔pen，眼镜glasses，球ball 重点句型： 见到你很高兴。Nice to see you. 见到你我也很高兴。Nice to see you, too! 你的假期过得怎样？How’s your holiday? 太棒了。It’s great. 不要担心。Don’t worry. 让我帮助你。Let me help you. 谢谢。Thanks. 不用谢。You’re welcome. 见到你回来真好。It’s good to see you back. 又见到你们回来太好了。It’s great to see you all again. Unit 2 “Doing”English in the classroom 重点词汇： 【默写】饮料drink，植物plant，水果fruit，时间time，名字name，食物food，家庭family，身体body，体育sport，数字number，颜色colour，动物animal 重点句型： 家养动物是什么？What’s house animal? 农场动物是什么？What’s farm animal?

中药化学重点总结归纳

强极性溶剂：水 亲水性有机溶剂：与水任意混溶（甲、乙醇，丙酮） 亲脂性有机溶剂：不与水任意混溶，可分层（乙醚、氯仿、苯、石油醚） 常用溶剂的极性顺序： 石油醚—四氯化碳—苯—氯仿—乙醚—乙酸乙酯—正丁醇—丙酮—乙醇—甲醇—水 苯丙素 二、提取分离 1.苯丙烯、苯丙醛、苯丙酸的酯类衍生物具有挥发性，是挥发油芳香族化合物的主要成分，可 用水蒸气蒸馏。 2.苯丙酸衍生物可用有机酸的方法提取。 香豆素 二、理化性质 （一）物理性质游离香豆素----多有完好的结晶，大多具香味。 小分子的有挥发性和升华性。苷则无。 在紫外光照射下，香豆素类成分多显蓝色或紫色荧光。 （二）溶解性游离香豆素----难溶于冷水，可溶于沸水，易溶于苯、乙醚、氯仿、乙醇。 香豆素苷----能溶于水、甲醇、乙醇，难溶于乙醚、苯等极性小的有机溶剂。 香豆素遇碱水解与稀碱水作用可水解开环，形成水溶性的顺式邻羟基桂皮酸的盐。 酸化，又可立即环合形成脂溶性香豆素而析出。 如果与碱液长时间加热，将转为反式邻羟基桂皮酸的盐，酸化后不能环合。 与浓碱共沸，往往得到的是裂解产物——酚类或酚酸。 （三）成色反映 1.异羟肟酸铁反应 内酯在碱性条件下开环，与盐酸羟胺缩合，在酸性条件下，与三价铁离子络和成红色。 ?内酯[异羟肟酸铁反应、盐酸羟胺（碱性）、红色] 2.酚羟基反应 ?FeCl3溶液与具酚羟基物质反应产生绿色至墨绿色沉淀 ?若酚羟基的邻、对位无取代，可与重氮化试剂反应而显红色至紫红色。 ?含酚羟基的化合物[三氯化铁反应、FeCl3、绿色] 3. Gibb’s反应 Gibb’s试剂2，6-二氯（溴）苯醌氯亚胺，在弱碱性条件下，与酚羟基对位活泼氢缩合成蓝色化合物。6位无取代的香豆素显阳性。 ?Ph-OH对位无取代[Gibb’s反应，Gibb’s试剂，蓝色] 4Emerson反应 Emerson试剂2%的4-氨基安替比林和8%的铁氰化钾。其余同Gibb’s。 ?Ph-OH对位无取代[Emerson反应，Emerson试剂试剂，红色] 三．香豆素的提取与分离 （一）提取利用香豆素的溶解性、挥发性及具有内酯结构的性质进行提取分离。 游离香豆素一般可以用乙醚、氯仿、丙酮等提取(香豆素苷可用甲醇、乙醇或水提取)。 碱溶酸沉法提取。 1. 溶剂提取法常用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙醚等提取。 乙醚是多数香豆素的良好溶剂。 苷则在正丁醇、甲醇中被提出。 2.碱溶酸沉法0.5%氢氧化钠水溶液稍加热提取，冷后用乙醚除杂质，加酸调PH到中性，适当 浓缩，再酸化，则香豆素或苷即可析出，也可用乙醚萃取。

大学英语四级翻译常见考点

大学英语四级翻译常见考点 常见语法考点 （一）虚拟语气 应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式： 1．由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子 （1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。 （2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...) If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办? 2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动词有：insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。 3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absur d, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。 4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。 5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。 6．as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

剑桥少儿英语一级下册教学案

Unit 1 School Opening Day 一、单元要点 1．知识概述 （1）复习见面打招呼时的用语； （2）能相互介绍问好； （3）能就颜色、年龄及喜爱的水果、动物等进行提问； （4）学习字母组合ee在单词中发的音。 2．单元重点词汇 名词： holiday假日，friend朋友，fun娱乐，fruit水果，animal动物，colour颜色，crayon 蜡笔eraser/ rubber 橡皮toilet paper 卫生纸radio 收音机exercise book 练习本picture book 图画本lemonade 柠檬汁water 水 动词： worry 着急wear穿，戴spell 拼写greet 致候introduce 介绍help 帮助bring 带来 其它词汇： great 伟大的new 新的all 所有的please 请favourite 最受喜爱的人或物fine 健康的almost 几乎wonderful 了不起的 3．交际用语 （1）Oops!噢！（表示惊讶和遗憾） Let me help you! 让我来帮你吧！ （2）Where’s Pat？ Pat在哪里？ She’s coming. She’s with Anna now.

她马上就来了。她现在和Anna在一起。（3）Have fun! 玩得高兴！（4）It’s good to see you back.看到你回来真好。 （5）It’s great to see you all again.再次看到你们真高兴。 （6）Is she our new friend？她是我们的新朋友么？ （7）How was your holiday？你的假期过得如何？ It was great!真是太棒了！ 二、单元学习 1．重难点知识讲解 ①Words and expressions: holiday 假日friend 朋友have fun 玩得高兴worry 着急，担心②Oops! 噢！ Don’t worry！别着急。 Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 ③Nice to see you! 很高兴见到你。 Nice to see you again. 很高兴再次见到你。（熟人见面打招呼的用语。）Where’s Pat？Pat在哪里？ She’s coming. She’s with Anna now. 她来了。她现在和Anna在一起。 ④This way, please. 请走这边。 ⑤It’s great to see you all again! 再见到你们真是太棒了！ Is she our new friend？ 她是我们的新朋友吗？ ⑥It’s good to see you back. 看到你回来真是太好了！ How was your holiday？ 你的假期过得怎么样？

大学英语四级翻译常考句式及词组

一、常用单词组 education 教育 input in education 教育投入 communal participation 社会参与enhance the moral awareness of 提高……的思想品德 professional ethics 职业道德 credit system 学分制 guarantee job assignments 包分配multidisciplinary 多学科的 key university 重点大学 national expenditure on education 国家教育经费 account for…% 占百分比 intercultural communication 国际文化交流 equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备 to become educated through independent study 自学成材 compulsory education 普及教育preschool/elementary/secondary/higher / education 学前/初等/中等/高等教育adult education 成人教育 vocational and technical education 职业技术教育 institutions of higher learning 高等学校 inservice training course 在职进修班compulsory/optional course 必修/选修课 record of formal schooling 学历diploma 文凭，学历证明 二、常用句型 1、It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2、强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important , but how he rules us. 3、"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4、利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5、"something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。" They say that he had no universty education , but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6、同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7、as…as…can(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8、"It is in(with)…as in(with)" It is in life as in a journey. 9、"as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10、"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，

剑桥英语知识点总结(一级上 一级下)

剑桥少儿英语一级 知 识 点 汇 总

剑桥少儿英语一级知识点汇总 Unit 1 Hello, I’m Sam. 重点词汇： 【默写】一支钢笔 a pen，一支铅笔 a pencil，一个文具盒 a pencil-case，一把尺 a ruler，一本书 a book，一个书包 a bag，一块橡皮 an eraser 【认读】新的 new，展示 show，朋友 friend，我的 my，你的 your，他的 his，她的 her，我们的 our，他们的 their 重点句型：你好，请问你叫什么名字？Hello, your name, please? 我叫山姆。I’m Sam. 他的名字是比尔。比尔是我的朋友。His name is Bill. He is my friend. 她的名字是安。安是 我的朋友。 Her name is Ann.She is my friend. 这是我的新书。This is my new book. 把 你的钢笔给我看Show me your pen! 很高兴见到你。Nice to see you. 我很高兴见到你。Nice to see you, too. 我也很高兴见到你。我叫帕特。I’m Pat. Unit 2 It’s a goat. 重点词汇： 【默写】马 horse，奶牛 cow，猫 cat，狗 dog，绵羊 sheep，鸭子 duck，兔子 rabbit，鸡chicken，青蛙 frog，乌龟 turtle，鱼 fish，山羊 goat 【认读】长的 long，尾巴 tail，微笑 smile，大象 elephant，蜥蜴 lizard 重点句型：这是什么？What’s this? 这是我的猫。This is my cat. 让我来试试。Let me try. 它是一 只山羊。It’s a goat. 我喜爱它。I love it. Unit 3 I like apples. 重点词汇： 【默写】苹果 apple-apples， pear-pears，梨香蕉 banana-bananas，菠萝 pineapple-pineapples，桔子 orange-oranges ，西瓜 watermelon-watermelons ，椰子coconut-coconuts，柚子 grapefruit-grapefruits，葡萄 grape-grapes，芒果 mango-mangoes，柠檬 lemon -lemons，桃子 peach-peaches， 【认读】喜欢 like，想要 would like/want，一些 some，特别喜爱的 favourite，水果 fruit 重点句型：你想要什么？What would you like? 我想要一些苹果。I’d like some apples./I want some apples. 要多少？How many? 你想要一个苹果吗？Would you like an apple? 是的。/不用，谢谢。Yes, please./ No, thanks. 你特别喜爱的水果是什么？What’s your favourite fruit? 我喜欢香蕉。I like bananas. 我不喜欢香蕉。I don’t like bananas. 你呢？How about you? 我也是。Me too.

中药化学《甾体类化合物》重点总结及习题

中药化学《甾体类化合物》重点总结及习题 本章复习要点： 1.了解甾体类化合物的含义、分布、生源途径和生理活性。 2.了解强心苷的含义、分布及生物活性。 3.掌握强心苷、甾体皂苷的结构类型、理化性质和检识。 4.掌握强心苷、甾体皂苷的提取、分离方法。 5.熟悉强心苷、甾体皂苷的结构测定。 6.熟悉胆汁酸的理化性质及检识。 第一节 概述 【含义】 甾体类化合物是以环戊烷骈多氢菲为基本母核的一类化合物的总称。 【分类】 甾体类化合物依-17位取代基团的不同，可分为： 【 甾体类化合物由甲戊二羟酸的生物合成途径转化而来。 【概述】 强心苷是指存在于植物体内的一类对心脏具有显著生物活性的甾体苷类，是由强心苷元与糖缩合而成的一类苷。 【结构与分类】 1.苷元部分： 天然存在的强心苷元是C 17侧链为不饱和内酯环的甾体化合物。 根据C 17侧链为不饱和内酯环的不同，强心苷元可分为： 13 25 6 4 R 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 1617 1819

构成强心苷的糖根据C2位上羟基的有无可分为： （1）α–羟基糖：2–羟基糖，主要为D–葡萄糖、L–鼠李糖。 （2）α–去氧糖：常见于强心苷，是区别于其它苷类的一个重要特征。主要包括2，6–去氧糖（如：D–洋地黄毒糖）和2，6–去氧糖甲醚（如：L–夹竹桃糖）。 3.苷元和糖的连接方式（依直接与苷元相连的糖的种类） I型苷元-（2、6-二去氧糖）Χ-（D-葡萄糖）У II型苷元-（6-去氧糖）Χ- （D-葡萄糖）У III型苷元- （D-葡萄糖）У 植物界存在的强心苷，以I、II型较多。 【理化性质】 1．性状 大多为无色结晶或无定形粉末。具有旋光性。味苦，对粘膜有刺激性。 2．溶解性 强心苷用混合强酸（3~5%盐酸）水解时，苷元上羟基（C14-OH，C5-OH更容易）与邻位上的氢脱去水分子的反应。属于水解反应的副反应，应注意避免。 ★4．水解反应 （1）酸水解 优点:条件温和（水、36℃左右、24 hr），专属性强。

剑桥预备级下册知识点汇总

剑桥预备级下册知识点汇总 目录 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 (22) Unit 1 School is fun. (22) Unit 2 Classroom Olympics (22) Unit 3 You and I (33) Unit 4 They are my friends. (33) Unit 5 I like dogs. (44) Unit 6 Do you like oranges? (44) Unit 7 What’s Bobby doing? (44) Unit 8 What’s in the pizza? (55) Unit 9 Dress for Children’s Day (55) Unit 10 What are they doing? (66) Unit 11 Where are you going? (66) Unit 12 A song of opposites (77) Unit 13 The big man and the little people (77) Unit 14 Hello! This is my friend, Linda. (88) Unit 15 He’s got three sticks. (88) Unit 16 Game time (99) 剑桥少儿英语预备级上册知识点总结 (99) 一、问候用语： (99) 二、告别用语： (99) 三、感谢： Thank you ! Thanks 谢谢！ (99) 四、书中句型： (99)

五、单词分类总结： (1111) 1. 颜色： (1111) 2. 水果： (1212) 3. 地点： (1212) 4. 衣物： (1212) 5. 动物： (1212) 6. 交通工具： (1212) 7. 文具： (1212) 8. 食物： (1212) 9. 物品： (1212) 10.表示方向和位置的词： (1313) 11. 数词： (1313) 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 Unit 1 School is fun. 重点词汇： 【默写】包bag,，书book，钢笔pen 【认读】铅笔pencil，文具盒pencil- case，橡皮eraser，尺ruler，黑板blackboard 【复习】操场playground，游泳池swimming pool，教室classroom，花园garden 重点句型： 你能看见什么？What can you see? 我能看见一本大书.I can see a big book. 这是我们的游泳池.This is our swimming pool. School is fun,school is fun,Drawing,singing and we are Number One. School is fun,school is fun,Reading,writing and we are Number One. Dancing,running,jumping and swimming.Dancing,running,jumping and swimming. We are Number One,We are Number One. Unit 2 Classroom Olympics 重点词汇：

中药化学总结

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英语四级翻译历年真题汇总

2012年6月 87. Those flowers looked as if they (好长时间没有浇水了) 答案: had not been watered for quite a long time. 考点：look as if 虚拟语气后接过去完成时。 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is (比我的车便宜一千英镑) 答案: 1000 pounds cheaper than that of mine. 考点：比较级，不要漏掉指代词that。 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might (不妨听听音乐) 答案：listen to the music as well. 考点：固定搭配may as well：不妨。 90. He left his office in a hurry, with (灯亮着，门开着) 答案：the lights on and the door open. 考点：with后的伴随结构。 91. The famous novel is said to (已被译成多种语言) 答案：have been translated into several languages. 2011年12月 87. Charity groups organized various activities to raise money for the survivors of the earthquake. (为地震幸存者筹款) 88. Linda couldn’t have received my e-mail (不可能收到我的电子邮件), otherwise, she could have replied. 89. It’s my mother who/that keeps encouraging me not to lose heart (一直鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my study. 90. The publishing house has to consider the popularity of this novel. (考虑这本小说的受欢迎程度)。

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（4）控制中药及其制剂的质量 （5）提供中药炮制的现代科学依据 （6）开发新药、扩大药源 （7）结构修饰、合成新药 主要考试内容： 1.中药有效成分的提取与分离方法，特别是一些较为先进且应用较广的方法。 2.各类化合物的结构特征与分类。 3.各类化合物的理化性质及常用的提取分离与鉴别方法。 4.常用重要化合物的结构测定方法。 5.常用中药材中所含的化学成分及其提取分离、结构测定方法和重要生物活性。 6.常用中药材使用时的注意事项和相关的质量控制成分。 课程主要内容： 内容 总论 绪论 中药化学成分的一般研究方法** 各论生物碱** 糖和苷* 醌类** 香豆素和木脂素* 黄酮** 萜类和挥发油*

皂苷** 强心苷* 主要动物药化学成分* 其他成分 各论学习思路： 学习方法： 1.以总论为指导学习各论。 2.注意总结归纳，在掌握基本共同点的情况下，分类记忆特殊点。 3.注意理论联系实际，并以《药典》作为基本学习指导。 4.发挥想象力进行联想记忆。 第二节中药有效成分的提取与分离 一、中药有效成分的提取

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剑桥少儿英语预备级知识点总结 目录 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 (2) Unit 1 School is fun. (2) Unit 2 Classroom Olympics (3) Unit 3 You and I (3) Unit 4 They are my friends. (3) Unit 5 I like dogs. (4) Unit 6 Do you like oranges? (4) Unit 7 What’s Bobby doing? (5) Unit 8 What’s in the pizza? (5) Unit 9 Dress for Children’s Day (6) Unit 10 What are they doing? (6) Unit 11 Where are you going? (7) Unit 12 A song of opposites (8) Unit 13 The big man and the little people (8) Unit 14 Hello! This is my friend, Linda. (9) Unit 15 He’s got three sticks. (9) Unit 16 Game time (10) 剑桥少儿英语预备级上册知识点总结 (10) 一、问候用语： (10) 二、告别用语： (11) 三、感谢：Thank you ! Thanks 谢谢！ (11) 四、书中句型： (11)

五、单词分类总结： (13) 1. 颜色： (13) 2. 水果： (13) 3. 地点： (14) 4. 衣物： (14) 5. 动物： (14) 6. 交通工具： (14) 7. 文具： (14) 8. 食物： (15) 9. 物品： (15) 10.表示方向和位置的词： (15) 11. 数词： (15) 剑桥少儿英语预备级下知识点汇总 Unit 1 School is fun. 重点词汇： 【默写】包bag,，书book，钢笔pen 【认读】铅笔pencil，文具盒pencil-case，橡皮eraser，尺ruler，黑板blackboard 【复习】操场playground，游泳池swimming pool，教室classroom，花园garden 重点句型： 你能看见什么？What can you see? 我能看见一本大书。I can see a big book. 这是我们的游泳池。This is our swimming pool. School is fun,school is fun,Drawing,singing and we are Number One.

中药化学的反应总结

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