大学英语四级专项训练

大学英语四级专项训练——选词填空

（一）

Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least.

[A]skill [B]popular [C]get [D]change [E]similarly 、[F]professional [G]character [H]individuality [I] inspire [J] differently [K]expect [L]practical [M] recall [N] lose [O] ordinary

（二）

、

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“If kids know they’re working f or a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.

In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid

E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary

I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve

M)challenging N)restore O)excellent

（三）

Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several __1__ parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural __2__. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to __3__ to "England" because their inhabitants are not __4__ "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is __5__ to the others.

These cultural minorities(少数民族) have been Britain’s original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to __6__ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more ture of the __7__ areas where traditional ife has not been so affected by the __8__ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots could rather __9__ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic __10__ as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Burns, and the Welsh Dylan Thomas, to mention but a few.

[A]incomprehensible [B]temper [C]remote [D]separate [E]understandable

[F]forget [G]generally [H]temperament [I]preserve [J]strictly

[K]traditional [L]reserve [M]growth [N]apply [O]belong

（四）

After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人数) could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, and earthquake of similar __1__ that shook America in 1998 claimed 25,000 victims.

Injuries and deaths were __2__ less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. On a holiday, when traffic was light on the city’s highway. In addition, __3__ made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20

years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways, making them more __4__ to quakes.

In the past, making structures quake-resist-ant meant firm yet __5__ materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to __6__ the impact of ground vibrations. The most __7__ designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake’s vibrations. When ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would __8__ the building to shift in the opposite direction. The new designs should offer even greater __9__ to cities where earthquakes ofen take place.

The new smart structures could be very __10__ to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

[A]changes [B]flexible [C]decrease [D]recent [E]push

[F]reduce [G]relatively [H]safety [I]resistant [J]expensive

[K]force [L]accordingly [M]intensity [N]security [O]opposed 、

（五）

As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.

If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in "points", which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.

In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.

[A]compare [B]responsible [C]useful [D]added [E]find

[F]reference [G]indirect [H]method [I]successful [J]combined

[K]Necessarily [L]capacity [M] ability [N] Basically [O] adopt

（六）

Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticismfrom coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessiveamount of __1__ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychologicaland research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as __2__ orquitting of an activity that was at one time early years of development are __3__ years for learning about oneself. The sport settingis one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to__4__ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can __5__affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find aflaw（缺陷）in and parents should also be __6__ that youth sport participation does not become workfor children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the __7__ of learning thespo rt and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying moreabout who will win instead of __8__ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents andcoaches __9__ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ perfor mances. Positive reinforcementshould be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivatesand has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create __10__ levels of stress,which can lead to burnout.

A)process B)high C)enjoying D)anxietyE)settle F)cautious

G)cooperate H)greatlyI)dropping J)hardly K)intense

L)focusM)aspiration N)critical O)procedure

（七）

，

Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts __1__ questions, and so on.

For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become __2__ of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between __3__ and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues at the unconscious level.

Different people __4__ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is __5__ in the text. The latter represents __6__ levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced

readers.

There is another conversation which from our point of view is __7__ important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as __8__ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the __9__ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a process conversation with a text is usually pretty well __10__. Not so our ability to hold a content conversation.

A)opposed B)converse C)equally D)written

E)developed F)strategies G)compared H)awake

I)higher J)expectations K)deal L)absolutely

M)aware N)better O)further

(八)

Forces other than damaging winds are also at work inside tornadoes. Sometimes, as the twisting funnel passes over a house, the walls and ceiling _1__apart as if a bomb had gone off inside. This _2__is caused by the low air pressure at the centre of a tornado.

The pressure at the center of a tornado is usually 13 pounds per square inch. However, inside the house the air pressure is _3__, about 15 pounds per square inch. The difference of 2 pounds per square inch between the inside and outside pressure may not seem like much. But suppose a tornado funnel passes over a small building that __4__by 10 feet. On each square inch of the building, there is 2 pounds of pressure from the inside that is not balance by air pressure outside the building. On the ceiling, that added up to an _5__ pressure of 57000 pounds. The pressure on the four walls adds up to 172800 pounds.

If windows are open in the building, some of the inside air rushes out through them. This will balance the pressure inside and outside the building. But if the windows are shut _6__,the enormous inside pressure may cause the building to burst.

__7__, heavy rain and hail often occur in thunderstorms that later produce tornados, so people frequently shut all windows to protect their _8__. This may cause far _9__ damage later. For the same reason, tornado cellars must have an air __10__, otherwise , the cellar door might be blown out when a tornado passes over it.

A) Worse B) Tightly C) Breakthrough D) Unfortunately E) Burst

F) Unfriendly G) Normal H) Substance I) Property J) Explosion

K) Initial L) Measures M) Involves N) Vent O) Unbalanced

大学英语四级考试模拟试题

大学英语四级考试模拟试题

大学英语四级考试模拟试题 Model Test Five Part ⅠListening Comprehension Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. Choose the correct answer---A, B, C or D, and then, mark your answer by writing the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Section A (C) 11. A) He will only be available in the afternoon. B) It’s not his office hour. C) He doesn’t have time. D) He is too tired after class. (A) 12. A) The woman insists on going out. B) The woman doesn’t like watching TV. C) The man promised her a gift on her birthday. D) The man is too tired to go out. (B) 13. A) There are too many courses offered to

大学英语四级考试资料很详细

英语四级复习大全 第一章听力理解 第一节听力题型改革概述 听力比例由原来的20%提升到35%：短对话部分由原来的10题减至8题；增加两篇长对话，题量在3至4题每篇，一共7题；短文(俗称“段子题”)仍为3篇，题量在3至4题每篇，一共10题；复合式听写保持不变。以上4个听力部分中，短对话和长对话的分值一共占15%，而短文和复合式听写的分值一共占20%。听力题材涉及的范围更加广泛，形式灵活多样，包括对话、讲座、广播电视节目等等。 第二节听力题型概述及应试策略 一、关于对话题 (一) 长短对话听力题改革与分析 1. 听力短对话部分虽然由原先的10题改为8题，但就其题目特点与解题思路而言与以往的老题型没有太大的差异。这些题目一如既往地贯彻了以往的几大常见考点： ·转折引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化； ·对现象原因的阐述与补充； ·反问句式、反意疑问句式的考察：反问和反意疑问在四级考试中永远以一种无疑而问的形式出现，这次依然用了这样的一个形式。因此，只要能很好把握其“无疑而问”的特点，就能方便解题。当然也应该注意到，反问句往往作为加强语气的建议句型出现的这一考点。 ·建议句型的考察：建议句型往往是比较复杂的考点之一，因为句型相对比较多，而且隐蔽性比较强。 ·场景、人物关系的推测； ·语音语调的考察。 综上所述，试点考试将依然遵循以往的考试规律和特点，一脉相承。但所谓的短对话却也越来越长，这也体现了现在考试在句型句式、言外之意和内容复杂化三个方面的发展趋势。 2. 听力长对话并不可怕，它结合了短对话对问答句式，建议请求，和关键场景赐予的考察和长段子对文章层次和理解能力的要求。所以做这样的题目往往需要具备综合的素质，既要注意其中的细节，又要注意整体的把握，还要能够应付7道题目的题量，这比以往的四级题目对综合能力的要求显著提高了。 (二) 长短对话听力技巧 应注意以下几点： 1. 提前阅读选项，判断问题所属，从而集中精力于有关信息。 2. 注意根据信息词汇判断地点和说话人的身份职业等。 当同学们看到四个地点和职业名词时，大脑中就应该马上出现与这些地点或职业相关的一系列词语，在听的过程中注意提到了什么信息词语，这样就可轻松地判断谈话发生的地点，说话人的职业或身份，以及谈话双方的关系。 为此，同学们有必要了解与各种职业和地点行业有关的信息词汇，如： 饭店：menu, order, waitress, waiter, take order, go Dutch, It's my treat等；

大学英语四级专项训练

大学英语四级专项训练——选词填空 （一） Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least. [A]skill [B]popular [C]get [D]change [E]similarly 、[F]professional [G]character [H]individuality [I] inspire [J] differently [K]expect [L]practical [M] recall [N] lose [O] ordinary （二） 、 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know they’re working f or a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

大学英语四级试卷)

大学英语四级期末试卷 Part I: Multiple choice 20% Directions:For each of the following blanks, four choices are given. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank and mark A, B, C, or D on Answer Sheet. 1. Now that we’ve got a loan from the bank, our project is financially _____. A. constructive B. feasible C. favorable D. stiff 2. Due to his recent failure to meet the deadline, Jason is ____ from the list for promotion. . A. eliminated B. retreated C. pried D. wrenched 3. We need someone really ____ who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.. A. crucial B. realistic C. essential D. efficient 4. I am pleased to hear of your job offer-all that hard work at school has obviously __. A. paid off B. taken its toll C. made a difference D. shown up 5. As a reporter, I was paid to __ into other people’s lives. A. pry B. convert C. blurt D. carve 6. The mayor promised to trim the city budget without cutting ___ services. . A. essential B. appropriate C. equivalent D. lucrative 7. The doctor ___ Billy’s operation with x-rays and special exercises to make him stronger. A. went after B. followed up C. started up D. took on 8. A firm might sometimes sell at a loss to drive a competitor out of business, and__ increase its market power. A. therefore B. thereby C. hence D. further 9. You can ___ the video camera on a tripod (三脚架)，so that you don’t have to worry about holding it steady while you ask questions. A. withstand B. mount C. implement D. dwell 10. AIDS activists permanently changed and shortened America’s ___process for testing and approving new drugs of all kinds, for all diseases. A. efficient B. stagnant C. intricate D. appropriate 11.___ students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.. A. prospective B. responsible C. ethnic D. realistic 12.However, the new law, once passed, will ___ the Bridlintong agreement illegal by giving workers the right to join unions of their choice.. A. convert B. render C. cancel D. eliminate 13.This course focuses on the ____ of economic analysis to the problems of inflation, unemployment, the balance of payments and enterprise behaviour. A. conception B. combination C. application D. introduction 14.The aircraft base is protected with specially designed shelters which are built to ___ ground and air attacks. A. launch B. withstand C. contest D. contend

大学英语四级考试模拟试卷及参考答案(第一套)

大学英语四级考试模拟试卷及参考答案(第 一套） Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is foll owed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fou r choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and ma rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method o f answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems. Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships betwee n observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to o rganize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniq ues, and procedures for implementing the finding of science. Another distinction between science and technology has to do with the progr ess in each. Progress in science excludes the human factor. Scientists, who seek to comp rehend the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy an d certainty, cannot pay attention to their own or other people's likes or disli kes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover m ay shock or anger people-as did Darwin's theory of evolution. But even an unple asant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of re fusing to believe it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the choice

大学英语四级考试全攻略

听力 听力部分的分值在四级考试中占35%，录音播放时间在35分钟左右。如何在这“惊心动魄”的半小时中，有效把握信息点，是很多考生颇为头疼的问题。下面笔者就听力部分的三种题型来具体讲述听力题目的做题方法。 1. 对话题 对话题可以说是考生最易拿分的部分，建议考生在做这部分题目时，按以下三个步骤来完成。 第一步：预读选项。听录音前先浏览一下题目的四个选项，这是做好听力题目的必要前提。考生通过分析四个选项，再结合自己的猜测，就可以对对话所涉及的话题有个大体的了解，这样就可以带着问题去听，就能将注意力集中在对话中的关键信息点，从而减轻听的负担。 第二步：把握关键词和关键句。在听录音的过程中，考生要注意把握一些关键词和关键句。首先要注意听表示转折关系的词汇，例如but、however、unfortunately、unexpectedly、to tell the truth等。其次也要注意听关键句。在对话题中，往往会有一些表示建议或劝告的句子，例如“Why…?”“Why not…?”“Why don’t you/we…?”“It would be better to do...”“Wouldn’t it be better to do…?”根据对历年四级听力真题的分析，这类关键词和关键句之后往往是考点所在，所以考生要加以重视。 第三步：判断相关场景。考生要学会通过捕捉听力题目和听力录音中出现的关键词来判断相关场景。四级听力常考的场景有：学习场景、工作场景、天气场景、医院场景、租房场景、娱乐场景、餐馆场景、选课场景等。判断出相关的场景有利于考生在解题时有据可依，提高解题正确率。在这里笔者也提醒考生，由于英语是一种模式化的语言，在固定的场景中，其词汇和表达也相对比较固定，所以考生应在平时注意多积累一些场景中的高频词汇和习惯表达，以提高听力理解能力。 2. 短文理解 短文理解部分的文章信息量大、题材范围广。从历年的考试题目来看，短文理解部分考查过社会、生活、政治、历史、文化、艺术等多种题材。由于很多短文文章逻辑结构复杂，生词难句较多，所以很多考生都觉得这一部分很难驾驭。其实，如果考生注意分析和总结，这部分还是有很多规律和方法可循，如下所示：

大学英语四级考试专项练习题：完形填空(一)

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