谈中文四字成语的英译

谈中文四字成语的英译

我在1982 年写过一篇短文，题为《论中文四字成语的英译》，刊于台北《中英文周刊》(590期)。所讨论的主要对象为香港出版的《林语堂当代汉英词典》，主旨在指出一般汉英词典，对于中文广泛使用的四字成语(例见后)仅给予字面上的解释便算满足，从来不管它们在实际应用句中该如何翻译的问题。

我之所以特别挑选四字成语来谈它的翻译，乃因为中文的四字成语常具有句子的形态，很容易让人把它当做一个独立的短句或谓语(即无主语的句子)来翻译，因此常造成在表面上看起来似乎没有问题的翻译，而在实际应用上却格格不入，完全不能适用，必须另起炉灶，重新翻译。

当时我随意提出了十多个四字成语，一一检视了林氏汉英词典所给的翻译，其中有当做短句翻译者，如：

(1) 危言耸听：A startling statement creates a sensation.

(2) 夜长梦多：prospect is dark and dreary

有当做谓语(predicate) 翻译者(=无主语的句子)，如：

(3) 得意忘形：lose all bearings in moment of pride and satisfaction

(4) 骑虎难下：?riding on a tiger? — afraid to go on and unable to get down

问题是，如何把这些翻译直接套进一个完整的句子，如：

(A) 请你不要在这里危言耸听，好不好？

(B) 此事必须速谋解决，以防夜长梦多。

(C) 像你这样得意忘形，是会得罪人的。

(D) 看样子他是骑虎难下，只好硬干下去了。

所举其它的成语还包括：明哲保身、日新月异、破镜重圆、兵荒马乱、莫名其妙、无时无刻等，但均无例句。

今天，欣见《新时代汉英大词典》(以下简称《新时代》)对于上述的成语，除了给予字面上解释性的翻译以外，还有实际涵意的翻译，并且各举一个或两个例句，以明其在实际造句中该如何翻译，可说弥补了向来汉英词典的一大缺点，尽到了一部理想的汉英词典所应尽的责任，代表了汉英词典出版界的一大进步。然而，编一部规模如此钜大的词典，参加的人手如此之多，对于编辑体例上的统一要求，实在是一项极大的挑战。尤其所举例句中相关字词的意义，常有与定义不完全配合的情形。就以前面所举的各成语而言，《新时代》的处理，便有以下若干分歧现象。大部分也都是在「定义」中只给字面上的解释，而在例句中另作翻译，例如：

(a)「明哲保身」：use one?s wits to ensure one?s own survival (and shirk moral responsibility); be worldly wise and play safe. 【例句】他一向信奉~ 的处世哲学。He has always believed in the philosophy of self-preservation.

有许多情形，中文一个四字成语，在翻译时常只等于一个英文字的意思，这便是一个很好的例子。问题是为什幺不能把self-preservation 放入「定义」之内，俾使定义能与用例更为密切配合？也就是说，定义实应分为两部分：一部分是字面上的解释，一部分则是在例句翻译中之英文的等值语(equivalent)。在《新时代》中，已有一些成语的「定义」是这幺处理的，但仍常有未能与例句翻译完全配合的情形。

(b)「兵荒马乱」：troops on the rampage; chaos of war; turmoil of war. 【例句】~ 的年月turbulent years of war. 那时~，动荡不安。In those days of lawlessness and

disorder, life was chaotic.

这也是一个例句中之英译，未能与定义配合的例子。这里有一点值得特别一提的是，「兵荒马乱」常与时间词一起用，如年月、时候，作为它们的修饰语。如果能对此点加以说明，这时便可以把turbulent 和of lawlessness and disorder 加入「定义」，岂不两全其美。

(c)「破镜重圆」：join together a broken mirror; put together the wreckage of a married life; retie a marriage knot after a separation (of a couple); achieve a reunion and reconciliation after a rupture. 【例句】王老师的帮助使他俩~。Thanks to Mr. Wang?s help, the es tranged coupled were reunited.

这一次的字面解释，似嫌过于累赘，重三复四，只点出了一个最关紧要的字reunion。所谓「破镜」只不过是中国文化所惯用的一个比喻，而此成语的重心只在后面的「重圆」，所以英文只需要一个字reunion 就可以包括了。不过有趣的是，这个例句中所用的不是名词reunion，而是(被动式)动词were reunited。这可以说明，中文的一个四字成语，在英文中所扮演的角色，视情况而定，可以是名词，也可以是动词，或形容词，或副词等等。就目前而言，一般汉英词典(包括《新时代》)，无论对于单字或两字以上组成的词语，均未分辨「词类」(parts of speech)处理，而「词类」对于英文却是很重要的。定义分「词类」处理，这一点是否可以作为汉英词典未来发展的目标之一，值得思考。

(d)「日新月异」：change with each passing day; undergo changes day by day. 【例句】家乡面貌~ 。My hometown has been undergoing great changes with each passing day. 科学技术的发展~。Science and technology have been developing at an amazing speed.

这里有两个例句，前一句完全符合定义，但后一句却是从另一个角度—速度—思考的。原来「日新月异」还有「高速度amazing speed 」的意思，这一点，「定义」似乎没有理由漏掉，不加处理。当事者可能辩称，当「定义」过多时，自然不可能面面顾到，但当执笔者自己所举的例句摆在眼前，还能算是没想到吗？另一方面，如果说任何用法只要有例句就可以交代了，那岂不等于说全部「定义」都可以省了？

(e)「夜长梦多」：when night is long, dreams are many; a long delay may mean trouble. 【例句】这事要快点办成，免得~。Please get it done without delay, otherwise something untoward may happen.

其实这句英译的后半句，并非必要如此大费周张，另起炉灶。如果能依照定义已有的译法，将这后半句改为for a long delay may mean trouble，岂不简单明了又省事。

(f)「骑虎难下」：ride a tiger and find it hard to dismount; get a tiger by the tail and be unable to let go; have no way to back down. 【例句】事到如今，已经是~ 了。As things stand, it is already impossible to back down.

这个成语的重点也是在后二字「难下」，如果要让「定义」内容更为周全一点，则可以说：(如果主语指「人」) have no way to back down; (如果主语非指「人」) be impossible to back down.这样使读者对于例句中为何不用have no way，而用is impossible，会有更深一层的认识。

(g)「得意忘形」：be intoxicated by one?s success; get dizzy with success. 【例句】胜利使他~ 。He got dizzy with success. or Success turned his head. 一个人~ 的时候常常会遭霉运。More often than not, bad luck approaches a person quietly when

he is beside himself with elation.

个人认为，这里出现在例句中的turn one?s head和beside oneself with elation皆可进入「定义」，以求圆满一致。

(h)「莫名其妙」：(1) be unable to make head or tail (of sth.); be puzzled. 【例句】他匆匆离开上海也不跟朋友打个招呼，真弄得我~。I was baffled at his sudden departure …。大家搞不清他这话是什幺意思，都~ 地望着他。Nobody could make out what he meant, so they all looked at him in perplexity. (2) without rhyme or reason; for no apparent reason; unaccountable; inexplicable. 【例句】他~ 地发起脾气。Quite unaccountably he flew into a rage.我常常~ 地受到呵斥和挑剔。I was often berated and picked on for no apparent reason.

「莫名其妙」这个成语，在句中经常用作副词，由例句中四分之三都是作副词用这一事实可以说明。因此，定义中的unaccountable 似应作unaccountably 较符合事实，或二者皆列unaccountable; unaccountably) 。前例中之…in perplexity? 系以介词词组形式作副词用。目前…定义?虽不区分词类，但遇此特殊情形，似可加入：“（作副词用时）in perplexity; unaccountably; for no apparent reason.” —岂不功德圆满？

(i)「无时无刻」：all the time; at every moment; always.【例句】宇宙万物~ 不在发展变化。Everything in the universe is changing unceasingly.

这里的问题性质，与前面稍有不同。第一、「无时无刻」译作…all the time; at every moment; always? 到底正不正确？第二、例句的翻译似乎也漏译了一个字。因为unceasingly如果等于「无时无刻」all the time ，那幺中文原句中还有一个「不」字，怎幺不见了？被吃掉了？关于「无时无刻」这个习语的翻译，所有汉英词典一向都是大而化之，不予深究的态度。连林氏《当代汉英词典》也不例外，他的翻译也类似：every hour and moment 。但我们仔细研究一下，「无时无刻」在中文里似乎总是用在否定句，例如「我无时无刻不在想念你」，实际就等于说「我时时刻刻都在想念你」。说到这里，难怪本节例句的英译「吃」掉了一个「不」字，原来是把「无时无刻」译为…all the time; always? 惹的祸。要厘清问题的所在，我们试把…I?ve been thinking of you all the time? 倒转来翻成中文，能翻成「我无时无刻想念你」吗？必然是翻成「我无时无刻不在想念你」才对，不是吗？所以我们的结论是：要把「无时无刻」改为「无时无刻不」，英文才能译作…all the time; at every moment; always?！仅「无时无刻」只能译作…at no time; never?！

总结：综观以上的讨论使我们觉得，汉英词典今后发展的方向有二：

需要作字面解释的词语(如四字成语)，定义应分两部分：a.字面解释；b .翻译，即在实际英文造句中直接可用的翻译。

中文词典向来不分词类，也可以说根本没有词类的观念。但汉英词典不同，它的目的语是英文，而英文是注重词类的。所以，在一本完善的汉英词典中，所有的定义最好能依其在英文造句中所扮演的词类角色，给予一个适当的词类标示，对读者的帮助会是很大的。

中文常用谚语翻译教学文案

中文常用谚语翻译

English Idioms and Proverbs 1.No sweet without sweat. 没有耕耘就没有收获 2.One is as old as one’s heart.心有多老人有多老 3.Time heals all sorrows. 时间治愈一切创伤 4.Many hands make light work. 人多力量大 5. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 千里之行始于足下 6.Where there is smoke, there is fire.无风不起浪 7.As poor as a church mouse.一贫如洗 8. A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口 9.Clothes make the man.人靠衣装, 佛靠金装 10.Clothes don’t make the man.不能以貌取人 11.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁 12.Look before you leap.三思而后行 13.To teach a fish how to swim.班门弄斧 14.Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信是成功的秘诀 15.Better late than never.迟做总比不做好 16.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助 17.Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌 18.Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功 19.Like father , Like son.有其父必有其子 20.Well begun, half done好的开端,成功的一半 21.Every cloud has a silver lining否极泰来

英语翻译四字成语大全

“四字格”翻译 （一）并列关系 名山大川famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 平等互利equality and mutual benefit 扬长避短play up strengths and avoid weaknesses 反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government 简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization 集思广益draw on collective wisdon and absorb all useful ideas 国泰民安the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony 政通人和the government functions well and people cooperate well 国计民生national welfare and the people’s livelihood 辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new 徇私舞弊bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud 流连忘返linger on with no thought of leaving for home 国际局势复杂多变the complex and volatile international situation 开拓进取blaze new trails and forge ahead

汉语成语英译

汉语成语英译 汉语成语的定义为：言简意赅、生动万象、比一般词语有着更强的表现力、历来为人们所喜欢用的一种精粹的语言材料。汉语成语结构稳定，绝大部分以四字格形式出现，约占百分之九十七。以四字格为主体的汉语成语不少于一万条，在政治、文艺、科技等文体中都起着极其重要的作用。在汉语翻译中，汉语成语的处理自然是一个不可忽视的问题。 以前曾有人把“胸有成竹”翻译成“ have a bamboo in his stomach”，这是事故？还是奇迹？闹了一场不小的笑话。其实，这条成语很难从字面上进行翻译。它出自苏轼原语，意思是说，画家在画竹之前，先必须在脑子里产生竹的形象，比喻在做事之前心里已经有全面的考虑。对这条成语，我们只能译出它的比喻意义：“ to have a well-thought-out plan before doing”，也可用一条意义相等的英语成语来套译：“ to have a card up one’s sleeve”。 哪些汉语成语可根据其字面意义翻译？哪些只能翻译比喻意义呐？这完全取决于汉语成语的字面形式和比喻形象能否为译文读者所接受。例如，“胸有成竹”译成“ have a bamboo in his stomach”，不用说外国读者无法理解，就是我们了解汉英两种语言与文化的人也不能接受。因为译文所产生的形象与原文的比喻并不一致。 下面的英译按原文的字面翻译，其比喻效果同原文一样生动，译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语。如: 1、打草惊蛇 to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于 wake a sleeping dog) 2、易如反掌 to be as easy as turning over one’s hand (相当于 as easy as falling off log) 3、对牛弹琴 to play the lute to a cow (相当于 cast pearls before swine) 4、画蛇添足 to draw a snake and add feet to it (相当于 paint the lily) 不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语，但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义。如：

中文谚语的正确翻译

1. 人山人海：a (the) sea of faces 2、家家有本难念的经：Many families have skeletons in the closet.（许多家庭的衣柜里都有骨骸，骨骸就是指家丑。）”；或者说：“Every family has its own source of shame.（每个家庭都有自己的丑事）”；说白些，就是：“Every family has its own problem.” 3、天下无不散的宴席：All good things come to an end.（意思是：所有好的事情，总有结束的一天。）”；假如是指好友最后也有分别的一天，那么可以说：“Eventually, all bosom friends will drift apart.（bosom friend是指知心的好友）” 4、平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚：Worship God every day; not just in times of adversity.（要每天敬拜神，不是只在困难时。）；也可以说：“If you study hard every day, exams will not seem overwhelming.（如果你每天用功，考试就不会形成压力。）” 5、挂羊头，卖狗肉：He applied bait-and-switch factics in business.（他经商的策略是先引诱顾客来，再改变货物的品质。），“Bait-and-switch”当名词用，也可不用连字号“This store uses bait and switch policy.或“Say one thing and do another.” 6、一言既出，驷马难追：A word once let go cannot be recalled.或者You can not take back what you have said.（你说出的话，就不能再收回来。） 7、祸从口出，言多必失：Careless talk leads to trouble.（不小心说话，会带来麻烦）或“The less said the better.（说的愈少愈好）”甚至也可以说：“Shut the mouth and open the eyes.（闭嘴少说，张眼多看。）”

四字成语中译英

预防为主prevention first 综合治理comprehensive control/management 全面推进entire/all-round push-on 重点突破breakthrough at key points 亲仁善邻cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness 和睦相处living in harmony with others 强不凌弱，富不侮贫The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor. 协和万邦All nations live side by side in perfect harmony. 海纳百川，有容乃大One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers. 兼收并蓄embrace everything that is useful 光阴似箭Time flies like an arrow. /How time files! 有诺必践Commitment should always be kept. 一如既往unswervingly 和衷共济solidarity; fighting together with one accord 亡国灭种extinction; being conquered and destroyed 万众一心pull together; join hands; make joint efforts; be united as one 浩然气概noble spirit 不屈节操unyielding moral principle 赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 殊死奋战fight desperately; fight to death 可歌可泣moved one to songs and tears 英勇卓绝heroic and splendid 插科打诨comic parts 精微深奥profound and abstruse 博大精深extensive and profound 源远流长run a long history 天下为公The world belongs to all the people.

汉语成语中数词的英译

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（一）并列关系 名山大川famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 平等互利equality and mutual benefit 扬长避短play up strengths and avoid weaknesses 反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government 简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization 集思广益draw on collective wisdon and absorb all useful ideas 国泰民安the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony 政通人和the government functions well and people cooperate well 国计民生national welfare and the people’s livelihood 辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new 徇私舞弊bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud 流连忘返linger on with no thought of leaving for home 国际局势复杂多变the complex and volatile international situation 开拓进取blaze new trails and forge ahead 求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences （二）语意重复 广袤无垠的中华大地the boundless expanse of the Chinese territory 高瞻远瞩的决策a visionary/far-sighted decision 贯彻落实重大决策carry out/ implement a series of major policy decisions 层峦叠嶂peaks rising one after another 优胜劣汰survival of the fittest 延年益寿prolong one’s life 灵丹妙药panacea / miraculous cure 长治久安a long period of stability 求真务实pragmatic 审时度势size up the trend of events 招商引资attract investment 誉满全球举世闻名world-renowned 功在当代，利在千秋in the interest of the current and future generations 继往开来，承前启后(continue the past and open up the future ) break new ground for the future 路遥知马力，日久见人心Time will tell. 吃的苦中苦，方知甜中甜no sweet without sweat 车到山前必有路，船到桥头自然直in the end things mend /there’s always a way out 急功近利eager for instant success and quick profits 大黑扫黄crack down on gangland and pornography

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目录 引言.............................................................................................I 摘要.............................................................................................II ABSTRACT.................................................................................III 第一章四字成语的文化背景 (1) 1.1成语的定义 (1) 1.2成语的来源 (3) 1.2.1 成语的语言特征 (4) 1.2.2 成语的文化特征 (4) 1.2.3 成语中体现的中西文化 (5) 第二章成语的翻译策略 (5) 2.1成语的直译 (5) 2．1．1直译的定义和特点 (6) 2．1．2直译的方法技巧 (6) 2．1．3直译的实际运用 (7) 2.2 成语的意译 (7) 2．2．1意译的定义和特点 (7) 2．2．2意译的方法技巧 (7) 2．2．3意译的实际运用 (8) 第三章成语翻译的艺术价值 (9) 结语 (10) 参考文献 (11)

汉语四字成语的翻译技巧 引言 根据一般概念，翻译是将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来的活动，但这个概念仍有它的欠缺之处。它只提及语言的信息，未提及文化的信息。美国的翻译理论家尤金·奈达曾给翻译下过这样的定义:翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。虽然奈达把翻译扩大到语义和文体两个层面，但仍未提及文化信息的再现。本问拟从文化信息(culture information)在翻译中的再现这个角度加以讨论。 1四字成语的文化背景 1.1成语的定义 1.2成语的来源 1.2.1 成语的语言特征 1.2.2 成语的文化特征 1.2.3成语中体现的中西文化 2成语的翻译策略 2.1成语的直译 2．1．1直译的定义和特点 2．1．2直译的方法技巧 2．1．3直译的实际运用 2.2 成语的意译 2．2．1意译的定义和特点 2．2．2意译的方法技巧

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English Idioms and Proverbs 1.No sweet without sweat。没有耕耘就没有收获 2.One is as old as one’s heart. 心有多老人有多老 3.Time heals all sorrows.时间治愈一切创伤 4.Many hands make light work。人多力量大 5. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 千里之行始于足 下 6.Where there is smoke, there is fire。无风不起浪 7.As poor as a church mouse。一贫如洗 8. A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口 9.Clothes make the man。人靠衣装, 佛靠金装 10.Clothes don’t make the man。不能以貌取人 11.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁 12.Look before you leap.三思而后行 13.To teach a fish how to swim。班门弄斧 14.Self—trust is the first secret of success。自信是成功的秘诀 15.Better late than never.迟做总比不做好 16.God helps those who help themselves。自助者天助 17.Love me, love my dog。爱屋及乌 18.Rome was not built in a day。伟业非一日之功 19.Like father ， Like son.有其父必有其子 20.Well begun, half done好的开端，成功的一半 21.Every cloud has a silver lining否极泰来 22.Where there is a will， there is a way.有志者事竟成 23.Haste makes waste.欲速则不达 24.All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马 25.Time and tide waits for no man岁月不等人

四字成语中译英

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 四字成语中译英 预防为主综合治理全面推进重点突破亲仁善邻和睦相处prevention first comprehensive control/management entire/all-round push-on breakthrough at key points cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness living in harmony with others The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich 强不凌弱，富不侮贫 should not bully the poor. 协和万邦All nations live side by side in perfect harmony. One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast海纳百川，有容乃大because it admits hundreds of rivers. 兼收并蓄光阴似箭有诺必践一如既往和衷共济亡国灭种万众一心浩然气概不屈节操赴汤蹈火殊死奋战可歌可泣英勇卓绝插科打诨精微深奥博大精深源远流长天下为公 embrace everything that is useful Time flies like an arrow. /How time files! Commitment should always be kept. unswervingly solidarity; fighting together with one accord extinction; being conquered and destroyed pull together; join hands; make joint efforts; be united as one noble spirit unyielding moral principle go through fire and water fight desperately; fight to death moved one to songs and tears heroic and splendid comic parts profound and abstruse extensive and profound run a long history The world belongs to all the people. 1/ 6