汉英翻译基础教程 期末考试总结

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68)

粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves)

海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky)

灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine)

纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold)

单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse)

赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart)

无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole)

扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath)

开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain)

大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums)

风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking)

二．翻译下列句子

（1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？

That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in?

（2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！

You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed.

（3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。

I’m extremely terrified by the news.

（4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。

She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school.

（5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。

I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter.

（6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。

The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder.

（7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。

The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off.

（8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。

These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

（9）今天下午的球赛，棋逢对手，一定很精彩。

This afternoon’s ball game is sure to be an exciting one, for the two sides are well-matched. （10）他们为敌人效尽犬马之劳。

They worked faithfully in the service of the enemies.

（11）真正的朋友应该是雪中送炭。

A real good friend should be one offering timely help.

（12）他们和群众血肉相连，休戚与共。

They maintain the closest relations with the masses and share their weal(福利，幸福) and woe( 悲痛，苦恼).

（13）他这几天心里七上八下，老是安静不下来。

His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.

（14）我们要重视沿海与内地的贫富差距问题。

We must pay close attention to (the problem of) the gap between coastal and inland areas.（15）我们必须与腐败和各种不公正现象作斗争。

We must fight against corruption and injustice.

（16）你必须提出一些解决方案。

You must work out some solutions.

（17）不尝黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。

Who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.

(Who has never tasted Chinese goldthread which is bitter will never know honey is sweet.) （18）他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。

He waited for her arrival, with a frenzied agitation.

（19）妈妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖，就在那一刻，我第一次明白妈妈也有脆弱的一面。

In that moment, feeling mother’s back racked with emotion, I understood for the first time her vulnerability.

（20）他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。

Their optimism moved us greatly.

（21）目前公司的经营状况已经有所好转。

At present, the business in our company is turning for the better.

（22）我明白许多家庭今天都意识到他们家中少了人.

I knew that many families today were conscious of absences.

（23）我知道我会碰到严寒酷暑。

I knew I would encounter extremes of weather.

（24）只要你嫁给我，鸡鸭鱼肉，绫罗绸缎，一辈子享受不尽。

If you are willing to marry me, you will enjoy the luxuries all your life.

（25）我们都来自五湖四海。

We are from all corners of the country.

第二节名词的具体译法

具体译法是指在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。

具体译法的长处在于：可以利用译文的优势，与原文展开竞赛，以非常生动具体的形象语言来表达原文中原本比较抽象的概念，使得读者能欣赏到活生生的语言。

二．翻译下列句子

（1）他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。

He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.

（2）他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的的东西。His newly employed servant woman was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.

（3）我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。

I’m not sure whether I can win the honour; it’s a bird in the bush. （A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过两鸟在林。）

（4）不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead.

（5）我们决不能姑息坏人。

We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.

（6）至于那些苹果，我们就对半分吧。

As for the apples, let’s go fifty-fifty with them.

（7）他们的见解非常相似。

Their ideas run in the same groove(沟，槽).

（8）我知道你现在是进退两难。

I know you are holding a wolf by the ears.

（9）他这个人只管自己的事。

He is a man who hoes（n. v. 锄，锄头）his own potatoes.

（10）你真是说话不看对象。

You are really casting pearls before swine.

（11）空谈不如实践。

The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

（12）他出身在富贵之家。

He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译

第一节翻译中的选义

翻译包括理解和表达两个过程。要做好翻译，首先要对原文进行正确的理解。但汉语和英语中都有很普遍的一词多义现象，却给理解和表达都带来了很大的困难。

二．根据语境选择合适的词义

语义与语境关系密切。同样的一个词，在不同的上下文里，就可能产生不同的意思。英国语言学家Firth曾经说过：Each word is a new word in a new context(每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词)。所以说，“多义词数量很多，但我们在语言的实际运用中，除少数歧义句外，却极少见到词的多义现象。因为在一个具体语境中只使用多义词的其中一个义项”（傅敬民等，《英汉翻译辨析》，p10）。

同样，在汉译英时，也需要联系上下文选择符合原文语境的语义。如“得失”一词的翻译：

1.两种办法各有得失。

2.他从不计较个人得失。

1.Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages.

2.He never gives thought to personal gain and loss.

又如“意见”一词的翻译：

1.干部应该虚心听取群众的意见。

2.你应该听从医生的意见。

3.汤姆对此很有意见。

4.许多人对这种做法很有意见。

5.我对该教学计划提出了一些修改意见。

6.双方在昨天的会上闹起了意见。

7.中美两国就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。

8.双方取得了一致意见。

9.他们在这件事上意见不一。

10.全班就推举谁做班长取得了一致的意见。

11.如果没有意见，现在散会。

1. A cadre should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses.

2.You should follow the doctor’s advice.

3.Tom has a lot of complaints about it.

4.Many people took vigorous(有力的，猛烈的) exception（反对，异议）to such behavior.

5.I made some suggestions for the revision of the teaching plan.

6.Both sides got into disputes at the meeting yesterday.

7.China and the United States exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.

8.Both sides reached an agreement.

9.They have a disagreement with this.

10. The whole class has reached unanimity（一致同意）on who will be the monitor.

11. If there is no objection, the meeting is over.

从以上译例可以看出，一词多义的现象很普遍，即使是一个简单的词也要把它放在原文的语境中去理解。否则很容易造成理解不到位、译文走样的现象。原文中的一些常见词，看似容易，在实际操作过程中，却往往译错，究其原因是没有把词语放在特定的语境中去考察，孤立的词语的意义必然是游离不定的。

三．根据搭配选择合适的词义

1.看

1.老师看出了我的心事。

2.这双鞋要是还看得过去，你就买吧。

3.我看出了他的软肋。

4.明天是否出去玩，还得看天气。

5.他看出了苗头。

6.宝贝，别跑得这么快，看摔着！

1.The teacher read my thoughts.

2.If you think the pair of shoes is all right, then buy it.

3.I spotted his weak point.

4.Whether we’ll go on a trip tomorrow will depend on the weather.

5.He smelt a rat.

6.Dear, don’t run so fast. Mind you don’t fall!

四．跳出字面选择合乎逻辑的词义

英汉语中都存在一些光看字面无法理解的词语，或是“似是而非”的词语，在翻译过程中尤其要小心这样的“假朋友”（false friend），一旦碰到，就要跳出字面，选择真正合乎逻辑的词义。请看以下例子：

有些词语在语言中有“约定俗成”的说法，如black tea, brown sugar等，在翻译时需要尊重这样的约定俗成。在不同语言中，有些词语所引发的联想是不同的，所以英汉语中有很多动物的比喻不同，如：

胆小如鼠as timid as a rabbit

落汤鸡 a drowned rat

养虎为患to cherish a snake in one’s bosom

瓮中捉鳖like a rat in the hole

如鱼得水like a duck to water

像热锅上的蚂蚁like a hen on a hot girdle (薄煤层)

愚蠢如猪as stupid as a goose

犟得像头牛as stubborn as a donkey/a mule

小结：

翻译中的选义是一个老话题，但也是一个常新的话题。选择合适的词义对于理解原文至关重要，虽然我们可以借助于辞典等工具，找到某个不熟悉的词语的基本意义，但是因为词语随着其搭配、上下文等的不同，而会发生意义上的不同，所以有必要了解词语的引申意义、搭配意义等，甚至要跳出字面，方能选择合乎情理、合乎逻辑的正确释义。

第二节翻译中的选词

可以说，文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的（The largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word.—Peter Newmark）。翻译中的选词问题恐怕永远是最基本的问题之一，需要时刻注意。

有人认为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了，这是一种非常幼稚的想法。汉英翻译选词的角度是多种的，但是主要集中在词汇的语义范围（广义和狭义之分）、具体意义、抽象意义、意义的含糊与确切等词义方面，也体现在词义搭配、语义色彩、语体、语气、语言的时代性或语篇等方面。

一．根据语义范围进行选词

汉语中有很多词汇语义范围比英语中相近的词汇大，翻译时必须根据实际情况，灵活掌握。如教材中“山”、“借”、“拿”、“叫”、“笑”、“鼠”、“羊”及“实践”、“经验”等字词的翻译(p25)。

又如：车

1. 街上的车很多。

2. 我每天骑车回家。

1. There is a heavy traffic in the street.

2. I come home by bike (electromobile) every day.

再如：饭

1.中国人习惯于一天三餐饭。

2.都快中午1点了，你还没有吃饭啊！

1.The Chinese people are used to three meals a day.

2.It’s noon and nearly one o’clock. You still haven’t had your lunch!

二．从近义词中选择合适的词语

英汉语中都存在大量的同义词、近义词现象，而英语中的同义现象更加明显。但其实，表达类似概念的许多同义词并不真正“同义”，往往如著名作家Samuel Johnson所言：Words are seldom exactly synonymous，所以在选择合适的词语时颇费思量，否则译出来的英语会不像样，至少不够地道自然。英国语言学家C·L·雷恩曾说：English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most difficult to use well。汉译英的过程中，最能显现译者的英语功夫。

如表示“生气、发怒”这一概念，英语中可以有不同的表达，但是侧重各有所不一：angry表示一般生气；irate表示盛怒、怒形于色；indignant表示愤慨、义愤；wrathful表

示盛怒、激怒；enraged表示狂怒、暴怒；infuriated表示因愤恨而愤怒之意；incensed则

有激怒、使大怒之意。

表示“打破”意义的词语也有不少：break是最一般、最通用的词语，意思是经打击或

施压而破碎；crack出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片；crush从外面用力往内或从上往下

压而致碎；demolish破坏或铲平（如土堆、建筑物、城堡等）；destroy完全摧毁，使之

无法复原；shatter突然使一物体粉碎；smash由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底

粉碎。

又如：feast/banquet/dinner都可表示“宴会”，但意思和用法不同。

1. Premier of the State Council gave a state to the President of France.

2. We went to his wedding .

3. We gave a in honor of his arrival.

Feast 宴会。指饮食丰富、宾客成群聚集在一起饮酒吃饭，以表示庆贺；banquet宴会，盛宴。指大型的正式宴会，宾客常常在席上讲话，进餐时演奏音乐；dinner宴会。指规

模比feast要小的普通宴会。

三．根据搭配选择合适的词语

英汉语中的词语，各有自己习惯的搭配关系。翻译时，必须摆脱汉语的习惯，按照英语的搭配习惯来处理汉语的某些搭配，不能把汉语的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语中。因此，

在选择词语的时候，要找准其“配偶”，才能使译文不至于怪腔怪调。

如随着所形容对象和强调的内容不同，“空”这个形容词在英语中可以相应地译为empty, vacant, hollow, blank等词，但它们的搭配各有讲究。

empty：用来形容house, room, cup, box, stomach, head, words等词，表示“空的，一无所

有的；空虚的，寂寥的；空闲的”；

vacant：用来形容position, room, house, seat等词，表示“没有人占用的，空缺的；茫然的，空虚的”；

hollow：可与tree, voice, sound, cheeks等词连用，表示“空洞的，虚的；不实的；下陷的，凹的；虚伪的”；

blank：表示“空白的；茫然的，无表情的，无思想的”，可形容look, mind, page, check等。（blank check未记入金额的签名支票，自由处理权；空头支票fictitious bill, rubber check, empty promise）

汉译英时，要注意动词和宾语的搭配。如“进行”一词的翻译(p26)。也要注意定语和

中心语的搭配。如“大”字的翻译(p26)。有时还要根据上下文进行灵活调整，避免死译，如“说”这个词在不同上下文中可分别译成：speak, tell, say, express, mention, persuade等，也可以进行灵活的转译。

他说英语。He speaks English.

他说谎。He’s telling a lie.

他说他很忙。He says he is busy.

我说不好。I’m unable to express.

这可说不得。It must not be mentioned.

别胡说八道! Be reasonable!

又如“好”字的翻译：

1. 好教徒

2. 好父母

3. 好儿女

4. 好妻子

5. 好丈夫

1. a faithful Christian (= 虔诚的教徒)

2. a loving parent (=慈爱的父母)

3. an obedient child (=孝顺的儿女)

4. a virtuous wife (=贤良的妻子)

5. a dutiful husband (=尽职的丈夫)

从以上的诸多例子可以看出，不同的词有着不同的搭配。同一个词也可能翻译成不同的词语。汉语中的固定搭配在英语中都相应发生了转换，我们在翻译时要防止机械对等。

四．根据话语的褒贬选择合适的词语

在英汉翻译中，对词语的选择还涉及根据话语的褒贬感情色彩作出合适的选择问题。

比如，一般意义上，对有些词汇会进行一个褒贬色彩的区分：

意思褒义词贬义词

著名的famous notorious

政治家statesman politician

宣传publicity propaganda

1. 这位女影星在舞会上真是仪态万方。

The film actress appeared in all her glory at the ball.

2. 这个政客在那场辩论中真是丑态百出。

That politician acted like a buffoon (傻瓜，小丑) during that debate.

3. 张将军真是足智多谋啊！

General Zhang is really wise and resourceful.

4. 那个敌参谋长可是诡计多端的呀！

That enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.

5. 诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。

A poet should have rich imagination.

6. 真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。

What a pity! You’ve got into wild flights of fancy.

五．根据语篇分析选择合适的词语

语篇分析是20世纪60年代逐渐发展起来的年轻学科。在“语篇分析”这门学科尚未诞生之前，人们就存在“语篇”意识，即人们所说的“上下文”、“语境”，就其实质而言，就是一种感性的、经验性的和实用性的“语篇”意识。任何一个词语，用在一个新的上下文里就有一个新的意义。因此为了选词准确，确定该词在特定语篇里的涵义，就要密切联系上下文，熟悉词在运用中的灵活变化。对上下文的推敲是词语翻译的重要方面，是词语选择的基础。

如“问题”这个词，一般都认为它的对等词是question和problem，但是，如果一味地这样翻译，真会产生“问题”。如教材中的数例(p28)。

再如：结晶

1. 盐是一种结晶。

2. 城市是人类文明在生活空间上的结晶。

3. 许多国际知名人士认为杭州大剧院是建筑与艺术的完美结晶。

1. Salt is a kind of crystal.

2. Cities are a fruit of human civilization in respect of (关于) living space.

3. Many international celebrities regard the Hangzhou Grand Theatre as the perfect combination of art and architecture.

小结：

以上我们基于汉英词语的对比，从词义范围、近义词比较、词语的搭配、词语的褒贬和根据语篇分析来选择合适的词语，以达到更好的翻译效果。写作要讲究练字，翻译同样如此。

第三节汉语谚语的翻译

语言是文化的表现形式。谚语同文学作品、诗歌一样是语言的精华。谚语是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言。谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活经验的科学总结。谚语是富于色彩的语言形式,一般具有生动形象、喻义明显、含义深刻,用词精炼的语言特征。在一定程度上，英语谚语反映了英语民族的文化特点，而汉语谚语反映的则是中华民族的文化特点。由于英汉谚语间存在着巨大的差异，互译是一项非常艰难的工作。英汉谚语互译时，译者不仅要有较好的汉语功底，又要有较强的英语语言能力。既要了解中国文化，又要懂得英语民族的文化特点。因此，在翻译时，仅仅以语言之间词汇的同义性(等价性)为前提，寻求对等的表现是不够的。到底如何翻译谚语?是直译、意译还是套译?这完全取决于谚语的语言特征和文化背景。

如何翻译谚语?

◆只要谚语中生动形象的比喻不影响译文读者的理解，我们就尽可能直译，把原文的内容、形式和精神都输入到译文中去，努力减少翻译的损失。

◆有的谚语出于语言结构和文化背景缘故，无法让译文读者理解，或易引起误会，则用意译。

◆有些英汉语中对等或基本对等的谚语，可以套译。

一．可以直译的谚语

◆明枪易躲，暗箭难防。

It is easy to dodge（躲开，避开） a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.

◆城门失火殃及池鱼。

A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.

◆路遥知马力,日久见人心。

As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart.（直译）

Time reveals a person’s heart.（意译）

◆初生牛犊不怕虎。

New-born calves make little of （轻视，不以为然）tigers. （直译）

Young people are fearless. （意译）

二．只能意译的谚语

◆塞翁失马，焉知非福？

When the old man on the frontier lost his mare(母马，母驴), who could have guessed it was a blessing in disguise?

A loss may turn out to be a gain.

◆庆父不死，鲁难未已。

There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed.

Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over.

◆此地无银三百两。

A guilty person gives himself away（give away泄露，告发）by conspicuously（明显地，惹人注目地）protesting（申明，申辩）his innocence.

No 300 taels(两) of silver buried here.

◆失之东隅，收之桑榆。

Lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun sets.

What one loses on the swings(秋千) one gets back on the roundabouts(旋转木马).

What we lose in hake(鳕鱼) we shall have in herring(鲱鱼).

三．可以套译的谚语

◆一次被火烧，二次避火苗。

A burnt child dreads the fire.

◆少见多怪。

Wonder（疑惑，迷惑不解）is the daughter of ignorance.

◆龙生龙，凤生凤。

Like begets（产生，引起）like.

◆烂麻搓成绳，也能拉千斤。

Many straws may bind an elephant.

◆鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。

When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game.

请选择以下汉语谚语的正确译文：

◆星星之火，可以燎原。Little chips（木屑）light great fires.

◆三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。Two heads are better than one.

◆聪明一世，糊涂一时。Every man has a fool in his sleeve.

◆失之毫厘，谬以千里。A miss is as good as a mile.

◆Even Homer sometimes nods.

◆

◆既来之，则安之。Take things as they come.

◆白天不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。

◆ A clean hand wants no washing.

◆ A clear conscience laughs at false（错误的）accusation.

◆ A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder.

◆只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。One man may steal a horse while another may not look over a hedge(树篱，障碍物).

◆江山易改，本性难移。A leopard cannot change its spots. (A fox may grow grey, but never good.)

◆好事不出门，坏事传千里。Good news goes on crutches; ill news flies apace(急速地，飞快地).

◆病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Agues（疟疾，发冷）come on horseback, but go away

on foot.

◆留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。While there is life there is hope.

◆欲加之罪，何患无辞。Give a dog a bad name and hang him.

◆强中更有强中手。Diamond cuts diamond.

◆新官上任三把火。A new broom sweeps clean.

◆癞痢头儿子自家好。Every man thinks his own geese swans.

◆若要人不知，除非己莫为。What is done by night appears by day.

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英语期末考试翻译句子

Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.

汉英翻译基础教程 第1章 练习参考答案

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances. 2. This state of affairs must be changed. 3. How do matters stand with them?

第2章 汉英翻译基础知识(新编汉英翻译教程 陈宏薇)

“文化”（culture） 物质文化（material culture） 制度文化（institutional culture） 心理文化（也称观念文化）（mental culture）咖啡（coffee）、 巧克力（chocolate）、 色拉（salad）、 三明治（sandwich）、 歇斯底里（hysteria）、 休克（shock）、 基因（gene）、 钙（calcium）、 维他命（vitamin）、 奥林匹克（Olympic）、 雷达（radar）、 先令（shilling）、 夹克（jacket）、 电视（television）、 激光（laser）、 飞机（aeroplane）、 火车（train）、 交响乐（symphony）、 基督徒（Christian）、 面包（bread）、 盲文（brail）、 圣诞老人（Santa Claus）、 圣经（Bible）、 马海毛（mahair）、 贝雷帽（beret）、 革命（revolution） 、营养（nourish）、 解放（liberate）、 民主（democracy）、 科学（science）、 独裁（dictatorship）、 心理学（psychology）、 形而上学（metaphysics）、 图书馆（library）、 想象（imagination）、 暗示（hint）、 投资（investment） 磁卡电话（card phone）、 立交桥（overpass）、 隐形眼镜（contact lenses）、

下拉菜单（pulldown）、 软驱（floppy drive）、 光驱（CD drive）、 鼠标（mouse）、 电脑（computer）、 内存条（RAM chip）、 复印机（xerox machine）、 安乐死（euthanasia）、 艾滋病（AIDS）、 香波（shampoo）、 连锁店（chain store）、 热狗（hot dog）、 自助餐（buffet）、 牛仔服（cowboy suit）、 T恤衫（T-shirt） 意合(parataxis) 隐性(covertness) 显性(overtness) 形合(hypotaxis) 伦理(ethics) 认知(cognition) 顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency)、 听其自然(leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is)、 听天安命(accept the situation)、 听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate)。 individualism（ 不管别人怎样做）只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为；我行我素 个体主义”。 整体(integrity) 综合性(synthetic) 个体(individuality)、 分析性(analytic) 直觉(intuition) 实证(evidence) 天人合一”(The Unity of Man and Heaven

《英汉翻译基础教程》 笔记及习题(篇章翻译)【圣才出品】

第7单元篇章翻译 7.1 复习笔记 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。语篇特征为：连贯、衔接，且具有明确的论题结构。 一、衔接 根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》，衔接手段大致可分为两种：语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）。前者又可以包括指称（reference）、省略（ellipsis）、替代（substitution）和连词（conjunction）。 1. 指代 指代主要分为三类：人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。 英语中，为了实现衔接，一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”，省略主语。例： My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说，买这座房子时，孩子们还在上学，如今都成家立业了。 2. 省略

省略可以分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。例： I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 【译文】我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 3. 替代 “替代”指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。 （1）名词替代比较常见的是使用one代替前文出现的某个名词。例： Carrie picked out the new abode because of its newness and bright wood—work. It was one of the very new ones supplied with steam heat, which was a great advantage.（Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T） 【译文】嘉莉选中这套新居所，是因为它是新建的，而且房间的木质部分色泽鲜亮，屋里有暖气，这是当时最新的房子才有的。 【分析】原文中，ones替代了abode；译文中，“房子”与其前面的“居所”构成同义词。 （2）动词替代经常是用助动词do的几种形式来代替前文出现的某个动词或动作意义。例： And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos. 【译文】可是在我看来，这个约翰·奥彭肖似乎是正在面临着比舒尔托更大的危险。 【分析】原文中，did替代了walked amid peril；译文中，该处同样进行了省略处理。 （3）小句替代使用指示代词指代前文出现的某一小句或者某一概念。例： “Well, I’ve got twenty-two dollars, but there’s everything to be paid for this

英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华

汉英翻译基础教程

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water

play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now