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英国文学资料

英国文学资料
英国文学资料

Chapter 1-6 Early and Medieval English Literature

ⅠFill in the following blanks.

1.Since historical times, England has been conquered three times. It was

conquered by the Romans, Anglo-Saxon , and the Normans. 2.About 449, three tribes from Northern Europe invaded Britain. They were

Angles , Saxons, and Jutes. the Angles; spreading over the east midland and building the kingdom of the East Anglia; the Saxons,; taking southern part and establishing Wessex, Essex and Sussex; _ Jutes._; occupying Kent.

These tribes mixed into one whole people called English, and grew into single language called Anglo-Saxon(Old English), which is far different from modern English.

3.England is a collective name given to the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms:

North Umbria, Mercian, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex, which eventually unified into the Kingdom of England.

4.Under King Alfred the great…s encouragement and supervision, the

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was compiled.

5.In the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons, Beowulf fights against the

monster Grendel, she-monste r and fire dragon. Three Features of Beowulf are alliteration, metaphors and understatements

6.The Norman Conquest mainly marks the establishment of feudalism in

England.

7.The most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England was romance . It

was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.

8.Knight is the spirit of romance.

9.Matters of Britain, matters of France, matters of Rome ar e three major

cycles of the romances.

10.Peers refers to , , ,

and

11.The romance of King Arthur has its origin in Celtic legends,its beginning

in Geoffrey of Monmouth?s History of kings of Britain ,and Laymen’s brut ,

12.Sir Gawain and Greece knight is the culmination of the romances of King

Arthur.

13.Le Morte Arthur is a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from

French by Sir Thomas Malory.

14.William Langland is the author of Piers the Plowman, which is

an, a realistic picture of medieval England, and is written in the form of a dream vision.

15.As a legendary popular hero, Robin Hood, a Saxon by birth, is depicted

in various ballads. Although he is known as an outlaw , he never molested the poor and needy.

16.Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English poetry ,died in 1400 and was

burie d in Westerminister Abbey,thus founding the poet’s corner .

17.Geoffrey Chaucer was influenced by Italian writer Boccaccio,from whose

poem Chaucer took the Greek legend and created his longest complete poem Troilus and Criseyd e, in which he made up what medieval romance lacked—

interest, and incident.

18.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental

works in English literature, in which its Prologue provides a framework for the tale.

19.Chaucer has been called “the founder of English poetry ” because of the

realistic portrayal in his masterpiece.

20.Geoffrey Chaucer?s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that

he introduced from France the rhythm stanza of various types to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.

21.Chaucer was the first to write in the current English language. Through

drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language

Ⅱ. Define the following terms

1.Epic: 1) An epic is a long narrative poem, on a grand scale, about the deeds of

warriors and heroes. It is a polygonal, 'heroic' story incorporating myth, legend, folk tale and history. Epics are often of national significance in the sense that they embody the history and aspirations of a nation in a lofty or grandiose manner.

Basically, there are two kinds of epic: (a) primary - also known as oral or primitive; such as Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons; (b) secondary - also known as literary such as John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists.

2.Romance: 1) Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2) It

sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. 4) In early 14th century there was a curious revival of alliterative verse in

a number of romances about Arthurian legends.

3.Ballad: 1) Fundamentally a ballad is a song that tells a story and originally was a

musical accompaniment to a dance and passed down from generation to generation 2) In theme and function they may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. 3) Ballads are particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. 4) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge?s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.

4. A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic

and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer is also widely credited with first extensive use of iambic pentameter.

Ⅲ. Analyze the following characters

1.Beowulf

2.King Arthur

3.Robin Hood

Ⅳ.Answer the following questions in English.

1. Significance of the Canterbury Tales

1) The Canterbury Tales is the masterpiece of Geoffrey Chaucer, father of English Poetry.

2) It opens with a general prologue which is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. And his realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century.

3) In this work, Chaucer created a striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England representatives of all walks of life.

4)加课文四点p22.

2.What?s Chaucer?s contribution to English Poetry? (Why has Chaucer been called “the father of English Poetry”?)

1)Geoffrey Chaucer?s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he

introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter (to be called late heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.

2)Chaucer was the first to write in the current English language. Through drawing

influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.

3)His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, opens with a general prologue which is a

splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. And in this work, he created a striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country.

4)In his works Chaucer developed his characterization to a higher artistic level by

presenting characters both typical qualities and individual dispositions. That is why John Dryden called him the “Father of English Poetry”.

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

现代主义英国文学概述

现代主义英国文学概述 现代主义文学时期(1918-1945) 20世纪初,本涅特、威尔斯、高尔斯华绥坚持维多利亚时代的现实主义传统进行创作,用写实的方法记载社会转型时期资产阶级社会和家庭发生的变化。但他们很快就受到来自现代主义文学的挑战。按照弗吉妮亚·伍尔芙(Virginia Woolf, 1882-1941)的说法,1910年是英国小说从传统现实主义到现代主义变化的重要年份。第一次世界大战无疑加速了这一变化。战争中,大批无辜青年充当炮灰,白白丧生。一战之后,不少英国人对文艺复兴以来人文主义有关人性、人类前途的基本观念乃至基督教文化传统的信念发生了动摇。社会思想观念的深刻变革,促使现代主义文学蓬勃发展,英国小说也面目一新。D.H.劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence)是煤矿工人的儿子,他将视线投向两性关系,对西方文明的缺陷进行反思。《查特莱夫人的情人》(Lady Chatterley's Lover)曾因为大胆的性爱描写而在英美两国被查禁。他的《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)、《虹》(The Rainbow)、《恋爱中的女人》(Women in Love)等小说将社会批评与性心理探索巧妙结合起来,猛烈抨击资本主义工业文明。作为对现实主义文学的反拨,现代主义文学追求心理真实,注重直接观察人物的心理活动,直接体验人物的内心感受,在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实。出生于书香世家的伍尔芙的突出成就是意识流小说。她的《达罗卫夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)和《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)等作品突破传统的时空观,将意识流手法运用得出神入化,还体现出女作家对于女性存在的历史及现状的独特反思。来自爱尔兰的詹姆斯·乔伊斯(James Joyce,1882-1941)被认为是继莎士比亚后英语文学史上最伟大的作家,他的旷世之作《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)给英国传统小说带来一场革命。《尤利西斯》情节简单,主要记载迪达勒斯、布卢姆和布卢姆的妻子莫莉三个人物的日常琐事。小说实际上只写了爱尔兰首府都柏林一天里的事情。这一天是1904年6月16日,乔伊斯与他未来的妻子娜拉曾在这一天首次幽会,除此以外,它是都柏林历史上最普通不过的一个日子。乔伊斯在小说中力图展现的是生活的本质和对人的精神世界的探索,《尤利西斯》因此被有的评论家誉为表现了西方"现代社会的全部生活和全部历史".《尤利西斯》的成功在于意识流描写表面上纷纷扬扬,漫无边际,实际上结构齐整,周密严谨。 20世纪20年代是英国文学史上又一个辉煌的黄金时代,文坛群星璀璨,佳作迭出。在诗歌领域,T. S. 艾略特(T. S. Eliot, 1888-1965)1922年发表《荒原》(The Waste Land),运用大量的神话描绘战后西方世界精神失落的景象,表达人的再生的希望。他的诗作代表了

英国文学概述-王守仁

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(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档

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英国文学概况 英国文学正处于振奋人心的发展时期,活力四射、创新立意的作品充盈并丰润着英国文坛。 英国文化协会(British Council)在全世界推广来自英国的极具创意的当代作品,并通过英国文化协会的全球网络,吸引国际文学读者。多年来,英国文化协会与世界各地的数百名作家携手,通过颇有影响力的合作伙伴,共引导开展了350多个文学项目,建立了为数众多的网站。我们一直致力于将英国当代文的最新信息传达给中国大众。 说起英国文学,很多中国读者的脑海中会立刻浮现出莎士比亚、狄更斯、简?奥斯汀、夏洛蒂?勃朗特、托马斯?哈代、拜伦、雪莱这些传统文学大师的名字,而对英国当代文学却相对陌生,但这并不意味着,当今英国文学的活跃气氛大不如前,相反,它比以往任何时候都欣欣向荣,小说、戏剧、散文、诗歌等各种文学类别,在这一时期都得到了繁荣和发展。 当代英国小说 一般来说,我们把二战以后涌现出的作家作品归入英国当代小说的研究范畴。从二战至今,英国当代小说的发展经历了四代小说家。 第一代小说家,是在二战前就成名的文坛元老。代表作家及作品为格雷厄姆?格林(代表作《权力与荣耀》)和安东尼?鲍威尔(代表作《渔王》)。格林的作品充满异国情调,而鲍威尔的作品则体现出他对对国内社会生活的无限兴趣。

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