英语翻译的定义,范例讲解

第一章翻译的定义、分类、原则

概述

翻译是科学也是艺术。然而并不是掌握了两种语言就能做好翻译。要做好翻译，必须对翻译的基本概念和其设计的基本问题有所了解。第一章旨在简要介绍翻译的基础知识，包括翻译的定义、分类、原则。

第一节翻译的定义和分类

1.1 翻译的定义

什么叫翻译？美国著名语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家尤金·奈达（Eugene Nida）将翻译定义为：翻译是指用接受语（receptor language）复制源语（source language）信息的最近似的自然等值，首先在意义方面，其次在文体方面。用比较通俗易懂的话讲，翻译就是指用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的活动。由翻译的定义可知，翻译是两种语言之间的转换活动，是信息、思想和文化的交流，是语言表达的艺术再创造，而不仅仅是文字上的对译。

（1914-2011）----翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。

美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达指出：“翻译是两种文化之间的交流。”我们著名翻译家王佐良先生曾说：“翻译最大的困难是什么呢？就是两种文化的不同。在一种文化里头有一些不言而喻的东西，在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”谭载喜教授也认为：“翻译的难与易，好与劣，与其说与语言有关，毋宁

说主要与文化有关。”翻译是源语文化与译语文化的共同行为，译著是源语文化与译语文化相互作用的结果。翻译改造了文化异质，同时又保持了文化异质。翻译所展示的文化既不是彻底的源语文化，又不是彻底的译语文化，而是一种具有本土化的异质文化，一种让读者既熟悉又陌生的文化。

所谓文化“传真”就是要求译语从文化意义的角度准确地再现源语文化所要传达的意义、形式与风格，它是文化翻译的基本准则。

示例

拿红楼梦来说，就有许多不同的版本。著名红学专家周汝昌说：“《红楼梦》是我们中华民族的一部古往今来、绝无仅有的‘文化小说’。”它堪称是中国传统文化的集大成者，内容涉及宗教信仰、习惯风俗、成语典故等方方面面，包罗万象。《红楼梦》在1830年就有了第一个英文译本。在1830～1892年,总共出了4个版本的《红楼梦》英文译本。这些译本不仅不准确,而且显得很荒唐,译者为了渲染这部书的“异国情调”,满足异国读者的猎奇心理,把黛玉翻译成Black Jade(,虽然字面上的翻译还说得过去【黑色的玉】,但是,却不顾这个名称在英语中的引申意义,给外国读者在理解林黛玉这个人物的时候,带来了极大影响。Jade 有两个引申义，一个是loose woman，有“放荡的女人”之意，另一个是horse，马的意思。Black Jade的引申义就是 a loose woman of dark skin，或black horse，这两个含义与《红楼梦》里的待遇真是差得太远，这样的翻译是严重的“文化失真”。

中外翻译名家都为《红楼梦》的翻译付出过努力。较有影响的数杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇合译的《红楼梦》全译本和著名汉学家、翻译家戴维·霍克思及其女婿约翰·明福德合译的一百二十回全译本《石头的故事》。霍译本不仅今本忠实于原著，很好地保持了原作的风貌，而且语言精确，文字优美，译文本身亦具有很高的艺术性。

1.2 翻译的分类

按照不同的分类标准，翻译被分为不同的类型。按照手段不同，翻译可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译，我们本门课程主要涉及到的是笔译。

按照文本的内容，翻译一般分为文学翻译和非文学翻译。彼得﹒纽马克（Peter Newmark）教授在他的著作A Textbook of Translation 中提出了著名的翻译的三个领域：

1. Science and technology

2. Social, economic and / or political topics and institutions; and

3. Literary and philosophical works

其中1,2属于非文学翻译的范畴，涉及范围非常广泛，包括政论、科技、新闻、合同、广告等等。而文学翻译又包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等体裁的翻译。

第二节翻译的原则

翻译的原则

翻译标准是翻译活动必须遵循的准绳,是衡量译文质量的尺度,也是从事翻译要努力达到的目标。翻译标准是翻译理论的核心问题,然而,针对翻译的标准,历来是众说纷纭,使人难于选择。中西历史上各个时期各个流派的翻译理论家在研究翻译时无不论及翻译标准,但由于各自的传统不同,流派纷繁,侧重各异，也有许多争论，目的都是力求找到最全面、最科学、最合适的翻译原则。

我国的突出代表包括严复的“信达雅”、傅雷的“神似”、钱钟书的“化境”等。西方的突出代表有18世纪英国泰特勒的“翻译三原则”,20世纪英国纽马克的“语义翻译”和“交际翻译”以及美国奈达的“动态对等”等。纵观中西翻译理论史,严复提出的“信达雅”和泰特勒的“翻译三原则”在中西翻译界有着举足轻重的地位。1790年,英国著名翻译理论家亚历山大·弗雷泽·泰特勒在伦敦发表了被誉为西方翻译史上“第一部较为完善的翻译理论专著”的《论翻译的原则》(Essay on the Principles of Translation)的重要论文，此论文的问世引起了英国乃至整个西方翻译界的高度重视。他在该著作中指出:“好的翻译就是把原作的优点完整地移入到另一种语言中,使得译入语国家的读者能够像原语读者明确地领悟、强烈地感受原作那样,领悟和感受译作。”

亚历山大·F·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler，1947—1814年）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)一书中提出了的三条基本原则：

1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.

一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想。（相当于“信”）。

2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.

二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同（相当于“雅”）。

3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

三、译文应和原作同样流畅（相当于“达”）。

现行的四字标准：“忠实、通顺”（faithfulness; smoothness）

忠实首先指忠实于原作内容。

通顺指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范

我们今天从三个标准来谈起：忠实于原文、译文的可读性（通顺）和再现原文风格。

2.1忠实于原文

翻译不是译者的独立创作，翻译的目的就是要将原文的意思用译语准确地表达出来，使看不懂原文的读者能通过译文获得原文的信息。如果译文在内容上与原作不符，那就不叫翻译了。忠实于原文包括多方面的内容，例如对原文词汇在上下文中的具体含义的准确传达、对词汇褒贬意义的正确把握、对原文思想内容的正确理解等等。在诸多方面中，首先应当做到的是对原文信息准确传递，不得误译、错译或随意增加或省略原文的信息。

○1Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement.

勤奋使开启成功宝库的钥匙保持光亮。

○2Surrounded by forests and water, Stockholm has the feel of a small town. The royal capital of Sweden is actually a collection of islands linked by bridges. To the east, the Baltic Sea bustles with ferries and ships. To the west, Lake Malaren provides plenty of space for water sports and sailing. Since water defines Stockholm in so many ways, no visitor should miss a tour by boat.

斯德哥尔摩为森林湖海所围绕，很有些小乡镇的味道。事实上，这个瑞典王室首都由众多大大小小的岛屿组成，其间以桥梁相连接。东边是波罗的海，海上的渡

船与各式轮船穿梭不息；西边则是梅拉伦湖，为水上运动和航星提供广阔的空间。既然湖海从很多方面来说对斯德哥尔摩如此重要，游客们就绝对不能错过乘船观光。

○3Pindus Road was a long, wide, straight street that ran parallel with Bread Road.

原译：平得斯路是一条与布莱德路平行的、长长的、宽宽的、笔直的大街。

改译：平得斯路与布莱德路平行，是一条又长又宽又直的大街。

在例○1中，industry 不再是常见的“工业”之意，而是“勤奋”的意思。若译者马马虎虎不求甚解，极易导致误解。在例○2中，要准确传达原文的信息，必须准确理解原文中的water一词。若不假思索简单地将其译为“水”，则在信息的准确性上有所缺失。因为从上下文的描述可知，water其实指的是围绕斯德哥尔摩的海洋与湖泊，所以将其译为“湖海”是相当忠实准确的。

2.2译文的可读性

译文的可读性是指译文读者对译文能否完全理解，译文是否明白易懂。不管是英译汉还是汉译英，译者都应该保持译文地道、通顺，力求避免“欧化汉语”或“中式英语”。如果译文读起来别扭拗口，甚至不知所云，必然会使读者丧失阅读兴趣，翻译的目的也不能达到。请看下列例子：

○1The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site.

原译：星期五拂晓之前，当好几千名示威者冲破警戒再核建设基地周围的警察封锁线时，抗议示威开始了。

改译：星期五拂晓之前，好几千名示威者冲破核建设基地基地的警察封锁线，这时抗议示威开始了。

○2Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian.

原译：虽然农民和渔民并不占人口的绝大多数，可是他们都是人口的重要组成部分，因为挪威人在他们身上看到许多他们自豪地认为是挪威人的基本品质。词义的选择

改译：虽然农民和渔民并不占人口的绝大多数，可是他们都是人口的重要组成部分。因为在他们身上，挪威人看到了他们自己引以为傲的基本品质。

○3An old, mad, blind, despised, and dying king——

一连五个形容词，直译过来，就成了：

原译：一位衰老的、疯狂的、瞎眼的、被人蔑视的、垂死的君王——

改译：又狂又盲。众所鄙视的垂死老王——

例○1和例○2的翻译完全照搬英文的行文结构，不知灵活调整、断句，导致译文机械晦涩，可读性很差。例○3是余光中先生在《论的的不休》一文中所举的有趣例子。原文是雪莱的十四行诗England in 1819 的第一句，采用了大量形容词修饰名词king，这符合英文的表达习惯。原译文照搬原文的形式，也用大量的形容词修饰名词，应该说是忠实于原文的形式，内容方面也正确地传达了原文的信息。然而这样的译文却不符合汉语的习惯，可读性很差。改译的句子做了适当调整，可读性就强很多。

一碰到形容词，就不假思索，交给「的」去组织，正是流行的白话文所以僵化的原因。白话文所以啰嗦而软弱，虚字太多是一大原因，而用得最滥的虚字正是「的」。学会少用「的」字之道，恐怕是白话文作家的第一课吧。（余光中先生在《论的的不休》）

译文除了通顺之外，还应当根据英汉两种语言的行文特色有一些文字润饰，为译文增添文采。再看更多的译例，体会不同译文可读性的差异：

○1Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendships last "forever"; other do not.

译文1：环境和人在不断地变化中，有些友谊能持续到“永远”，有的却不能。译文2：环境和人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。

○2Never did music more sink into and soothe and fill me - never so prove its soul - rousing power , its impossibility of statement.

译文1：音乐从来没有如此进入我的内心，平复和占据我的心灵——从来没有如此证明它唤醒灵魂的力量，以及它的不可言传。

译文2：音乐从未如此渗透我的心灵，抚慰我的躁动，占据我的生命——从未如此显示它唤醒灵魂的力量，它的不可言说和莫一名状。

○3Nobody came and went. There was nowhere to come and go. In the solitude of the dark winter nights the stillness was that of eternity.

译文1：没有人来去，也没有地方可以来去。在漆黑冬夜的孤独中，寂静是永恒的。

译文2：没有人来人往，因为既无处可来，也无处可往。在孤独、漆黑的冬夜里，万籁俱寂，直如进入了一个永恒的世界。

2.3 再现原文风格

所谓风格，包括几方面的内容：首先是问题的风格，小说、诗歌、新闻报道、科技论文、法律合同等不同文体的风格各异，在译文上要体现出来。在风格的各个方面中，文体风格是最应当得到保证的，例如决不能

谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊了麦子，奶奶总是要说:这块丑石，多碍地面哟，多时把它搬走吧。（节选自贾平凹《丑石》）

直译：I used to be sorry for the ugly stone in front of our door. It is black and looks like an ox. Nobody knew when it was left there and paid any attention to it.

Only when the season for harvesting wheat arrived and the grains of the wheat were spread over the ground beyond the door, would my grandma always say: “look at this ugly stone! It takes so much space. And someday it will be moved away.”

改译：I used to feel sorry for that ugly black piece of stone lying like an ox in front of our door; none knew when it was left there and none paid any attention to it，except at the time when wheat was harvested and my grandma，seeing the grains of wheat spread all over the ground in the front yard of the house，would grumble: “This ugly stone takes so much space. Move it away someday.”

Assignment

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