(完整版)中科院06-16博士英语十年真题

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成

试卷一：小计110分钟65分

Ⅰ　词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ　完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ　阅读80分钟40分

试卷二：小计70分钟35分

Ⅰ　英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ　写作40分钟20分

2006年3月

PAPER ONE

PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)

1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.

A. anticipation

B. perception

C. prospect

D. expertise

2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.

A. incentive

B. initiative

C. fugitive

D. captive

3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.

A. in line

B. in trade

C. at times

D. at odds

4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.

A. layouts

B. reminders

C. remains

D. leftovers

5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.

A. passionate

B. involved

C. immersed

D. obsessed

6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.

A. distortions

B. discrepancies

C. disorders

D. distractions

7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness.

A. converging

B. culminating

C. finalizing

D. releasing

8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.

A. declared

B. proclaimed

C. claimed

D. asserted

9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.

A. expenses

B. revenues

C. budgets

D. payments

10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.

A. accountable

B. submitted

C. subjected

D. available

11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.

A. deviate

B. escape

C. derive

D. refrain

12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.

A. in sum

B. in total

C. in general

D. in full

13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.

A. scarcity

B. command

C. hunger

D. request

14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.

A. at peace

B. at leisure

C. at rest

D. at speed

15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.

A. equality

B. equation

C. equivalent

D. equity

16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.

A. consecutively

B. consequently

C. successively

D. subsequently

17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.

A. confuses

B. regards

C. strikes

D. knocks

18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.

A. shadowed

B. shaded

C. represented

D. reflected

19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries___ than four-fifths of energy consumption.

A. amount to

B. account for

C. add up

D. take away

20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.

A. sacrifice

B. short

C. witness

D. victim

PART Ⅰ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)

Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.

A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 ,

25 out as well as they have, I

but for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had not

would have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior.

extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain

27 .”

28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he

30

29 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all can remember. “I’ve always been goal

pretty much everything I do.”

Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for his

hoping that my I.S.

next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I am

experience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program giv a chance to work with some of the nation’s 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate t o graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”

21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search

22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically

23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other

24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting

25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked

26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation

27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts

28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite

29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided

30.A. about B. with C. at D. in

31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes

32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap

33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land

34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous

35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocation

PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION

Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

Passage One

She’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years old

market bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beau “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New University who sounds a little in love with his creation.

The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes

wrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyp grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“averaged faces more beautiful.

Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attempting

to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.

The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it may

skin may fascinate moviegoers because, at s ome deep level, it

be health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawless

persuades us that she is parasite-free.

Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—th females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We won

idea that beauty is until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The

“looks-ism”　

unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”

36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .

A. in fact in her late twenties

B. Johnston’s ideal girlfriend

C. a stunning beauty

D. is a professional prostitute

37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .

A. beautiful European women

B. different women around the world

C. casually chosen white women

D. ordinary western women

38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .

A. masculine

B. average

C. feminine

D. neutral

39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .

A. give his computer a beautiful screen

B. study the myth of human attractiveness

C. prove the human capacity to create beauties

D. understand why Caucasian faces are special

40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .

A. culturally different

B. a disease-free idol

C. individual-dependent

D. a world agreed value

41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .

A. why they look attractive

B. when attractiveness is important

C. how powerful beauty is

D. what constitutes beauty

Passage Two

It’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise,

Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.

These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between tak doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Ping state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies o Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack

insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court.

It hasn’t yet taken effect.

Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on he are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sa an investment research firm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.

little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and It’s

politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus t

42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .

A. sold wholesale

B. over the counter

C. less expensive

D. tax-free

43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .

A. people can buy as many drugs for personal use

B. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal control

C. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugs

D. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs

44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .

A. bill

B. drug company

C. customs office

D. seniors society

45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .

A.have more leisure time

B.fill more prescriptions

C.mostly enjoy long trips

D.are fond of street shopping

46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .

A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderly

B. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votes

C. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributors

D. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care

47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.

A. the two groups are evenly matched in strength

B. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful group

C. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful group

D. both of the two groups are losers

Passage Three

It’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?

The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse tha old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported controlled psychological studies.

In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.

It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.

In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.

Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.

For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have

little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves

from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.

48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?

A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.

B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.

C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.

D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.

49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.

A. people need self-reflection when they feel blue

B. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partners

C. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful past

D. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions

50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.

A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peak

B. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partner

C. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationship

D. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship

51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.

A. boast of their own success

B. hesitate in romantic relationships

C. worry about their future

D. focus on their past

52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?

A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.

B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.

C. Help them figure out what has happened.

D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.

53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.

A. pouring out their feelings about it

B. distracting their attention from it

C. discussing it with specialists

D. recalling the specifics

Passage Four

Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.

Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.

While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.

Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always

a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.

Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.

I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.

The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the

as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”,

Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.

54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.

A. looking foolish

B. failing in words

C. not attracting attention

D. appearing pressurized

55.According to the passage shy people_____

A. have greater difficulty than extrovert ones

B. are not good at acting

C. may well do a good job in a speech

D. are better speakers in the public eye

56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.

A. can act naturally

B. makes careful preparations

C. rehearses adequately

D. can get across easily

57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.

A. showing modesty in public

B. talking about one’s own trade

C. presenting the topic logically

D. communicating with the audience

58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.

A. being yourself in the performance

B. trying to look serious

C. pretending to be well-prepared

D. being seemingly knowledgeable

59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.

A. hard to do well

B. scary but manageable

C. tough but rewarding

D. worthwhile to challenge

Passage Five

African American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural a socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautification

of the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.

Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on a

daily basis.“During

the sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was eas but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.

A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several year never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now my

hair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves t their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.

It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people are

people are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to look

standards.

Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of the

African American community.

60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.

A. have been trying hard to be socially accepted

B. have been changing their value about beauty

C. have maintained their identity of traditional Africans

D. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society

61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?

A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.

B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.

C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.

D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.

62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.

A. dislike

B. betrayal

C. approval

D. suspicion

63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.

A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards them

B. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hair

C. they feel good and comfortable in being different

D. they accepted the white standards of beauty

64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?

A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.

B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.

C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.

D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.

65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.

A. their cultural identity

B. their aesthetic taste

C. their social recognition

D. their challenge against the society

Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)

Passage One

Francois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than b

66 .

nature of the questions it puts forward.”　

Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was du time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.

68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the People

and the Arab League are seldom mentioned.

69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insu but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad, The Odyssey and The Aeneid, the questions concerning life and death, love and hatred, benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised. People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas from love and glory. 70 .

The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge. The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.

A. The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.

B. These remain the questions people face, contemplate and discuss till today.

C. In general, cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.

D. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about, rather than the things that are already known.

E. This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.

F. Compared with knowledge, the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.

Passage Two

Over the past two decades, the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change. The Virginia

Slims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since 1970. 71 .

One of the most striking findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensus

than conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women. In many respects, the

sexes agree. Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society.

72 And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.

But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women. 73 Now, a generation of sweeping change later, women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior. Tok

74 .

dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude.

Increasingly, the kitchen table has become that bargaining table. 75 Next to money, “how much my

mate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or li as if married, with 52 percent citing this as a problem. Improvement in this area is one of the top things women

cite when they consider what would make their lives better.

A. There is evidence in the poll that waiting for men to live up to the ideal of equal responsibility is a major irritant for most women today.

B. Together, these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status, and of the future.

C. In 1970, most women were concerned about getting men to share household chores.

D. They, like women, believe that sex discrimination remains an important problem in the workplace.

E. Over the past three generations, expectationns of men as rulers and protectors of the household have

changed.

F. Instead, as women contribute more to the family income, they expect in return a more equal division of

the household responsibilities.

PAPER TWO

PART IV TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)

As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the world’s rich and poor is widening, both with countries. 1)The vast majority of the world’s population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its c wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing. In 2001 Forbes

magazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified

2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day. Overall, the richest 20 percent of the world

control 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.

The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome. 2) They include environmental nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and destruction—richer

individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive. They include migration

to move in search of adequate resources. And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individ

keep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them. 3) Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism. The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations; the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete; a growing“digital divide”of access to information technology; inadequate governance and protection of law; and lack of access to education healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.

4) Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however. With an awareness o f the

interdependence o f our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that

threatens to divide the world against itself. And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impacts

on our future.

5) Bringing the nearly 5 billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through“pro-poor”policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy, as well as to those peop With increased economic opportunities come improved access to nutrition, education, and health care. With those come higher income, greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environm sound technologies and products.

PART V WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)

Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅰ．

China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of research workers,

yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situation

in your opinion?

07年

PAPER ONEPAPER ONE

PART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)

1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually than now seems desirable.

A. reluctantly

B.unwillingly

C. impulsively

D.anxiously

2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on

the eve of the American Civil War.

A. Way

B. view

C. vision

D. pursuit

3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq, t would not have entitled my speech

“the______ problem.”　

A. Instant

B. Inverse

C. Insoluble

D. Intact

4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.

A. confide

B. ponder

C. well

D.reflect

5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “

A.urge

B. force

C. spur

D. rush.

6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.

A. concern

B. magnitude

C. volume

D. carelessness

7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______ called "hot" and later "swing."

A. shortly

B. initially

C. actually

D. literally

8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth of one's experience.

A. tempo with

B. time with

C. place of

D. proportion to

9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, he would never allow his personal feelings

to ______ with an assignment.

A. interrupt

B. bother

C. interfere

D. intervene

10. His ______ with computers began six months ago.

A. imagination

B. invocation

C. observation

D. obsession

11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them.

A. vulnerable

B. allergic

C. inclined

D. hostile

12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become___and are no longer used in

the present days.

A. obsolete

B. obscene

C. obvious

D. oblique

13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a law______ away from those situations

wherein you call attention to yourself.

A. manner

B. position

C. profile

D. station

14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______ success.

A. provisional

B. sensational

C. sentimental

D. potential

15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with ______ ideas to promote the corporation's marketing strategies.

A. integral

B. instinctive

C. intangible

D. ingenious

l6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.

A. in pace

B. out of focus

C. in step

D. out of tune

17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.

A. taunts for

B. asks for

C. consists of

D. approves of

l8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage.

A. in

B. against

C. raft

D. of

19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______.

A. to and fro

B. upside and down

C. inside and out

D. now and then

20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.

A. by the same token

B. under the same condition

C.at the same stage

D. for the same purpose

PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)

There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society.

Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes,

and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in an______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.

21. A. for B. than C. as D. that

22. A. if B. when C. because D. though

23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase

24. A. what B. where C. how D. why

25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort

26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff

27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch

28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting

29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. reclining

30. A. fortunately B. frankly C. accordingly D. apparently

31. A. in B. on C. to D. at

32. A. responsible B. incorrect C. immoral D. imperfect

33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct

34. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. instances

35. A. culture B. confidence C. morality D. modesty

PART III READING COMPREHENSION

Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

Passage One

Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization,

a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly. But the Americans are

in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.

But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet

the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.

The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.

Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.

The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.

The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.

36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.

A. occasional mistakes by careless doctors

B. a great deal of personal attention

C. low charge by doctors and hospitals

D. stacking nurses and bad services

37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______.

A. they fear to be sued by the patients

B. they care much about Their reputation

C. they compete for getting more patents

D. they wish to join the private medical system

38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?

A. It must be in total chaos

B. It must be a free competition system

C. It should cover the unemployed

D. It should involve private care.

39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.

A. millions of jobless people get support.

B. those with steady income do not seek help.

C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.

D. those with private health care are excluded.

40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?

A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the bills

B. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitals

C. the lack of government control over the medical prices

D. The merger of private health care with the public system.

41. It is implied that American doctors often______.

A. trade their professionalism for financial benefits

B. fails to recognize the paying power of the patients

C. discuss about how to make money during the surgery

D. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.

Passage two

Almost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.

But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice

since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.

In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.

In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting

that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school,

as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.

Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates;

but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering.

"We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials We proved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental

and health disparities between people of color and Whites.

42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents?? refers to ______in particular

A. ethnic groups in the U.S

B. the American general public

C. a Africa American

D. the U.S. working-class

43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.

A. controversial，among local activities

B. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.

C. fascinating to the civil rights groups

D. barely realized by many environmentalists

44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______.

A. get relieved of some of their basic duties

B. know what environmental justice was

C. fight for better working conditions

D. recognize their dangerous surroundings

45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.

A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in Houston

B. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US government

C. the government intervention helped promote environmental justice

D. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government

46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______.

A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poor

B. they cried for government intervention in saving the environment

C. they knew what ,the environment really meant to the White people

D. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US

47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______.

A. showing the achieved success

B. attracting national attention

C. identifying relevant issues

D. finding solutions to the problems

Passage Three

Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle

or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately

tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.

It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can't before，”says Jacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis's do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.

Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into

disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many stud experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions ,says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who

runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers

in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant

is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious

toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.

48. The passage is mainly about ______.

A. when in one's life ambition is most needed

B. what to do to reform the education system

C. why parents of underachievers are ambitious

D. how to help school children develop their ambition

49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______.

A. show a lack of academic ambition at birth

B. amaze their parents by acting like adults

C. become less ambitious as they grow up

D. get increasingly afraid of failing in school

50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______.

A. natural

B. trivial

C. intolerable

D. understandable

51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.

A. justifiable

B. flexible

C. uncountable

D. desirable

52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______.

A. cut off from the outside world

B. exposed to school work only

C. kept away from class competition

D. labeled as inferior to others

53. The last paragraph implies______.

A. the effectiveness of Project IF

B. the significance of class work

C. the importance of walking to running

D. the attainment of different life goals

Passage Four

Jan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker

noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon

had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished .Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend

to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.

In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more

crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.

Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; neuroscientists have Neuron, and

so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the

crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for

grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with

the added bonus of potentially getting your paper writtenup in The New York Times and other publications.

Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper,

they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often

papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.

54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.

A.surprising

B.inconceivable

C.praiseworthy

D.fraudulent

55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.

A. their academic prestige

B. their importance to career success

C. their popularity with scientific circles

D. their reviewing system.

56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?

A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjects

B. They publish controversial papers that others won't.

C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.

D. They have a special system of peer-review.

57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____.

A. the most of all

B. best of all

C. the recently released

D. the widely spread

58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.

A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the future

B. have their names appear in many other renown publications

C. have their research results understood by the general public

D. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication

59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers _____.

A. will be more likely to become influential and be cited

B. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers

C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authority

D. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times

Passage Five

leaves us with the challenge of finding some politically practicable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But it is an awkward truth that when most U.S senators were asked informally in 2000 if they would support the Kyoto Protocol should President George W. Bush send it to the Scant for ratification, the overwhelming majority, Democrats as well as Republicans,

said they could not. The reason for the liberals' surprising reply is clear. Many studies, not all by conservatives, suggest that full compliance with the terms of the Kyoto Protocol would likely lead to a deep American recession. For those willing to run this

risk, sober reflection on the consequences of the economic collapse of 1929 and the subsequent worldwide depression with all its political and ultimately military consequences is certainly in order. That said, what can be done, in particular by our own country Independent of the issues raised by the Kyoto Protocol, and given the weight of evidence that the problem of global warming is serious fraught with dire consequences, failure to do anything at all and instead to promote "business as usual" downright criminal. Yet the Bush administration has given no more than lip service to the problem, though that could he changing. It is one thing

weigh alternatives and implements compromises that reflect the complexity of the problem; it is quite another thing to do nothing, especially if doing nothing is just a way of securing support from certain industries that worsen the problem.

There are, after all, things that can he done. Reopening a serious international dialogue, and not just saying a few good words, would be a useful if inadequate start. Not every problem must be solving before -the weight of evidence becomes so compelling that certain initial steps become almost mandatory. We already know how to make more fuel-efficient yet no national policy has surfaced to accomplish this. The scientific and engineering communities are the ones best suited to identify the scientific research that is still needed and the technical projects that show the greatest promise. These issues should be decided by them and not the politicians. Once solutions look promising, as a few already do, industry will be all too ready to romp in, for at that stage there is money to be made. And only a fool would underestimate human ingenuity when given a proper incentive, or the strength of American industry once the boiler is lit under it.

60. What can be inferred about the Kyoto Protocol from Paragraph 1?

A. It was about environment protection.

B. It was supported by most Democrats.

C. It was considered awkward by conservations

D. It was officially rejected by most US senators.

61. Many studies suggest that full agreement with the Kyoto Protocol would run the risk of _____.

A. falling victim to military warfare

B. offending other countries

C. re-experiencing the past miseries

D. provoking nationwide anger

62. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _____.

A. measures should be taken to deal with global warming.

B. the best way to deal with global warming is `let it be'.

C. seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated.

D. promoting "business as usual" must be further stressed.

63. The Bush administration _____.

A. has assisted in aggravating global warming

B. has taken no measures against global warming

C. has executed compromises about global warming

D. has got big industries' support to stop global warming

64. The author suggests all of the following measures EXCEPT_____.

A. reopening a serious international dialogue

B. overcoming all difficulties before starting

C. conducting scientific researches concerned

D. doing the most promising technical projects

65. In the last paragraph, the expression "once the boiler is lit under it" most probably means "when American industry is_____.

A. undermined

B. upgraded

C. incensed

D. stimulated.

Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)

The Bush crowd bristles at the use of the "Q-word"--quagmire(沼泽)---to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with

our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into "a situation from which

extrication is very difficult," which is a standard definition of quagmire?

More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq. _____66 one of six service members, including four women,

who were killed .She was a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.

With evidence mounting that U.S. troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, "There

are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring'em on."

_____67 A New Jersey Democrat said: "I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during

World War II, I never heard any military commander-let alone the commander in chief-invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."

_____68"We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills," said Mr. Bush in his television

address. "And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home." Don't hold your breath. _____69

Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not, the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war. _____70

A. It was an immature display of street-corner machismo(男子气概)that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat.

B. The American death toll in Iraq at that point was about 200, but it was clear that a vicious opposition was developing.

C. This is another example of the administration's inability to distinguish between a strategy and a wish.

D. Some were little more than children when they signed up for the armed forces, like Ramona Valdez, who grew up in the Bronx

and was just 17 when she pined the Marines.

E. The latest fantasy out of Washington is that American-trained Iraqi forces will ultimately be able to do what the American

forces have not: defeat the insurgency and pacify Iraq.

F. That has not been the case, which is why we can expect to remain stuck in this tragic quagmire for the foreseeable luture.

Passage Two

Over the past few years, outcries from food activists have changed many Americans' eating habits: Criticism of widespread pesticide use led many consumers to organic foods, and early warnings prompted shoppers to shun irradiated and genetically

altered food. _____71 Major players have muscled laws through state legislatures. The statutes make it illegal to suggest that a particular food is unsafe without a "sound scientific basis" for the claim. these so-called banana bills are under discussion in

several U.S. states.

Banana bill backers believe the laws will protect agricultural producers from losses like those following the Alar scare in 1989,

when the TV magazine show 60 Minutes publicized a Natural Resources Defense Council report charging that the chemical,

which enhances the which enhances the appearance of apples, causes cancer _____72.

Banana bill foes say the laws simply serve to repress those who speak out against risky food-produce with "acceptable" level

of pesticides, genetically altered tomatoes, milk from cows injected with the growth hormone rbST, which boosts milk production.

_____73 They call them an insult to free speech and an impediment to covering critical food safetyissues, notes Nicols Fox

in American Journalism Review (March 1995). Most critics question the laws' requirement that only charges based on "reasonable

and reliable" evidence be allowed. _____74 After all, it's unlikely that agribusinesses will accept even the best evidence if it

threatens their bottom line. Fox notes that even though the Environmental Protection Agency affirmed that Alar posed unacceptable health risks, Washington State Farm Bureau spokesperson Peter Stemberg insists that EPA's challenged accepted wisdom. Science is "subject to second opinion."-- opinions that challenged accepted wisdom.

Instead of attacking what they sneer as‘just science," food producers should be listening to the public's food worries, says Raubcr, who cites a recent Young & Rubicam poll that found that 4 out of 5 Americans are "very concerned about food safety.”_____75 A case in point is rbST maker Monsanto, who fought and eventually lost a battle to keep dairy producers from advertising that their milk came from rbST free cows.

PAPER TWO

We are ourselves profoundly changed by our interaction with modern technology. As writer Jerry Mander has pointed out,

on each side of the human-machine equation there are adaptations. 1) Our machines become ever more lifelike; witness computers

and virtual reality. We become more like the machines; note that repetitive motion disorder is the leading cause of workplace

injuries. This adaptive homogenizing process to science and technology is now being globalised with few societies able to withstand the reign of science and its technological incarnations.

However, in recent years, the zeal of the religion lessened. It is becoming increasingly apparent that of the science costs abstraction and manipulation of nature were far beyond what has significantly of the scientific could have been predicted. Most disturbing is that the humanity face to face with the first scientific-technological onslaught has brought truly global environmental history. 2) Over the last two decades the public, though still worshiping the scientific world-view, has been shocked by the facts about ecological treats to the biosphere that they had not even suspected existed-ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, species extinction, desertification, deforestation.

"The crisis over science and technology's current unprecedented destruction of nature has put modern society in an historic dilemma. Humanity has become fully dependent on, and deeply addicted to, the scientific world-view and the technological environment. Yet this mode of thought and action is threatening the very viability of life on Earth. 3) It is becoming increasingly evident that we cannot ultimately survive with our current science and technology' yet we can1imagine living without it. A common-sense approach to this quandary would be to begin reinventing our science and devolving our technologies in order to preserve the environment and our own survival. 4) For many years there has been a small but persistent movement urging the adoption of a "new" ecological scientific approach and the substitution of sustainable or "appropriate" technologies for the appropriate technologies which are so devastating to nature. However, while ecological science continues to make some inroads, neither it nor appropriate technology has received mass support among the world's policy makers. For most, remaking our technological infrastructure appears too great a task. and unprofitable for the current corporate system. 5 ) Further, ecological sensitivity and~ the appropriate technology movement go directly counter to the scientific world-view- and its technological fantasies of finally conquering nature and breaking ail limitations on human activity

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)

How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physical find a job?

中国科学院2007年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案

Part 1 Vocabulary

1-5: ADCCB 6-10: BBDDD 11-15: BACBD 16-20: DABCAPart 2 Cloze Test

21-25: BCADD 26-30:ABBDA 31-35: CBACA Part 3 Reading Comprehension

36-41：BABCCA 42-47: CDCCAB 48-53: DCCBAB 53-59: DAABBA 60-65: ACABBD 66-70: DAECF 71-75: CEAFB Part 4 Translation

1. 我们的机器比以往任何时侯都要逼真，这有电脑各虚拟现实为证。我们却变得越来越像机器了，为断反复的

运动失调症是造成工伤的首要原因。

2. 过去的二十年里，尽管依然对科学的世界观顶礼膜拜，但是根本没有设想过可能存在的事实—生物圈的生态

威胁，使得公众们非常震惊。

3. 日益明显的事实摆在面前：依靠我们现有的科技我们最终不能存活，但是如果没有这些科学技术，又很难想

象将如何生存。

4. 多年来，一直有小规模的但坚持不懈的运动，鼓励以新的生态科技方法以及可持续的或“适当的”替代技术来

取代对大自然极具毁灭性的技术。

5. 此外，生态敏感性和适当的技术革新是同科学的世界观以及最终能够征服自然关且解除一切人类活动障碍的

科学幻想相违背的。

Part 5 Writing

略

08年

北京大学考博英语模拟题14

北京大学考博英语模拟题14 Part ⅠVocabulary 1. The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. A.long B.forever https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1917465031.html,sting D.lively 答案：C [解答] 本题空格处是说留下持久的印记。long的意思是“长期的”；forever的意思是“永远”；lasting的意思是“持久的”；lively的意思是“活泼的，逼真的”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。 2. The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A.by accident B.on average C.on occasion D.at random 答案：D by accident偶然的。on average平均的。on occasion有时。at random随意的。 3. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats. A.a sharp set-back B.severe set-back C.a severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up

15中科院考博英语部真题

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北京大学考博英语历年试题分析

北京大学考博英语历年试题综合分析 导言：考博英语真题的重要性 全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真 题分析则显得尤为重要。华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总 结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。 考博英语试题的独特性 众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生 入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英 语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。 首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要 求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会 选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方 面而引起的错误和争议。 其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级、杂 志文章或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。因其题目来源的独特性，我们研 究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。如果考生在考前了解了这 一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。所以考生考前 精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。

考博英语试题的作用 考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。 指导作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、 题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。 规划作用。考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。 调控作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，以所报考院校的英语真题为标杆，随时监控与调节自己的复习计划，使自己的复习计划在最短的时间内获得满意的成绩。 由此可知，研究真题对于考生在较短时间内提升成绩是有很大帮助的。因此，华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学历年的考博真题进行了细致且深入的研究，将北京大学考博英语的出题特点、题目类型等进行了详细论述，对下一年度的考博英语命题趋势进行了预测，并提出了针对北京大学考博英语的备考方法，让考生的复习备考更加具有针对性，让考生少走弯路，快速提高考试成绩。 以下是华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学考博英语历年试题详细分析。 一、北京大学考博英语试题的考核要求 北京大学博士研究生非英语专业入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。根据这一规定，并结合历年招收博士研究生的具体情况，我校博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，又注重测试考生的语言应用能力。

通用考博英语历年真题

历年真题 2000年北京大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题 PartⅡStructure & Written Expression Directions: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (25%) 1．Thomas Wolfe portrayed people so that you came to know their yearnings, their impulses, and their warts-this was effective______． A．motivation B．point of view C．characterization D．background 2．The appeal to the senses known as______is especially common in poetry． A．imaginative B．imaginable C．ingenious D．imagery 3．If you've got a complaint, the best thing is to see the person concerned and______with him．A．tell it B．have it out C．say it D．have it known 4．There have been several attempts to introduce gayer colors and styles in men's clothing, but none of them______． A．has caught on B．has caught him out C．has caught up D．take roots 5．The retired engineer plunked down＄50,000in cash for a mid-size Mercedes as a present for his wife______a purchase with money made in the stock market the week before． A．paid off B．paid through C．paid out D．paid for 6．He has courage all right, but in matters requiring judgment, he has often been found sadly______． A．lack it B．absent C．in need of it D．wanting 7．Danis Hayes raised the essential paradox and asked how people could have fought so hard against environmental degradation______themselves now on the verge of losing the war． A．only found B．finding only C．only to find D．have only found 8．The once separate issue of environment and development are now______linked． A．intangible B．indispensable C．inextricably D．incredibly 9．The need to see that justice is done______every decision made in the courts． A．implants into B．imposes on C．impinges upon D．imprecates upon 10．Two thirds of the U. S. basketball players are black, and the number would be greater______the continuing practice of picking white bench warmers for the sake of balance． A．was it not because of B．had it not been for C．were it not for D．would it not have been for 11．No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything______going on in the world． A．it is B．there is C．as is D．what is 12．If there is the need to compete in a crowd, to battle______the edge the surest strategy is to develop the unexpected． A．on B．for C．against D．with 13．Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, ______occupations for which technical training is necessary． A．so too there are B．so also there are C．so there are too D．so too are there 14．It is a myth that the law permits the Food and Drug Administration to ignore requirements for______drugs while brand-name drugs still must meet these rigid tests． A．specific B．generic C．intricate D．acrid 15．The very biggest and most murderous wars during the industrial age were intra-industrial wars that______Second Wave nations like Germany and Britain against one an other． A．pitted B．drove C．kept D．embarked 16．The private life of having each individual make his or her own choice of beliefs and interest______without the overarching public world of the state, which sustains a structure of law appropriate to a self-determining association． A．is not possible B．would not be possible C．will not be possible D．cannot be possible 17．From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west emerged the medieval version of politics______in tum evolved the politics of our modern world． A．of which B．from which C．on which D．by which 18．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel that