初中英语语法从句讲解

初中英语语法——三大从句汇总

在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句知识点

A、定语从句专项讲解与训练

一、定语从句概念

定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：The woman who lives next door is a teacher.

先行词定语从句

在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

格先行词主格宾格所有格

人who whom whose

物which which whose 、of which

人、物that that —

（一）关系代词who, whom和whose的用法

1）who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。

I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。

Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。2）whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？

This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。

The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式

英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略）

3）whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.

其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我

们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗？（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）

（二）关系代词which的用法

which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）

Tom works for a factory which makes watches.

汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that）

（三）关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）

Is this the book that you want to buy?

这是你要买的那本书吗？（that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略）

三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) the school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) we'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

(6) we'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

(1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t)

(2) this is the watch for which i am looking. (f)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) the man with whom you talked is my friend. (t)

(2) the man who/that you talked with is my friend. (f)

(3) the plane in which we flew to canada is very comfortable. (t)

(4) the plane in that we flew in to canada is very comfortable. (f)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词

(1) he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone

bad.

(3) there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

解答"介词+关系代词"类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：in the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.

a. that

b. who

c. from whom

d. to whom

简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词to 构成固定短语"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）"。所以，d是正确选项。

四、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：

the time when

the place where

the reason why

（一）关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）

Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?

你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when先行词是day，当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.

自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）

（二）关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）

This is the place where Li Bai once lived.

这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where先行词是place）

上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句：

This is the place that Li Bai once visited.

这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换）

（三）关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是reason，当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）

This is the reason why he came late to school.

这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why先行词是reason，why可以用that 替代，还可以省略）

注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。

五、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。

（一）在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）

I have got such a computer as yours.

我有一台你这样的电脑。（as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is ）

I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.

我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is ）（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

（二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句

As we know,

the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。

As is known to us,

（As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）

Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.

你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）

as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) he married her, as/which was natural.

(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

(1) as is known to all, china is a developing country.

(2) he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

(3) john, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) he has been to paris more than several times, which i don't believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(5) tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) i have never heard such a story as he tells.

(2) he is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) this is the same book as i lost last week.

注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4) she wore the same dress that she wore at mary's wedding.

她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.

她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

六、以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

(1) the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

七、but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )

八、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句举例：

(1) the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.

(2) china is a country which has a long history.

非限制性定语从句举例：

(1) his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

(2) china, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.

要注意区分以下几个句子的不同

(1) his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.

他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）

(2) his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.

他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）（一）限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时

(1) have you taken down everything that mr. li has said?

(2) there seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.

(3) all that can be done has been done.

(4) there is little that i can do for you.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1) this is the best film that i have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时

(1) this is the very dictionary that i want to buy,

(2) after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/

5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

(1) who is the man that is standing there?

(2) which is the t-shirt that fits me most?

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

九、关系代词who, which与that的区别

（一）关系代词who与that的区别

1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如：

He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。例如：

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）

注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：

(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。

3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）

4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：

Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?

用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）

（二）关系代词which与that的区别

1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用that。例如：

All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。

She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：

This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。

3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：

Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）

4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：

Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。 5. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。例如：

She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中60％是德国邮票。

十、定语从句的位置

如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如：

There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开）

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）

B、宾语从句

宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：

一，引导词

A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。

例：I told him that he was wrong.

在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。

例：I don’t t hink you are right. (我认为你做的不对)

在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。

例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒

谎是错误的)

B,由连词if、whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。

例：I don’t know if/whether h e will come tomorrow.

The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.

在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导

例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。

宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.

例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.

和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.

例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.

C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。

例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)

I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)

二，宾语从句的语序，

宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

例：I believe that they will come soon.

He asked me whether I was a teacher.

They wanted to know what they can do for us.

二，宾语从句的时态。

宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，

既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。

主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。

例:1)She says that she is a student.

She said that she was a student.

2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.

She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.

3)She says that she has finished her homework already.

She said that she had finished her homework already.

4)She says that she can sing a song in English.

She said that she could sing a song in English.

l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。

例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

He told me that Japan is an island country.

Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。

例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?

注意事项：由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。

例：She said: “I have been to England before.”

She said that she had been to England before.

She asked me: “Do you like maths?”

She asked me if I liked maths.

宾语从句与简单句的交换。

由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式

做宾语的简单句结构。

例：I don’t know what I should do next.

I d on’t know what to do next.

He didn’t know where he would live.

He didn’t know where to live.

宾语从句的从句中不再有助动词。即一般现在时的助动词do ，does ，一般过去时的助动词did.

Do you like speaking English ？He wants to know .（改为宾语从句）He wants to know if you like speaking English

宾语从句变否定句

如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we 时，并且谓语动词多为think、guess、believe等表示心理活动的词时，变否定句要否定转移，即否定主句。否则，变否定句看从句。

I think chicken can swim （变否定句）

I don’t think chicken can swim

He said that he would go shopping（变否定句）……

He said that he would not go shopping

宾语从句变反意疑问句

如果宾语从句的主句是第一人称I或we时，变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句不是第一人称时则看主句。

I think he is a good student ，isn’t he ？

They want to know if he is a good student ，don’t they ？

DO SOME EXERCISES:

1.Can you see________?

A. what he’s reading

B. what is he reading

C. what does he read

D. he reads what

2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)

Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan?

3._What did your son say in the letter?

_He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day

A.will visit

B. has visited

C. is going to visit

D. would visit

4.He didn’t know__________

A.what’s the matter

B.what the matter is

C. what was the matter

D. what the matter was

5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____

A.who were they

B. who they were

C. who was it

D. who it was

6.I want to know_____

A.what is his name

B. what’s his name

C. that his name is

D. what his name is

7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?

---Her cousin,susan.

A.that

B.whose C .who D.which

8.---What are you searching the Internet for?

---I’m trying to find out____.

A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU

B.How many persons have died in Iraq

C.How to protect our environment

D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea

9.Do you know___________?(谁正在唱歌)

10.Do you know___________?(她正在和谁谈话)

11.Do you know___________?(昨天发生了什么事)

The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B

9 who is singing

10 who she is talking with

11 what happened yesterday

C、同位语从句

(一) 概念

一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem，question, doubt, thought等。例如：

They were delighted at the news that their team had won.

当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你从哪儿听说我不能来？

有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。

（二）引导词[寻规找矩] 请仔细观察下列句子，注意从句引导词的用法。

1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.

2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.

3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.

4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.

5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our

summer vacation this year.

6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.

7. I have no idea when he will be back．

[小结归纳] ①that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1；

②whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”，通常不能用if来代替,如句2;

③连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3，4；

④连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句，如句5，6，7。

(三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句

①意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较：

1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.

2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.

[分析] 句1中that引导同位语从句，说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。

句2中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。

②that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较：

1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.

2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.

[分析] 句1中that引导同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；

句2中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。

③可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。

[即学即用]

I．请用适当的词填空，使下列句子意思完整。

1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon.

2. T he fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.

3. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.

4. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home yesterday.

5. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom?

6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.

II. 下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。

1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.

2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.

3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.

4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.

5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right. III．把下列句子翻译成英语。

1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。

2. 他经常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做。

3. 他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。

4. 在我看来，他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。

5. 他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。

Key:

I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what

6. whether

II. 1 that→which 2. how→that 3. if→whether

4. where→that / which或省略where

5. when→that

6. that→how

III. 1. I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.

2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.

3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.

4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true．

5. A thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his

son.

D、状语从句的种类

§ 1状语从句的种类

用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：

1.时间状语从句

2.地点状语从句；

3.原因状语从句；

4.条件状语从句；

5.目的状语从句；

6.让步状语从句；

7.比较状语从句；

8.程度状语从句；

9.方式状语从句；

10.结果状语从句。

§2状语从句的时态特点

一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。

二时间状语从句

§3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）

1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。

【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)

As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as

强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）

2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。

3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：

4.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主

句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：

5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。

【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。

6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。

7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。

8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。

三地点状语从句

§4地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。

句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。

状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。

状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。

时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。

时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。

原因状语从句：because, since, as和for都表示原因。because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。

由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。

结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或such...that引导，要掌握和区分这两个句型，

首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修

饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。

E、表语从句

表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。

表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。

名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)// The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)// What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)// That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)// That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)

“That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。// That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。

下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：

(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样，例如：

That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。

(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如：

He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)

He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)

［考题1］

The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)

A. when

B. why

C. whether

D. that

［答案］D ［解析］下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句，如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此，应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。

［考题2］You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how

［答案］B ［解析］下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词，“I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)，下划线应填入引导词where，表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、我不同意的地方”。

［考题3］— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

— Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999)

A. why

B. when

C. what

D. where

［答案］A［解析］下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语，下划线应填入表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。

［考题4］____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海)

A. What; why

B. That; what

C. What; because

D. Why; that

［答案］ A ［解析］第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语，特指她所不理解的事情，应填入关系代词型的引导词what；第二个下划线处表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的后果，由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么……”(指原因、理由，由because引导对应的名词性从句)，应填入引导词why。

［考题5］____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)

A. What; because

B. What; that

C. That; what

D. That; because

［答案］ B ［解析］第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语，特指令校方骄傲的事情，应选用关系代词型的引导词what；第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、理由，应由that引导对应的名词性从句。

［考题6］—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?

—Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春)

A. what makes me feel excited

B. whatever I feel excited about

C. how I feel about it

D. when I feel excited

［答案］A ［解析］A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”；B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”；C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”；D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应，充当表语从句。

F表语从句与宾语从句的关系

宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表语从句。

宾语从句

(1)对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点

①语序: 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语+ 谓语”这种形式。

②时态: 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候, 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候, 从句, 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。

③连接词: 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用that, 且可以省去, 当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用if或whether(是否), 当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。

表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。

如：What the police want to know is when you enred red the room警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。

The The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。

This This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。

That”s s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。

His His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。

注意：从句中的疑问句用正常语序，即陈述语序。

as as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。

She She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。

It It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。

G区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系

(1) the plane that has just taken off is for london. 定语从句

(2) the fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分

(1) the news he told me is true.

(2) the news that he has just died is true.

(3) the problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语

(4) the problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以

(1) the idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.

(2) the idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) the fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语

(4) the fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

H主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。

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1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

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