三维电子地图中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译

The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS

I. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, digitalization and informatization are the theme of our times. With the development of information revolution and computer science, computer technology has penetrated into all fields of science and caused many revolutionary changes in these subjects, the ancient cartography also can't escape. With the technical and cultural constantly progress, the form and the content of the map change and update as well. As the computer graphics, geographic information systems (GIS) constantly applied to the Web, the conventional way of fabrication and demonstration has suffered great change, and the application of the Map has extended dramatically owing to the development of advanced information technology. Under these circumstances, cartography will be faced with promising prospect. It has branched out into many new products. One of the products come into being is the e-map [1]. With the rapid development of the computer technology, computer graphics theory, remote sensing technology, photogram metric technology and other related technology. Users require handling and analysis of three-dimension visualization, dynamic interactivity and show their various geo-related data, so much attention should be paid to the research of three dimensional maps. This article based on the Northeast Petroleum University and its surroundings designs and creates the three-dimensional electronic map.

II. FUNCTIONDESIGN

Three-dimensional electronic map system of campus based on WEBGIS has general characteristics of the common maps. Through pressing the arrow keys (Up, Down, Left, And Right) on the keyboard, one can make the map move towards the corresponding

direction of translation. Through dragging mouse, one can see wherever he likes. Using the mouse wheel, you can control a map's magnitude, according to the user's needs to view different levels of map. The lower left of the map where will display the current coordinate of the mouse on the map. In a div layer, we depict a hotspot of new buildings, this layer can be displayed according to the different map layers, it also can automatically scale. By clicking on hot spots, it can show the hot spot's specific information. One can also type into the query information based on his need, and get some relevant information. In addition, one can choose to check the three dimensional maps and satellite maps through clicking the mouse.

Major functions:

?User information management: Check the user name and password, set level certification depending on the permissions, allow users of different permissions to login the system via the Internet.

?The inquiry of Location information: System can provide users with fuzzy inquires and quick location.

?Map management: Implement loading maps, map inquires, layer management, and other common operations such as distance measurement, and maps zoom, eagle eye, labels, printing, and more.

?Roam the map: Use the up and down keys to roam any area of the map, or drag-and-drop directly.

III. THE PROCESS OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

To the first, we collect the information which contains the outward appearance of architectural buildings, the shape of the trees the design of the roads. And then, we construct three dimensional scenes with 3DS MAX software [2]. That is to say we render the scene and achieve the high-defmition map, after that we cut the map into small pictures with the cut figure program, at last we built the html pages which can asynchronous load maps and achieve the function of the electronic maps. The flow chart of the system development will be shown in Figure 1:

Figure 1 system development flow chart

Traditional maps have strict requirements on mathematical laws, map symbols and cartographic generalization when in design. The production of network landscape electronic map also has its own technical standards which is superior to the traditional map. The three-dimensional electronic map has different zoom levels; therefore it needs not the strict scale but the unified production standards. Map symbol usually imitate the real world as much as possible and simplify itself at the same time. The scope of the screen is far greater than the fixed vision of papery maps. Cartographic generalizations think much of the balance between the abstract model and the actual performance results.

As for the data acquisition and management, such as the introduction and the information users obtained from the map are final results of data acquisition. In the beginning, we collect the needed data including the name, the address, the introduction and the digital photos of the buildings and prepare for the subsequent three-dimensional modeling. After collecting the data, we should pay attention to archival and backup the files in case of loss.

In order to get the map, a good preparation of the design of the standard scene is necessary. We set the parameter of the underlay, lights, altitudes, render effects and so on, so as to ensure the final fruit of our effort will have a uniform effect. The spatial entity's

performances usually show up as the form of spot, line and surface in the three-dimensional electronic map.

Compared with vector graphics, the grid graphics have unparalleled advantages. The combination of the grid graphics and the WEBGIS's background publishing technology can improve the response speed of system and save system's inputs. System achieves the interaction with the map with the JavaScript languages. Seeing that there lie differences in supporting the scripting languages on various browsers, testing all kinds of functions by different browsers is a crucial step.

IV. KEY TECHNOLOGIES

The developments of three-dimensional electronic maps are inseparable with the development of related areas, and it learns research methods, techniques and tools from other areas. While the researches of other areas are directly applied to the development and construction of three - dimensional electronic map, and Computer graphics, 3-D GIS, Virtual Reality and Geographic Data Base, the modeling of virtual scene and so became the technical support of the three-dimensional electronic map system.

The WEBGIS technology on which three-dimensional electronic map system of campus based is a standard Software technology which means without any commercial software's support. During the development of the system we make use of the common available technology which includes the JavaScript technology, Ajax technology, XML technology, etc.

Ajax is not a one fold technology, it is a mixture which mixes multiple technologies together, including the document object which used to display on the web and its hierarchical structure document object model DOM, and CSS that used to define the elements of style, and data exchange format XML or JSON, implementation and asynchronous server of XMLHttpRequest and client script language JavaScript [3]. Ajax takes advantage of non-synchronous interaction technology which means there is no need to update pages; therefore, it will lessen the user's waiting time both psychologically and physically. That is why it will be easier to be accepted by public.

EXT is an excellent Ajax framework written in JavaScript; it has nothing to do with the back-end technology and can be used to develop rich client applications with a

gorgeous appearance. The system enables the EXT combined with JSP to achieve the other page functions of the electronic map. The system combines the EXT with the Prototype whose framework bears the burden of creating a rich client and a highly interactive Web application, which realizes the application of the rich client efficiently and manage the safety of the client in a safe way that could be controlled.

JavaScript is the principle technology of the system during the design and the implementation process. It allows a variety of tasks which can be completed solely on the client, and without the participation of the network and server which used to support the distributed computing and processing, and therefore reducing the invisible waste of resources. JavaScript allows neither the access to the local hard disk, nor the data to be saved to the server, let alone to modify and delete network documents. The single way to browse the Web information and realize dynamic interaction is through the browser, which can effectively guard against the data-loss, consequently the system reaches a high security coefficient. JavaScript can be used to customize the browser according to the diverse users, the more user-friendly the design of web pages is, the easier the method for the users to master. JavaScript technology means through the small-block approach to realize the programming. Just as the other scripting languages, JavaScript is also an interpreted language; it offers a convenient development environment.

In this system, we take advantage of JavaScript scripting language to realize the key functions such as loading maps, zooming maps, geographic location, and other related auxiliary functions, i.e. map icon display, ranging, eagle eye, tags. Oracle database meets the need of the data which is used in backstage management, and together with the JSP, XML and HTML to realize the user's authentication as well as adding, deleting, revising and inquiring information’s, etc.

The main function of the system is to realize the three dimensional electronic map displayed in the browser through WEBGIS technology. Owing to the combination of JavaScript technology and WEBGIS development model, we can reduce the cost of the system, and at the same time improve the interoperability and system performance. Thanks to the application of AJAX technology, we can make further improvement on loading dynamical map. All the technologies we use will reduce the reaction time, which will leave a quick and efficient impression on users.

V. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM

A. The fabrication of the three-dimensional scene and scene rendering for map.

The three-dimensional electronic map of campus based on WEBGIS, is an electronic map system which takes the Northeast Petroleum University as the prototype. To realize this system, we should complete the fabrication of three dimensional scene and scene rendering for map, so we select 3DMAX whose operation is simple and flexible to model. Given the later needs of electronic map, the three-dimension model should be delicate as much as possible. The three dimensional model's construction would take up a great deal of time, due to so many complicated buildings of Northeast Petroleum University.

To complete the three-dimensional scene we should first prepare to render the scene well. Actually the grid picture which three dimensional electronic map used is the fixed angle of view swivel eye grid map. After modeling of three dimensional spatial entities, select the appropriate rendering method and make a fixed camera angle positioning in the render (Normally at 45-degree angle ), and then set the render output parameters to render them into the camera from the perspective of fixed size picture[4].

B. Loading Map

In the WEB, the maps are mainly shown through the Div layer which has three layers. One layer is used as a window the carrier of the map. The size of the layer is as large as the map which we usually see through the browser (referred to as the window layer). Another layer is the moving layer used to follow the drag of the mouse (referred to as the moving layer).The other is the covering layer which lies between the window layer and the moving layer. The map window operated by users is constituted by the three layers mentioned above. Basic operations of the map are realized through setting features in different layers [5].

When loading map, we use the raster data which we usually call image data. Raster data includes image data, two dimensional map, and three-dimensional simulated electronic map. The raster data in this system is three-dimensional simulated electronic map. The abstract two-dimensional map makes some ordinary users difficult to learn the information they need, but the three-dimensional simulated map simulate the real world's information exactly, so users can easily see the real world. This system mainly displays the

map picture, when you view or drag the map, it just like a complete map picture of the current window, but in fact patchwork of small pictures. These small cards are cut from complete map by the specific cutting diagram program; all the picture cards are the same size and have fixed naming rules, so the map is faster and easier to load. There are many methods to complete the map carving, the system use square slab method to cut the map to 256 pixels * 256 pixels. Then write the script which based on the naming rules to complete the picture load.

C. The Basic Function of Map

Dragging, zooming and translation are the basic functions of the map, and they are also important features of the map that differ from a simple picture. The following is a brief description of the implementation method. To realize dragging, the first thing is to set the mouse event functions. The events include mouse down and mouse up. So the two functions combined can complete the map navigation. The mouse down event is mainly used to record the drag state as well as the present location, while the mouse up function will capture the dragging completion status, then use show map function to reload maps. Process of realizing zooming function as follows:

?Gain ratio value before amplification and the proper ratio value needed to enlarge.

?Calculate the coordinates of the center of the map after amplification. The formula: (point.x / oldpercent) * newpercent.

?Modify icon data in the icon layer (Icon layer logical operation-Cmap _ Base.js).

?Remove the current map layer, and force the memory recycling.

?Load required map file.

With these basic functions, the user can observe the entire campus buildings concisely and clearly. The map is divided into five zoom levels, users can zoom out to view more buildings, also can zoom in to examine the architectural details.

D. Other Utility Functions

1)Highlight and pop-up boxes

For some hot-query buildings, we use JSON data to create a div layer, filled with color, and then set to translucent, when the mouse moved to the layer, this area will be

highlight selected. When Mouse clicks on the highlighted area, a small window will pop up showing the architectural details. Take the stadium as an example, when the mouse is not over the stadium, the building has no change, but when moving the mouse over the stadium, the outline of the building shows. When click the highlight of the stadium, the stadium will pop up some basic information’s, such as the stadium office phone, address details, the basic profile.

2)Range

As a result of mutual conversion between longitude and latitude and the campus electronic map coordinate, we can first transform campus electronic map coordinate to the latitude and longitude coordinate, then calculate the distances between two spots through their latitude and longitude coordinates, this way is simple and precise.

3)Label display and hide

In order to prompt some key places in the map (such as public transportation station, street sign ), using the new layer in its label tagging, it is convenient to the user for recognize specific location, but the tagging information will affect the whole scene showing, so the user can choose displaying labels when in needed.

4)Real-time coordinate and eagle-eyed

Through the eagle eye map which located on the bottom right comer of the electronic map, users can understand roughly where they are in the campus. Drag the green box in the eagle eye map can quickly locate to the site you want to. The left bottom area displays real-time coordinate value of the mouse cursor in the system.

5)Inquiry and localization function

The final designed system is easy to operate .It provides quick navigation to the home page. If you select certain types of buildings, it will list all the similar constructions on the right. Click on a building name can be fast locating the corresponding position and display information’s related to the building. The inquiry data saved in the orac le relational database, while the positioning coordinate values picked up from the JSON files. The inquiry and localization is connected through the same field name realizing the localization inquiry integration. When come to fuzzy queries, enter the keywords in the query box, all relevant information’s will be displayed. You can also enter the exact name for precise query to find the corresponding building to know more about it.

VI. CONCLUSION

The three-dimensional electronic map of campus based on WEBGIS combines the advantages of macroscopically quality, integrity, and simplicity of 2d electronic map with reality, richness and intuitive of 3D virtual scene [6]. The map system using the JavaScript technology, the XML technology, the Oracle database and other technologies realizes the information transmission and interactive operation. The system itself is cross-platform, page-friendly, security, and easy to maintain, and B/S model allows a broader user to access dynamically and operate simply.

From: YiZhi-An，Yin Liang-Qun．The Design and Implementation of 3D Electronic Map of Campus Based on WEBGIS．IEEE Conference Publications ．2012：577-580

基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图的设计与实现一．导言

如今，数字化和信息化是当今时代的主题。随着信息革命和计算机科学的发展，计算机技术已经渗透到科学的各个领域，并引起了许多革命性的变化，在这些科目，古代制图学也不例外。随着技术和文化的不断进步，地图变化的形式和内容也随之更新。在计算机图形学中，地理信息系统（GIS）不断应用到Web，制作和演示的传统方式经历了巨大的变化，由于先进的信息技术的发展，地图的应用已经大大延长。在这些情况下，绘图将面临广阔的发展前景。电子地图是随之应运而生的产品之一。随着计算机技术，计算机图形学理论，遥感技术，航空摄影测量技术和其他相关技术的飞速发展。用户需要的三维可视化，动态的交互性和展示自己的各种地理相关的数据

处理和分析，如此多的关注应支付的研究三维地图。东北石油大学及其周边地区的基础上本文设计并建立三维电子地图。

二．系统设计

基于WebGIS的校园三维电子地图系统的具有普通地图的一般特性。通过按键盘上的箭头键（上，下，左，右），可以使地图向相应的方向移动。通过拖动鼠标，可以查看感兴趣的任何一个地方。使用鼠标滚轮，可以控制地图的大小，根据用户的需求来查看不同缩放级别的地图。在地图的左下角会显示当前鼠标的坐标。在一个div 层，我们描绘了一个新建筑物的热点，这层可以根据不同的地图图层的显示，它也可以自动调整。通过点击热点，它可以显示热点的具体信息。也可以输入到查询的信息，根据自己的需要，并得到一些相关的信息。此外，通过点击鼠标，人们可以选择检查的三维地图和卫星地图。

主要功能包括：

?用户信息管理：检查用户名和密码，根据权限设置级别的认证，允许不同权限的用户通过互联网登录系统。

?位置信息查询：系统可以为用户提供模糊查询和快速定位。

?地图管理：实现加载地图，地图查询，图层管理，以及其他常见的操作，例如距离测量和地图放大，缩小，鹰眼，标签，印刷等等。

?漫游地图：使用向上和向下键漫游的任何区域的地图，或拖动和拖放直接。三．系统开发过程

首先，我们收集了包含建筑外观的信息，并对道路设计了树的形状。然后，我们建立的三维场景与3DS MAX的软件。通过这种方式我们渲染场景，并实现高清晰度的地图之后，我们用切割图形程序将地图切割成小图片，最后我们建立HTML页面，它可以异步加载地图，并实现了电子地图的功能。该系统开发的流程图将图1所示。

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：

中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类

建设部文献中英文对照

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