科技英语翻译课后题
第三单元
A．Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.三种感情，单纯而极为强烈，支配了我的一生：对爱情的渴望，对知识的探索，以及对人类苦难忍无可忍的同情。这些激情，犹如飓风，吹得我忽东忽西，飘忽不定，越过茫茫的苦海，坠落绝望的边缘。
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.我追求爱，原因有三。首先，是因为它使我心醉神迷—爱的魔力是如此的诱人，以至于我常常宁愿牺牲一切来换取哪怕片刻的愉悦。其次，是因为可以排遣寂寞—那种可怕的孤寂使身历其中的人胆战心惊，目及世界的尽头，直至冷酷萧杀的地狱深渊。最后，是因为在爱的结合中，我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂的神秘缩影。这正是我想所追寻的，虽然它对人类生活来说也许过于美好，但最终我还是找到它了。
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men.
I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.我曾怀着同样的激情去追求知识。我渴望了解人们的内心世界，渴望知道星星为什么发光。我还试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的学说的力量，凭借它，数字能掌控潮起潮落。我有所收获，但还不是很多。
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.爱和知识引领我到天堂，但是对人类苦难的同情又常常把我拉回人世。人类痛苦的呼唤在我的心灵深处回响。嗷嗷待哺的儿童，惨遭蹂躏的受难者，儿女嫌弃的无助老人，以及满世界的孤独、贫困和痛苦，所有这些都是对人类理想生活的嘲讽。我希望能减缓人们的苦难，但却有心无力，我也因此受苦。
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.这就是我的生活，我觉得不枉此生。倘若上帝赐我机会，我将欣然再活一次。
B．苏州地处长江下游，气候温和，土地肥沃，再加上湖泊密布、水道纵横，自唐代以来就有“鱼米之乡”的美称。历史记载表明，早在两千多年前的春秋战国时期，这一代的渔业和农业已相当发达。苏州还是一个多水多桥，引人入胜的风光城市。居民住房前有街、后门临桥，水道、街坊相交处都建有桥梁。现在的宋代石刻“平江图”上注明的就有三百零四座桥。Situated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and blessed with a mild climate, fertile soil and numerous lakes and waterways across the region, Suzhou has enjoyed the reputation of ”an area of fish and rice” ever since the Tang Dynasty (618 A.D—907 A.D) . Historical records show that early in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 B.C—474 B.C) and the Warring States Period
(475 B.C—221 B.C) the region was fairly advanced in fishery and farming. As a city of tourist attraction, Suzhou is dotted with bridges and waterways. Local residents’ houses always face the streets in the front and their backdoors are often built at water’s edge. Wherever waterways and streets cross, bridges are built to serve the purpose. The Map of Pingjiang District, a well-preserved city map carved on a stone plate in the Song Dynasty (960—1297), indicated that there were 304 bridges in those days.
第二单元
A. The China boom is by now a well-documented phenomenon. Who hasn’t heard of the Middle Kingdom’s astounding economic growth (8 percent annually), its mesmerizing consumer market (1.2 billion people), the investment ardor of foreign suitors ($40 billion in foreign direct investment last year alone)? China is an economic juggernaut. According to Nicholas Lardy of the Brookings Institution, a Washington D.C.-based think tank, “No country has expanded its foreign trade as fast as China over the last 20 years. Japan doubled its foreign trade over a 20-year period; China’s foreign trade as quintupled. They`ve become the pre-eminent producer of labor-intensive manufacturing goods in the world.”如今，中国的经济繁荣已经成为一种得到充分证实的现象了。谁没有听说过这个泱泱大国令人眩目的经济发展速度（年增长率高达8%）、颇具魅力的消费市场（拥有12亿消费者）和外国投资者的投资热情（仅去年一年外国直接投资就高达400亿美元）？中国的经济力量已经势不可挡。华盛顿一家智囊机构—布鲁金斯学的尼古拉斯.拉迪说：“在过去的20年中，世界上没有哪个国家的外贸发展速度有中国那么快。日本用了20多年的时间才将其外貌总额翻了一番，而中国却翻了5倍。他们已经成为世界上劳动密集型产品的主要生产商。”
But there’s been something missing from the dazzling China growth story—namely, the Chinese multinational. No major Chinese companies have yet established themselves, or their brands, on the global stage. But as Haier shows, that is starting to change. After 100 years of poverty and chaos, of being overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial companies are starting to make a mark on the world.不过，在这个令人眩目的中国发展故事中似乎缺少了一种什么东西，即中国跨国公司所扮演的角色中国还没有一家大型公司在全球舞台上确立了自己的地位或品牌。但是，正如海尔公司所显示的那样，这种情况正在开始发生变化。经受了长达100年的贫穷、动乱以及长期笼罩在外国及其跨国公司的阴影下之后，中国的产业公司开始对世界产生影响了。
B. 从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，都是为了实现祖国的独立和民族的解放，彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。这个历史伟业，我们已经完成了。从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，则是为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了50年，取得了巨大的进展，再经过50年的奋斗，也必将胜利完成。Every struggle that the Chinese people fought during the 100 years from the mid19th to the mid-20th century was for the sake of achieving independence of our country and liberation of our nation and putting an end to the history of national humiliation once and for all. This great historic cause has already been accomplished. All endeavors by the Chinese people for the100 years from the mid-20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our motherland strong, the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvenated. Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progress, and it will successfully attain the objective through hard work in the coming 50 years.
第五单元
A．Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.硅谷犹如一块磁铁，把许许多多天资聪颖的工程师、科学家、企业家从世界各地聚集到这里，一起追求成名致富，并投身于技术革命的大潮，其影响及于人类，必将远远超过昔日划时代的欧洲文学复兴和产业革命。
With the rapid spread of the Internet and the relentless technological innovations generated through it, the information ear is truly upon us, profoundly influencing and changing not only our lifestyle, but also the way we work, do business, think and communicate with others.随着互联网的速度普及，以及通过它所带来的无情的技术创新，信息时代真正来临了。它不但深刻地影响着我们的生活方式，而且正在改变我们的工作、贸易、思维以及彼此沟通的方式。
It is noteworthy that close to 50% of its skilled manpower, including engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs, comes from Asia. Prominent among them are Indians and Chinese, and not a few Singaporeans.值得注意的是，硅谷地区的专业人力资源，包括工程师、科学家和企业家，有将近一半来自亚洲。其中的精英是印度人和中国人，也有为数不少的人来自新加坡。
Intellectual challenges aside, it is a common practice for start-ups to offer generous share options to employees in order to attract the right talent into their folds. This is a powerful incentive to motivate the staff to do their utmost and to share in the company’s prosperity if it reaches its goal. Many regard this as the foundation of a successful enterprise.除了知识上的挑战之外，新创新企业为了延揽人才，还往往慷慨地给予员工们股票选购权。这一措施有力地激励了员工们为公司尽心竭力，如果公司达到预期目标，员工们将与公司共享繁荣。许多人认为这是企业成功的基础。
B．苏州的园林建筑历史悠久。自六朝起，苏州便开始建私家花园。到了清末，有记载可查的园林大大小小有二百余个。这些园林充分反映了我国古代劳动人民的智慧和创造才能，是我国文化和古建筑的宝贵遗产。苏州不仅是我国丝绸生产的重要基地，还是一个手工艺品的传统产地。品种繁多的丝绸畅销世界上一百多个国家和地区。工艺品更是举不胜举，中外驰名的有苏绣、红木雕刻、玉器、檀香扇、木刻年画等。Suzhou boasts a long history of garden construction. Private gardens made their appearances in the period of the Six Dynasties (around 1000 A.D.) Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty (1636—1911), gardens of different dimensions being put on record numbered over 200. They fully demonstrate the ingenuity and creativity of the ancient Chinese craftsmen and are an invaluable heritage of the Chinese culture and classical architecture. Apart from being an important base of silk production, Suzhou is also a great producer of traditional handicrafts. Silk products of every description sell well in over 100 countries and regions and the varieties of locally produced handicrafts are too numerous to mention. Among those famous at home and abroad are Suzhou embroideries, mahogany carvings, jade-ware, sandalwood fans and woodcut prints of traditional Chinese New Year pictures, to name just a few.
第六单元
A．About 150 years ago, a village church vicar in Yorkshire, England, had three lovely, intelligent daughters but his hopes hinged entirely on the sole male heir, Branwell, a youth with remarkable talent in both art and literature.约150多年前，在英国的约克郡，有一个乡村教区的牧师，他有三位聪颖可爱的女儿，但是他却把希望完全寄托在唯一的继承人—儿子布兰韦尔身上。这个年轻人在艺术和文学上都有出众的天资。
Barnwell’s father and sisters hoarded their pennies to pack him off to London’s Royal
Academy of Arts, but if art was his calling, he dialed a wrong number. Within weeks he hightailed it home, a penniless failure.布兰韦尔的父亲和姐妹们都省吃俭用，帮他凑足盘缠，打点行装，送他上了敦煌家艺术学院。但是要指望他在艺术上有所成就，那他可就走错了门。不到几个星期，他就弄得身无分文，灰溜溜地回了家。
Hopes still high, the family landed Branwell a job as a private tutor, hopping this would free him to develop his literary skills and achieve the success and fame that he deserved. Failure again.然而家人并不就此罢休，他们又想方设法帮布兰韦尔弄到一份私人教师的活计，希望这份差事能够使他自由施展自己的文学才华，获取应有的功名。可这一次又失败了。
For years the selfless sisters squelched their own goals, farming themselves out as teachers and governesses in support of their increasingly indebted brother, convinced the world must eventually recognize his genius. As failure multiplied, Branwell turned to alcohol, then opium, and eventually died as he had lived: a failure. So died hope in the one male—but what of the three anonymous sisters? 几年来，无私的姐妹们压抑着自己的志向，应邀去学校任教或当家庭教师，以负担那日益债台高筑的弟弟。她们深信，总有一天，弟弟的才华会得到社会的承认。然而，接踵而来的失败使布兰韦尔一蹶不振。他染上了酗酒、吸毒的恶习，最后临死时扔与生前一样：一事无成。于是寄托在全家唯一男性身上的希望也随之破灭。而那三位默默无闻的姐妹，其命运又如何呢？
During Branwell’s last years, the girls published a book of poetry at their own expense (under a pseudonym, for fear of reviewer s’bias against females). Even Branwell might have snickered: they sold only two copies.在布兰韦尔生前最后几年，姐妹们自己集资出版了一本诗集（因为担心编辑们对女性存有偏见，她们用了假名），但只卖出了两本。也许连布兰韦尔都在窃笑。
Undaunted, they continued in their spare time, late at night by candlelight, to pour out their pent-up emotion, writing of what they knew best, of women in conflict with their natural desires and social condition—in reality, less fiction than autobiography! And 19th century literature was transformed by Anne’s Agnes Grey, Emily’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte’s Jane Eyre.然而姐妹们并不气馁，她们利用空余诗集继续笔耕。夜深人静时，她们秉烛而书，倾吐她们的情怀，书写自己最熟悉的一切。她们描写了女性天性的追求与社会现实之间的冲突。实际上，她们所写的与其说是小说，倒不如说是自传！于是，19世纪的文坛因为有了安妮《艾格尼斯.格雷》，埃米莉的《呼啸山庄》和夏洛蒂的《简.爱》而大大改观了。
But years of sacrifice for Branwell had taken their toll. Emily took ill at her brother’s funeral and died within 3 months, aged 29; Anne died 5 months later, aged 30; Charlotte lived only to age 39. If only they had been nurtured instead of sacrificed.然而，多年来为布兰韦尔所做出的牺牲终于为三姐妹付出了代价。艾米莉在她弟弟葬礼的那一天患病，3个月后便离开人世，年方29岁；5个月后安妮也以30芳龄与世长逝；夏洛蒂则只活到39岁。假若她们能早日得到培养而不是做出无谓的牺牲，那该有多好啊！
B．我记得那时我的打扮挺滑稽的，穿着蓝布大褂和小坎肩，戴瓜皮小帽。那时候，小孩子打扮成那个样子，够不错了。在我的童年中，也就只有过这么一次。在火车上，因为小，没坐过火车，也很少见过家里以外的人，觉得挺新鲜。也许人在幼年时代终归想要些温暖吧！那时舅舅抱着我，哄着我，我觉得很温暖。一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。根据这个情况，现在估计起来，我可能是从天津来的。我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象，父亲、母亲的形象还能回忆起一点儿，但很模糊。究竟家里姓什么？哪里人？不知道。I still remember how funny I looked the way I was dressed-in a blue cloth gown with a short sleeveless jacket over it and a skullcap on the head. In those days it was good enough for
small kids to be dressed like that. However, it was my only experience outside my family before, I felt everything on the train was new to me. Probably in childhood, one always needs some comfort. Sitting in my uncle’s lap, being humored all the way, I was very happy. We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing. With the hints mentioned above I assume I might have come from Tianjin. Even today I can recollect what my own parents looked like but, of course, my impression is blurry. As for what my family name was and where my parents came from, I really don’t know.
第七单元
A．The solar system originally had two watery worlds. Directly next door to the warm, wet, loamy Earth was the warm, wet, loamy Mars, both planets covered with oceans and running with rivers—and both possibly teeming with life. Billions of years ago, however, the low-gravity Mars had both its air and water leak away, causing the planet to become the dead, freeze-dried place it is today.太阳系里原本有两个多水的世界。与温暖、潮湿和遍布土壤的地球毗邻的火星，也曾经是一个温暖、潮湿和遍布土壤的星球，两个行星都覆盖着海洋，奔淌着河流，而且都可能充满了生命。然而数十亿年前，火星由于引力小，它的空气和水分都散失掉了，致使这个星球变成今天这样一个死寂、干冷的地方。
That is what the prevailing thinking has been. Now, it appears that thinking may be wrong. Recently, NASA released new images from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft that suggest water may be flowing up and streaming onto the planet is biologically alive. “If these4 results prove true,” says Ed Weiler, associate administrator of NASA’s Office of Space Science, “they’ll have profound implications for the possibility of life.”这是一直流行的看法。但今天看来这个观点可能是错误的。最近，美国国家航空航天局发布了从“火星全球探测者号”宇宙飞船上传回来的新图片，从这些图片可以看出水可能正从火星地表涌出，四处流淌—这极大地增加了这样一种可能性：至少这个星球的部分表面存在有生命。美国国家航空和航天局太空科学办公室副主任埃德.韦勒说：“如果这些结论被证明是真实的，它们将对论证存在生命的可能性有着深远的意义。”
Finding liquid water on Mars’surface has never been easy—because it simply can’t exist there. The modern-day Martian atmosphere has barely 1 percent the density of Earth’s, and its average temperature hovers around—67 degrees Fahrenheit (-19 degrees Centigrade).在火星表面找到液态的水从来不是件容易的事—因为水根本不可能在那里存在。今天的火星，其大气的浓度仅为地球的1%，而它的平均气温一般是在华氏零下67度（摄氏零下19度）。
B．我们中国是世界上最大国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有光大的肥田沃地，给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，给我们生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河胡泽，给我们以舟楫和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们交通海外各民族的方便。从很早的古代起，我们中华民族的祖先就劳动、生息、繁殖在这块广大的土地之上。China is one of the largest countries in the world, her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe. In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing; mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits; many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation, and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas. From ancient times our forefathers have labored, lived, lived and multiplied on this vast territory.
第八单元
A. Few tasks are more daunting than standing in the path of a charging theoretical
physicist who is hell-bent on getting funding for the next particle accelerator. As practitioners of the hardest of the hard sciences, physicists do little to discourage their aura of intellectual supremacy, particularly when suggesting to Congress that a grand synthesis of all the forces of nature is at hand if the Government will only cough up a few billion dollars more. But what if this confidence is misplaced? What if the barriers to knowledge are higher than many physicists like to admit? 要是一位理论物理学家拼命为下一个粒子加速器寻找经费，那么再没什么事情比阻挡他奋不顾身的冲锋势头更令人生畏的了。由于物理学家们所从事的是自然科学中的难中之难，他们很少对自己至高无上的知识分子味儿感到灰心丧气。他们向国会暗示，只要政府能再掏出区区几十个亿，他们就可以聚集到自然界的所有力量。不过，这种十足的自信要是放错了位置那又怎么办？如果知识的障碍超出了许多物理学家愿意承认的攀越高度又该怎么办？
For much of last century, scientists have known that the comfortable solidity of things begins to break down at the subatomic level. Like the Hindu veil of Maya, the palette from which nature paints atoms proves illusory when approached. From afar, this world appears neatly separated into waves and particles, but close scrutiny reveals indescribable objects that have characteristics of both. 在上世纪的大部分时间里，科学家们已经知道，人们普遍认同的物质的可靠性在亚原子层上开始出现崩溃。如同印度教玛耶女神的面纱一样，大自然用以描绘原子的调色板在人们近观细看时会发现纯属虚幻的东西。从远处看，世界似乎是很整齐地被分成波和粒子，但是严密的仔细观察看便会发现展现出的却是具有波和粒子双重特性的难以形容的物体。
Physicists have prospered in this quirky realm, but neither physics nor the rest of science has fully digested its implications. Inside the atom is a world of perpetual uncertainty in which particle behavior can be expressed only as a set of probabilities, and reality exists only in the eyes of the observer. 物理学家们在这一离奇的领域里大获成功，但物理学和科学的其他分支却从未完全领会物理世界的含义。原子内部是一个永远不确定的世界在这个世界中，粒子的行为只能被描述为一组或然性，而现实只存在于观察者的视线中。
B. 对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。自从来到厦门，我几乎天天都要到海滨去散步，踏在那细软的沙子上，有一种说不出来的舒适。当海风卷起雪狼来袭击海岸时，在美丽的浪花里，会拾到很多小巧玲珑的贝壳、五色斑斓的石子；还有那细如发丝的碧绿海草。我更爱躺在结晶轻柔的细沙上，静听海潮的倾诉；当微风轻轻地从我的身边掠过，那种又清凉又轻松的感觉，真是舒服极了，甜美极了。I love diverse aspects of Mother Nature, but I love the sea more than the mountain. Ever since I came to Xiamen, I’ve been in the habit of going for a walk along the seashore almost every day. It gives me an indescribable pleasant sensation to step on the spongy fine sand. When the sea wind dashes the snow-white billows against the beach, I can pick up from among the brilliant spray many pretty shells and colorful pebbles, as well as some lovely green seaweed as delicate as human hair. I’m even more inclined to lie on the clean and soft sandy beach and listen quietly to the sea unbosoming itself. How comfortable and refreshed I will be to feel the cool gentle sea breeze brushing past me: 第九单元
A．In fact, the probable losses from any greenhouse warming are modest: 1 to 2 percent of our economy's output by the year 2050. The loss seems even smaller compared with the expected growth of the economy (a doubling) over the same period.事实上，任何温室效应可能造成的损失都不大：到2050年只占我们经济产出的1%到2%。与预期的同期经济增长（翻一番）相比，这一损失微不足道。
No environmental problem the “planet” or rates with the danger of a nuclear war. No oil spill
ever caused suffering on a par with today’s civil war in Yugoslavia, which is minor episode in human misery. World War II left more than 35 million dead. Cambodia’s civil war resulted in 1million to 3 million deaths. The great scourges of humanity remain what they have always been: war, natural disaster, oppressive government, crushing poverty and hate. On any scale of tragedy, environmental distress is a featherweight.没有任何环境问题会像核战争那样对我们星球造成威胁，没有任何危险比核战争的危害更大。任何溢油事故所造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战相比。而南斯拉夫的内战也只是人类灾难史上的一个小插曲。第二次世界大战导致3500多万人死亡，柬埔寨内战造成100万至300万人死亡。人类的巨大祸患一如既往：战争、自然灾害、暴虐政府、极度的贫困以及仇恨。无论用什么来作为衡量悲剧的尺度，环境问题所造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛。
This is not an argument for indifference or inaction. It is an argument for perspective and balance. You can believe (as I do) that the possibility of greenhouse warning enhances an already strong case for an energy tax. A tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports, cut the budget deficit and promote energy-efficient investments that make economic sense.我这样说并不是为漠不关心或无动于衷的态度进行辩解，而是在为世界的前途和平衡发展而辩论。你可以像我一样相信，温室效应的可能性加强了已颇具说服力的征收能源税的理由。税收会抑制通常的空气污染，限制石油进口，减少预算赤字，促进具有经济意义的能效投入。
But it does not follow that anyone who disagrees with me is evil or even wrong. On the greenhouse effect, for instance, there’s ample scientific doubt over whether warming will occur and, if so, how much. Moreover, the warming would occur over decades. People and businesses could adjust. To take one example: farmers could shift to more heat-resistant seeds.但这并非意味着同我观点相悖的人就是居心叵测，或甚至是错误的。例如，关于温室效应，是否就会造成气候变暖？如果是，变化程度有多大？等等这些问题都还存在着大量的科学疑问。此外气候变暖将会是一个几十年的过程。人们可以进行产品结构调整。譬如说，农民可改变更为耐热的种子。
B. 俗话说，不怕不识货，只怕货比货。但在高科技领域，却往往是优者未必胜，劣者未必败，关键得看竞争者手段的高低。例如苹果公司输给微软，就是很典型的例子。其实，视窗是苹果10年前就已用在麦金托什机器上的技术，如今这反成了微软的王牌。As the saying goes, it is the superior quality of the products that help them get the upper hand. But in the hi-tech world this may not be the case. The good products may not always score, while the inferior goods do not necessarily lose out. It all depends on competition tactics. A classic example is Apple-Macintosh losing out to Microsoft. The Windows system has been applied to Macintosh a decade ago but now Windows has become the ace in Microsoft’s hole.
半导体技术处于当代高科技的顶端，可以说是集各种最新科技之大成者。现在，我们已经能在拇指大小的硅片上用超精密技术集成相当于全世界人口数目的晶体管。但是，为了实现这一“奇迹”，半导体技术也到了无所不用其极的地步，世上最剧毒的物质如砷化氢、氟化氢等都派上了用场。The semiconductor industry is at the top of modem high technology. It is the amalgamation of the latest advancements in the various technological fields. Today, we can put as many transistors as the total number of people on this earth onto a silicon chip in the size of a thumbnail. To achieve such a miracle, the semiconductor industry has gone to extremes, using the world’s most toxic substances like arsine, hydrofluoride and the like.
第十单元
A. Someday, keyboards and computer mice will be remembered only as medieval-style torture devices for the wrists. All work—e-mails, spreadsheets, and Google searches—will be
performed by mind control. If you think that’s mind-blowing, try to wrap your had around the sensational research that’s been done on the brain of Matthew by scientists at Brown University and three other institutions.有朝一日，键盘和鼠标将会成为人们记忆中折磨手腕的中世纪式装置。所有的工作—电子邮件、电子数据表格和Google搜索—都将由大脑控制进行。如果你认为那是痴人说梦，不妨来了解一下这个轰动试验，该试验由布朗大学和其他三个机构的科学家在马太的大脑上合作完成。
Matthew, a 26-year-old quadriplegic, was hooked up to a computer via an implant smaller than an aspirin that sits on top of his brain and reads electrical patterns. Using that technology, he learned how to move a cursor around a screen, play simple games, control a robotic arm. All while chatting amiably with the researchers.26岁的马太四肢瘫痪，他通过头顶一个比阿司匹林药片还小的植入器连接电脑，阅读电子图形。利用这种技术，他会在屏幕上移动光标，玩简单的游戏，控制机器手臂。整个过程中他一直同研究人员愉快交谈。
Matthew was able to accomplish all this because the brain has been greatly demystified in laboratories over the last decade or so. Researchers unlocked the brain patterns for thoughts that represent letters of the alphabets as early as 1999. Now, a host of companies are working on turning those discoveries into real products. Already, the Brown researchers say, this kind of technology can enable a hooked=up human to write at 15 words a minute—half as fst as the average person writes by hand.马太能够完成这一切，因为过去的10年左右，大脑的奥秘在很大程度上已经在实验室里被揭开。研究人员早在1999年就解开了代表字母的大脑思维模式。现在，许多公司正努力把这些发现变成真正的商品。布朗大学的研究员说，这种技术能使一个连接电脑的人每分钟输入15个词—相当于普通人手写速度的一半。
But who would want to get a brain implant if they haven’t been struck by a drastic case of paralysis? Leaving aside the fact that there is a lucrative market for providing such profoundly life-enhancing products for millions of paralyzed patients, it may soon not even be necessary to stick a chip inside your skull to take advantage of this technology.但是如果没有全身瘫痪这样的重大疾病，谁会想在自己的大脑里植入芯片呢？如果不考虑为数百万瘫痪病人提供这样能极大提高生活质量的产品市场有利可图，甚至可能很快不需要在头颅内植入芯片就能利用这项技术。
B. 中国进行环境信息发布的时间并不长，但已取得了良好的效果。每天发布的各种信息将人们身边的环境现状以数字的形式直观地展现出来，让人们了解到环境污染与自己的生活那么近，大大增强了人们的环境意识。Remarkable effects on the environment have been achieved though China only recently began to release environmental information. Reports are being released every day, with various information expressed in digital form which directly reveals to people the current environmental situation around them. People’s environmental awareness has been noticeably enhanced as people have now realized that environmental pollution affects their life closely.
环境信息的公开使人们更重视自己周边的生活环境，这对房地产业的影响尤为显著。显著国内亲水住宅日趋流行，地表水信息的公开为人们提供了了解住宅周围水质的一个渠道。凡是周边水质好的房子，销售肯定火爆。比如杭州市运河河道整治过后，本来无人问津的沿运河的房子价格立刻攀升了1/4，但房子依然供不应求，充分体现了环境信息对经济的巨大影响力。The release of environmental information has caused people to attach more importance to their living environment, and this is especially shown in its effect on the industry of real estate. Waterside houses are being sought after by more and more people now in China and as the release of surface water information provides a channel for people to learn the quality of water
surrounding their houses. Real estate with good water surroundings will surely sell like hot cakes. For example, not long ago there were few people who had ever made any enquiries about the houses along the canal in Hangzhou. However the prices of these houses have risen by a quarter after the riverbed of the canal was dredged and the supply of houses along the banks of the canal still falls short. This instance fully reflects the great impact of environmental information on the economy.
第十一单元
A. “It works.”These words may be the final judgment on a missile project or a plan to increase the efficiency of a labor group or could be the happy answer to the project that proved too complicated for father to assemble. They also may describe what goes on when the right mixture is put away in sealed bottles or jugs. Some earn their living at a boiler “works” that make a watch tick. Most people work for a living, but what teenager hasn’t “worked” on his dad for the use of the car. And a boat will work its way through an ice field or an army through a swamp or heavy going.“行了”，这两个字可以用来对付一项导弹工程或一项提高班组效率的计划最终肯定，也可以用来对付父辈未竟的极复杂的项目作满意的回答。这两个字也可用以说明配比适当的混合物在投入密封的瓶罐后起反应。有的人在锅炉厂挣钱糊口。正是手表的机件使之发出滴滴答答的声音。大多数人为生活而工作。为了要享用汽车，有哪一位青年不曾说服他的爸爸的呢？船破冰而航，军队穿沼泽过险路而行。
The physicist has a precise meaning for the word “work”, but the metallurgist uses the word in relation to a wide variety of processes. Cogging of ingots, rolling of bars or sheets, forging of bars, blocks, or semi-finished parts, piercing of bars to form tubing, drawing of wire through dies or the drawing of sheet into cups, swaging, hammering, extruding, all are operations involving the “working”of materials and produce parts that are classed as “worked”metals. “Work”to the metallurgist is any operation that changes the shape of a metal part without changing its volume. A nail bent by a hammer is “worked”and the straightening that follows is further working. The making of an automobile fender, of a tube for toothpaste, or of an aluminum safety is common examples which involve severe working of metals. Of all parts made of metals, castings and sintered products are the only classes of final product which do not, at some stage or other in their manufacture, go through one or more operations which are classed as “working.”物理学家赋予（功）一词以精确的含义，但冶金学家却用这个词来论及各种各样的加工过程。开坯，棒材或板材的轧制，棒材、毛毛坯或半成品的锻造，棒材穿轧成管，线材膜拉，板材槽拉，型锻，捶锻与挤压等等，所有这些引起过程均属金属加工，而生产出来的产品称为金属加工件。冶金学家所说的加工是指改变金属形状、不改变体积的任何操作过程。锤子敲弯钉子受到了加工，再把它弄直还是加工，制造汽车缓冲板、牙膏管或铝制安全帽等都是变形量大的金属加工的通例。在所有金属零件中只有铸件和烧结产品属成品类。就其生产过程的某阶段来说，它们无须再经过一个或几个所谓的加工工序。
B. 心脏为一肌肉泵，它通过心肌收缩和舒张这一连续不断的自动过程每分钟大约搏动72下。心脏约有一只拳头那么大，重约9至11盎司，位于两肺之间，略偏于左方。一道隔膜穿过心脏中间，把心脏分割成左右两个部分，两个部分同时活动但却处理着两个不同类型的血液。每个部分又可分为上下两个部分，即心房与心室。血液在周身循环的过程中被依次压入心脏的四个腔室中。The heart, which is a muscular pump, beats about 72 times a minute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. It is about the size of a fist, weighs about 9 to 11 ounces and is placed snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. A partition runs down the centre of the heart, dividing it into left and right
sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood. Each section is again divided into upper and lower parts, the auricles and ventricles. The blood is pumped through all four chambers in turn in the course of being circulated through all parts of the body.
心脏的首要目的是源源不断地为身体所有的细胞提供氧气，并将二氧化碳收回肺里。血液在循环途中将溶解了的食物分配到身体各个部位，同时将废物带走。The heart’s first purpose is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs. On its journey the blood distributes dissolved foods and carries away wastes.
第十二单元
A. The recent boom in technological advances, formation of new businesses, and personal fortunes is the third and most dramatic wave generated by the computer industry in the last twenty-five years. The first wave involved tangible products—“hardware,”as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s companies in the Santa Clara Valley, between San Jose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computers thus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computer’s operation. Then many produced computers as well.最近所涌现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣向荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是第三次、也是过去25年中计算机产业所引发的最引人瞩目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形产品—硬件，它是与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。20世纪六七十年代，位于圣何塞和旧金山之间的圣克拉拉谷地的一些公司为计算机生产出了存储器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接着他们又生产了用以计算机操作的逻辑硅芯片。随后，许多公司也开始生产计算机。
The great fortunes from the hardware era include those of the Hewlett and Packard families, of Hewlett-Packard which started making money in the pre-silicon era, with overtook the Ford Foundation as the nation’s third-largest private foundation. The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh.硬件时代的巨富包括惠普家族、惠普公司—该公司在硅谷时代前就通过经营科学仪器开始赚钱。总资产为一亿美元的Packard基金会最近超过了福特基金会，成为全美国第三大私人基金会。90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是英特尔公司，它所制作的奔腾和其他处理芯片用于除苹果机以外的大多数个人计算机。
The second wave of wealth creation involved software—“application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word0processing programs or computer games, and “systems”software used to run businesses or, very often, computer networks themselves. The difference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of what economists mean by “increasing returns to scale.”Because the cost of producing additional units of software—the “marginal cost”—is extremely low, once you become the market leader in ailed, your profits grow astronomically.财富形成的第二次浪潮涉及及运用型软件—它指的是人们用于工作或娱乐的运用软件，像文字处理程序或者计算机游戏，和用于管理业务的“系统”软件或常见的计算机网络本身。软件和硬件的差异为经济学家们所谓的“规模递增收益”提供了一个经典例证。因为生产软件的附加部件的成本，也就是“边际成本”极为廉价，一旦你在某一领域占市场主导地位，你的利润就会突飞猛张。
B. 近几年来我们推进了科技创新，颁布实施了历时两年研究制定的国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要，并制定了相关专项计划和配套政策措施，陆续启动了大型油气和煤层气开发、新一代宽带无线移动通信网、大型飞机设计与制造、载人航天与探月工程等16个重大专项。高性能计算机、超级优质杂交水稻、第三代移动通信、数字电视等一些关键技术也取得突破，我国的自主创新能力进一步得到增强。In the past few years we have promoted
innovation in science and technology. The Outline of the National Program for Long-and-Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development Program, which took two years to formulate, has been issued and is being implemented, and related special programs and supplementary policies and measures have been formulated. Sixteen major projects were launched, including projects to develop giant oil and gas fields and coal seam gas, design and develop a mew generation wireless broadband mobile communications network, design and produce large aircraft, develop manned spacecraft and explore the moon. We have also made breakthroughs in key technologies such as a high-performance computer, super high-quality hybrid paddy rice, third generation mobile communications and digital television, and further increased China’s capacity for independent innovation.
第十三单元
A. In a much looser and more flexible way, the same is true of the “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the deer they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then the deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it. (If the cougars are all killed off, deer would multiply to the point where they destroy the plants they live off and more would then die of starvation than would have died of cougars.)以一种更宽松、更灵活的方式来衡量，“星球有机体”（我们在生态学中研究到这个概念）亦是同理。如果美洲狮的数量太多，它们赖以生存的鹿就会受到过度捕杀，于是一些美洲狮就会饿死。这样一来，美洲狮就恢复打一个“适当的数量”。如果美洲狮死的过多，鹿的数量就会迅速增长，美洲狮因此得以迅速繁衍，直到新生的美洲狮将鹿再次捕杀到一个很低的数量。除非有外在的干扰，否则食肉动物和被吃动物之间总是保持在一定的适当量，这对双方都有好处。（如果美洲狮被斩尽杀绝，鹿就会大量繁衍，直到数量多得足以摧毁它们赖以生存的植物。这样，更多的鹿会饿死，而不是葬身狮腹。）
In ecology, the same would happen if, for some reason, one particular type of organism began to multiply without limit, killing its competitors and increasing its own food supply at the expense of that of others. That, too, could end in the destruction of the larger system—most or all of life and even of certain aspects of the inanimate environment.在生态学环境中，如果由于某种原因，一种生物体开始不断地无限繁衍，同时消灭掉自己的竞争对手，以牺牲其他物类的食物为代价来增加自己的实物量，那么将发生同样的情况。这也可能会以毁掉更大的生态系统而告结束—毁掉绝大部分或所有的生命，甚至毁掉无机世界中的某些方面。
And this is exactly what is happening at this moment. For thousands of years, the single species Homo sapiens has been increasing in numbers. In the past couple of centuries, the rate of increase has itself increased explosively.这就是此时此刻正在发生的事。数千年来，人类这唯一的种群在数量上一直在不断地上升。在过去几世纪，其增长率一直呈爆炸趋势。
At the time of Julius Caesar, when Earth’s human population is estimated to have been 150million, that population was increasing at a rate such that it would double in 1,000 years if that rate remained steady. Today, with Earth’s population estimated at about 5,000 million, it is increasing at a rate which, if steady, will cause it to double in 35 years.在凯撒时代，当时世界人口估计为1亿5千万。如果按当时那样的速度平稳地增长，世界人口1000年才增长一倍。今天，世界人口大约为50亿，如果照目前的增长率稳定不变，那么世界人口的增长速度将在35年之后翻倍。
B. 1978年以来，为适应我国社会主义建设的需要，学校先后与1984年和1985年成立了研究生院和继续教育学院。为了适应世界范围内兴起的新技术革命，适应现代科学技术发展和社会进步出现的不同学科间交叉综合的新趋势，学校的系科设置和结构不断进行调整，创立了一批高技术及新兴系科专业，增设了理科、经济管理学科和文科，恢复了理学院，成立了经济管理学院、人文社会科学学院和信息科学技术学院。In order to adapt itself to the needs of socialist construction, the University has set up a Graduate School (1984), a Continuing (Adult) Education School (1985) since 1978. The setups and the structure of the departments and disciplines have been constantly readjusted so as to keep abreast with the upsurge of the worldwide technical renovation, the development of modern science, the new trend of cross-disciplines and comprehensive research which emerges as a result of social progress. A number of departments of hi-technology and new specialties have been set up, and in addition to the newly established disciplines of science, economics and management, liberal arts, the university has rehabilitated the Faculty of Science, established School of Economics and Management, Humanity and Social Science School, and Information Science and Technology School.
第十四单元
A. But in a sea change from the gestalt of recent decades, many educators and child psychologists are concluding that less praise is often better and frequent praise for unexceptional actions can actually have a negative impact on children.但是在近十年大量的完型心理学的变化中，许多教育家和儿童心理学家正在得出另一种结论，他们认为还是少一些赞扬为好。因为经常赞扬孩子的极为普通的行为实际上可能会对孩子产生一种副作用。
“Praising every time lowers a child’s motivation,”said Dr. Ron Taffel, a Manhattan psychologist and author of “Nurturing Good Children Now.””It cheapens the praise, and children become dependent on praise.”“对孩子每赞扬一次，就会对孩子的积极性减少一分，”塔费尔博士说。罗恩.塔费尔博士是曼哈顿的一位理学家，《养育健康的孩子》一书的作者。“这种做法降低了表扬的作用，其结果是孩子依赖于表扬。”
For example, Dr. Taffel said, he sees children sledding in Central Park with parents “screaming at the top of their lungs: ’great job, phenomenal sledding, that was the best I’ve ever seen.’ The children were being praised for responding to the laws of gravity.”比如，塔费尔博士说，他曾经看见孩子们在中央公园与父母一块玩雪橇，“父母在一旁高声尖叫：‘太妙了，滑得真棒！从来没有见过谁滑得这么棒！’孩子们在重力作用下的反应也受到了表扬。”
Some child-rearing experts say a steady stream of praise can turn children into praise addicts who lack confidence because they dismiss the value of the compliments. They say praise intended to reinforce good behavior can make children feel manipulated and less likely to keep up good habits in the long run. And they say sometimes children praised for a creative or academic task become less motivated to pursue it, because they feel pressure or are afraid they will mot live up to expectations.一些育儿专家说，对孩子的不断表扬可能会使孩子喜欢听表扬的嗜好，会因为看不上称赞的价值而缺乏信心。他们认为，本来是旨在促进良好行为的表扬可能会使孩子感到是在被人操纵，从长远的观点来看，不大可能使他们养成好习惯。他们说，有时候一些完成了某一创造性的工作或学业任务而受到赞扬的孩子，却没有多少追求上进的积极性，因为他们觉得有压力或害怕他们会辜负大家的期望。
In addition to anecdotal experience, a smattering of studies suggest that children praised for doing well at something were less interested in pursuing it, or did less well at subsequent tasks.除传闻的经验之外，一些浅显的研究表明，因某事干得好而受表扬的孩子对继续干这事的兴趣
会减少，或者以后就干的没那么好了。
But some psychologists and teachers disagree. Kim Hunt, a second-grade teacher in Des Moines, often praises children to convince others to behave, saying things like, “Oh, do I like the way Emily has already started solving those math problems. She’s using her brain,” Ms. Hunt said. “Praise is almost a contagious virus in a classroom because if you can catch one child doing something good and if you can verbally praise that child in front of his or her peers, it’s going to spread like wildfire and the rest of the children are going to automatically do exactly what that model student is doing because they want the positive attention,” she said.但是一些心理家和教师却不同意上述说法。得梅因的一个二年级教师金亨特经常表扬孩子，并以此来说服别人表现好。比如她会说：“嗳，艾米莉已经开始做那些数学题了，我觉得她的方法确实不错。她在动脑筋。”“在教室里，表扬几乎是一种传染性病毒，因为如果你发现一个孩子做一件好事，要是能当着同学的面口头赞扬那个孩子的话，它就会像野火般迅速蔓延开来，而其余的孩子们将自动地干这个受到表扬的学生所干的事。因为他们想要得到老师的肯定，受到注意，”亨特女士说。
B. “十一五”期间，我国利用外资的指导思想是：以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，全面贯彻落实科学发展观，积极有效利用外资；统筹国内发展和对外开放，妥善处理好利用外资和国际收支平衡、利用外资与用好国内资金之间的关系，促进国内产业结构、区域经济结构的调整优化，切实提高利用外资的质量；推动建立更加开放的自主创新体系，增强集成创新能力和引进消化吸收再创新能力；在扩大开放中积极主动抵御和化解各种风险，切实保障国家经济安全；进一步巩固、发挥和创造我国的比较优势，实施互利共赢的开放战略，在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上积极参与国际经济科技合作与竞争。During the period of the Eleventh Five-year Plan, the guiding ideology of China’s utilization of foreign investments shall be: To be guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory scientific development view, and to actively and effectively utilize foreign investments; to make an overall plan on domestic development and the opening up to the outside world, to appropriately deal with the relationship between the utilization of foreign investments and the balance of international payments, that between the utilization of foreign investments and the rational use of domestic funds, to promote the adjustment and optimization of domestic industrial structure and regional economic structure, as well as to earnestly improve the quality of utilizing foreign investments; to propel the building-up of an opener independent innovation system, to intensify the integrated innovation capacity and the re-innovation capacity of import, digestion and absorption; to actively defend and eliminate various risks in the process of enlarging the opening up, and to earnestly guarantee the national economic security; to further reinforce, exert and create China’s comparative advantages, to implement the opening strategy for mutual benefit and common wins, and to, within a larger scope, in wider areas and at a higher level, actively participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition.
第十五单元
A. Dissolved in a test tube, the essence of life is a clear liquid. To the naked eye it looks just like water. But when it is stirred, the “water” turns out to be as sticky as molasses, clinging to a glass rod and forming long, hair-thin threads.如果将其溶解于试管中，生命的本质是一种透明的液体。肉眼看来，它就像水。但将其搅拌后，这种“水”溶液就会变得像糖浆一样黏稠，粘附在玻璃棒上，形成细如发丝的长丝。
This thread of life, of course is deoxyribonucleic acid. Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They’ve known its chemical structure since 1953. They know
that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins, the basic building blocks of life.这一生命细丝当然就是脱氧核糖核酸。1952年以来，科学家们就知道DNA是遗传的基础物质。1953年以来，他们又弄清楚了它的化学结构。他们了解到人类的DNA像一个30亿比特长的生物计算机程序，该程序能够发出制造生命基本成分蛋白质的指令。
But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half century is just a preamble. Researchers are conducting a biomedical revolution. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug, a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.但是，遗传工程学家在过去半个世纪中所做的一切只是现在所做工作的序曲。目前，研究人员正在进行一场生物医学革命。在他们手中，DNA既是一幅蓝图又是一种药物。这种药物具有超凡的潜力，不仅能治疗病症，也能治疗引起病症的疾病，而且还能治疗使人易患疾病的DNA缺陷。
What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor’s secrets, genetic engineers are decoding life’s molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease.他们与其他研究人员正在进行的标图工作绝不亚于一场生物医学革命。如同硅谷中剽窃者用倒序制造计算机芯片的方法剽窃竞争对手的秘密一样，遗传工程学家正在破译生命分子的秘密，并试图利用破译的知识来逆转疾病产生的自然过程。
科技英语翻译练习
科技翻译练习二 II: 汉译英 VR（虚拟现实）技术可广泛的应用于城市规划、室内设计、工业仿真、古迹复原、桥梁道路设计、房地产销售、旅游教学、水利电力、地质灾害、教育培训等众多领域，为其提供切实可行的解决方案。 在先进制造业领域，站在大飞机发动机的3D影像面前，“可任意拆卸”这个虚拟现实的强项表现得淋漓尽致。操作人员可以把虚拟发动机的许多部件逐一拆下，再进入发动机内部。“虚拟现实”实现了跨平台的交互式设计、虚拟展示、虚拟装配、CAE数据可视化等功能，大幅提高设计团队的设计效率，使研发人员能及时发现、修正设计缺陷和潜在的工艺问题，提高产品开发的制造成功率。 虚拟现实技术在教育培训领域也大有用武之地。为真实实验不具备或难以完成的教学功能创造条件。在涉及高危或极端的环境、不可及或不可逆的操作，高成本、高消耗、大型或综合训练等情况时，虚拟现实技术能提供可靠、安全和经济的实验项目。华东理工大学的G-Magic虚拟现实实验室，就是高校虚拟现实教学的一个范例。该实验室拥有CAVE洞穴式虚拟现实系统，可以把大学生设计的作品投影到墙面、天花板和地面上。比如，学生设计了一间淋浴房，他能利用这套系统把它展现在实验室里，和真实的淋浴房一样大小。营造出这种教学环境后，教师就能与学生更方便地交流各个环节的设计优劣，并随时做出修改。 企业的一些培训项目，同样离不开HYPERLINK "https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f71755527.html,/view/7299.htm" \t "_blank" 虚拟现实 。以石油化工为例，众所周知，大型石油灌区集中了大量危险化学品，一旦操作不当，便可能引发火灾、爆炸事故，并造成环境污染等次生灾害。因此，政府和企业对大型石油灌区的安全性和操作人员的专业性提出了很高要求。虚拟现实技术可以构建储罐区应急救援及安全培训系统，它不但能向员工呈现操作流程的各种场景，引导他们学习、掌握安全操作技能，还能模拟事故发生、火光熊熊的场面，让员工在沉浸式虚拟影像中开展救援行动。 VR (Virtual Reality) technology can be widely used in many areas,such as urban planning, interior design, industrial simulation, historic restoration, design of bridges and roads, real estate sales, tourism, education, water power, geological disasters, education and training, and provide practical solutions. In the field of advanced manufacturing, standing in front of large aircraft engines of 3D image, The strengths of virtual -"can be arbitrary tear down" express thoroughly.The operators can put a lot of virtual engine parts one by one, and then into the internal engine.Virtual reality achieves many functions, such as,a cross-platform interactive design, virtual display, virtual assembly, and CAE data visualization capabilities, so it increase the team's design efficiency drastically, and researchers can find the corrected design flaws and potential process problems timely and improve product development manufacturing success rate. Virtual reality technology is also very useful in the field of education and training.It creates conditions for the real tests which are not available or difficult to complete the teaching function.When it refers to high-risk or extreme environments, inaccessible or irreversible operation, high cost, high consumption, large or comprehensive training, etc., virtual reality technology can provide reliable, safe and economical experimental projects.G-Magic Virtual Reality Lab of East China University is an example of virtual reality in University Teaching.The lab has a CAVE virtual reality of cave system and college students’design work can be projected onto the walls, ceiling and floor.For example, the student designed a shower room, he can use the system to show it in the laboratory as the same size as the real
实用科技英语翻译-期末考试复习题
2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题） 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案
1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六 一、将以下指示与说明文体译成汉语 1. Important safety instructions 1) AC extension cords are not recommended for use with this product. If an extension cord must be used, be sure it is an approved type and has sufficient current-carrying capacity to power this product. 2) NEVER operate this product with any covers removed. 3) NEVER wet the inside of this product with any liquid. 4) NEVER pour or spill liquids directly into this unit. 5) NEVER block air flow through ventilation slots or heat sinks. 6) NEVER bypass any fuse. 7) NEVER replace any fuse with a value or type other than those specified. 8) NEVER attempt to repair this product. If a problem occurs, contact your local retailer. 9) NEVER expose this product to extremely high or low temperatures. 10) NEVER operate this product in an explosive atmosphere. 11) ALWAYS keep electrical equipment out of the reach of children. 二、将以下某款前置放大器使用说明译成汉语 1) DISPLAY INTENSITY BUTTON Cycles among four levels of brightness (including “off”）for the display, allowing adjustment for various ambient lighting conditions. When “off”, the display will turn on for a few seconds whenever a setting is changed. When used in conjunction with certain compatible ABC components, this button will control the display intensity of all lin ked components. (For more information, see “Linked Functions.”) 2) MODE INDICATORS Three LEDs give visual confirmation of the Operational Mode the preamplifier is in at any moment. 3) MODE BUTTON Cycles among the three primary Operational Modes of the preamplifier: Monitor (the source being listened to); Record Select (the source being provided to the Record Outputs); and Balance (the relative volumes of the Left and Right channels). Confirmation of these operating modes is given by the Mode Indicators below the
科技英语翻译答案
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.
科技英语翻译练习
一．句子翻译练习；英译汉 1. It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。 2.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. 由于生理上的局限, 一切生物总是要死亡的。 3. The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 4.Gene piracy is not new. 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 5.All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。 6. Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up. 由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。 7. This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal. 成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。 8. A chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。 9. The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向正的铜极。 10. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load. 船装了货吃水更深,其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。 11.Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 不能行走的机器人能学会做工,并能孜孜不倦地工作,今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。 12.The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是, 机械力代替了人力。 13.Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province, helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way. 该省已普遍成立了农技推广中心,帮助农民以更加科学的方法种田。 14.When two bodies oscillate at the same frequency, they are said to be in resonance. 当两个物体以相同的频率震动时, 我们说它们处于共振状态。 15.Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125℃and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 使温度很快从室温升到125℃, 并至少保持15分钟。 16.After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净,然后把引线剪到所需长度。 17.The damage caused by acid rain can be alleviated by adding lime to lakes, rivers and streams and/or their catchments' areas. 往湖泊、河流和溪流及(或)它们的集水区中撒石灰,可以减轻酸雨所造成的损害。