参考文献,中英文翻译
参考文献
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外文资料
Planning and Design of Association Space of residential Area
XiaLiangdong
Abstract: The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents．The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimu—late good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony．
Keywords:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality
0 foreword
As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space.
At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue.
How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development experience and try to contact the living room area of need, level of functionality for a
Review.
A residential area of exchanges between the need for space
Exchanges between the residential areas to create space for the process, in a sense, is in the course of exchanges between the people and the natural world and define the space environment between the development process.
1.1 exchanges create a space to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of residents.
Jan ? Gaelic i n the "contacts and space," a book, the residents will live within the community of contacts divided into three categories: ①necessity of activities (such as school, work, etc.), the participants did not have much choice, subject to very little Material and environmental impact; ②spontaneous activities (such as walking, wait-and-see stop, etc.), greatly dependent on the quality of material and the space environment: ③social activities (such as children's games, chatting and people-to-people contacts between the passive January 1 simple See, hear, etc.), also, to a certain extent, the impact of material and the space environment. Therefore, the exchanges between the residential area of the space will create a direct impact on the residents of the contacts. As people's living standards gradually improved, the residents of the spiritual and cultural needs arising from the exchanges with the requirements will be getting higher and higher.
Create a space of 120 contacts is the need to maintain traditional family ties Traditional historical neighborhoods and the living units Daza Yuan on the shape of an objective to maintain and develop the neighbourhood family. As the market economy and the development of new residential development and construction, and many residents to move to multi-storey high-rise residential, the link between households and households reduce, and even people are not familiar with the portal. At the same one floor, did not know each other very common phenomenon, the traditional relations in the neighbourhood gradually indifferent. Carry forward the traditional virtues, to promote family residential, Healthy demonstration projects in the country has long been proposed for residential
"High-quality, new life", which "new life", including guidance on the new concept of living, to guide the new consumer awareness, a new form of exchanges, to form a new management model, and so on five aspects. According to this standard, the exchanges create a space it is very important.
Create a space of 130 contacts is the need to build a harmonious society Residential area is to build a harmonious society space unit, a harmonious society is an important part. A residential area of a harmonious society can be harmonious.
Harmonious residential areas should be a moderate consumption of economic, social management, diversification and harmonious relations between the neighbours, living environment, and with the humanistic spirit and the rich local cultural characteristics of the geographical space. From the hardware side, there should be a scientific and rational planning, good construction quality, improve infrastructure, the complete establishment of contacts, good landscape. From the software side, there should be quality property management, and improve the community-based organizations, the rich cultural atmosphere, good morality. Therefore, the exchanges between the space as an integral part of residential areas, create a far-reaching significance, and China recently and residential real estate will be put on the "build a harmonious family residential district," the objective is consistent.
2 residential district-level exchanges between the space of
The living space planning and construction in accordance with people at different times, different locations, different activities in different levels of privacy, can be divided into private space, semi-private room, semi-public space, public space, the formation of four space-related fields. The level and the field of space will help create a sense of belonging among the residents and enhance the interaction and pro-neighborhood and. People from the private space into the public space, is a gradual process. In this process, after all the residents of different levels of outdoor space, making contacts to become a necessity.
2.1 residential building space to create exchanges
Dwellers in privacy is assured and meet under the premise of hope neighbourhood close, harmonious and to mutual exchanges and contacts. Therefore, the need to have exchanges between the space settings, and create a way as follows:
2.11 expand the staircase depth
Staircase is home residents in the buffer space, but also public housing tenants upstairs room at the break. The platform is too small to affect the length of stay of residents, not conducive to the exchanges between the residents. Expand the staircase depth, increase platform space, will increase their contacts, exchanges of opportunity.
2.12 set up home gardens
Garden is home residents into the indoor space for the transition, here, achieved a semi-private room for the transition to private space, residents here can support grass flowers, reception guests. Nanjing-day Hong Villa-home platform into the home in the Garden set up a grill door, both outdoor green landscape will be cond ucted to the interior of the extension, for two people through the grille gate to create an
opportunity for exchange.
2.13 expand the unit foyer area
Unit in the entrance foyer area and configure the appropriate expansion of some facilities such as rest stool, reading Baolan, a resident contacts, rest places, and units of the immediate household contacts. Conditional foyer can also do a lobby for households in this exchange, chat.
2.14 bottom overhead
Residential Design for the elevated bottom of open space and ensure the smooth flow of green space on the ground. Supported by flowers, Zuodeng facilities as residents of rest, such as chat room, and in connection with outdoor landscape, easy to create a good atmosphere for exchanges. Even rainy day also will not be affected, adding unlimited life for fun.
2.15 set-Gallery
- Gallery of traditional Chinese architecture is a form of construction, is a form can be effective in promoting exchanges between the people of the fun of space incentives, are widely used in modern residential design, such as the Osmanthus Hangzhou City District, Guangzhou Zhuyun Villa And so on. Gallery-factor here is traffic, and the exchange of places, played a role in the integration of the adjacent space, people can chat here, the sun, and so on.
2.16 exchanges of high-rise building
The rising high-rise building in the physical environment restrictions on the freedom of the people exchanges, to reduce contact between the residents, the elderly rest, the lack of children's play space. Therefore, the high-rise building in the interval to set up a number of similar exchanges in the Chamber of good will to solve these problems. In this way, for the elderly in the rest of the space, to provide children with a playground, and the promotion of social interaction among residents.
2.17 Roof Garden
On the platform set up in the roof garden, an increase of green space, was restored to the construction of the ground. People in this walk, fitness, chat, natural contact, an increase of exchanges between the residents of places to create a multi-level exchanges between the space.
220 yards, a delegation of the association space
"To achieve effective settlements between the groups and the exchanges have recognized the need for clear and appropriate areas of the border and logo." China's traditional courtyard space is part of building space, the area is a strong sense of space
and border patterns, the neighbourhood is to increase exchanges and contacts between the effective means. Beijing Da Zayuan the old mode of living, residents of harmonious relations in harmony, a human face. Renowned architect Wu Liangyong design of the Beijing-ju infants alley, inheritance and development of this form of living.
Shanqiang residential use of the wrong column, platform height difference, changes in residential space, residential settings between Lianlang, plants of the tube, creating a "siege without closure, without dredging through" the group space and formed a semi-private, semi-public The field of space. In the courtyard between the layout Zuodeng, the elderly here Xiejiao, Cuxitanxin, no longer feel lonely: reserve some space, children play in the home, mothers can be seen here in the kitchen, children no longer worried about the safety of: Members of mutual Reference , And mutual exchanges, and exchanges are deep-seated. Not only enhance the feelings and prevent the formation of a collective consciousness, to effectively prevent the destruction and crime, security, have been protected.
So that more people can enjoy the environmental landscape comfort, more and more developers are good attention to the landscape of the building. Pichu in the group in a space, as a delegation of the public landscape. However, they often re-design of "visual effect" light "social effect." Although the construction of a large number of hardware shops, flower beds, shrubs planted Joe, it lacks some residents to promote exchanges between the rest of the shelters, chairs, and affected the exchanges between the extension of the neighbourhood. Therefore, the delegation landscape in the strengthening of public infrastructure construction, and create a space for exchanges, will promote exchanges between the residents of outreach.
2.3 exchanges between the public spaces to create space
By the semi-public space to public space, people exchanges between the exchanges from the neighbourhood to the public exchanges, contacts between the characteristics of exchanges between the decision to create a space for the different practices.
2.3.1 open space for public relations
Residential area of central green space is often the area of public venues, as shared by the entire population, is the residential area of the "living room." Here, residents of various gatherings, community activities, fitness. Open space should be designed, without borders and at the same time, various groups in the residential area green space to the center of the road, should be easily accessible, guide the people into public space, to participate in contacts and exchanges.
2.3-2 and landscape combine Pieces
Residential area of landscape and people's exchanges with the interaction between people in the landscape before the stop watch, the exchanges have the desire, with the landscape, more full of vigor. Therefore, public exchanges between the space and landscape Pieces should be combined, such as sculpture on the square, around the fountain Waterscape layout Zuodeng, people appreciate the side of sculpture, fountain, while exchanges and reduce the distance between people. At the same time should play a guiding role in the landscape, emphasizing participation, attractive to flow through the landscape, gathering popularity.
3 exchanges between the living room area of the building features
Different groups of people because of their age, occupation, cultural background of different exchanges of the functions of space have different needs. According to the characteristics of different populations and demand for space contacts between the different functions of the building, creating a different theme of space, will help attract people from outside, spontaneous interaction.
3.1 exchanges between the functions of space and building occupants should be suited to the age structure
Children naturally active, have a strong sense of curiosity, games and more activities for climbing, jumping, leisure, such as Xishua. Therefore, the venue should be set up in the slides, swings, Leisure Pool, bunkers and other facilities, taking into account the needs of adults to care for children, some blocks in the surrounding layout stool. On the one hand, children in the game was physical and mental exercise, on the other hand, care for the children of people have been exchanges.
Young people like sports. Therefore, in order to increase the sports facilities, planning to basketball courts, tennis courts and other sports space. However, it should be far from some residential, so as to avoid interference on the daily life of residents. Like the elderly in the early morning fitness, such as doing Qigong, a tai chi, like the rest of the time playing chess, play cards, chat, Yangniao such activities. Therefore, to make space in the small square, booths, equipped with Taiwan, tables, chairs and other facilities.
3.2 exchanges between the space to take into account the function of building barrier-free facilities layout
Exchanges between the living room area is a complex environment, including roads, green space, Pieces, facilities and other environmental factors. Exchanges between the functions of building space in addition to meet the normal use, should give full
consideration to the disabled, the elderly vulnerable groups, such as the use of a barrier-free design. Barrier-free environment of space means exchanges with no obstruction and dangerous. If the import unit designed around 1.5 m x 1.5m above the level of space for wheelchair users stay; unit foyer reserved space for wheelchairs and Childs vehicles to facilitate wheelchair and Childs vehicles stored: in public relations to the road space On both sides, who set up blind road trip on the trail for the blind walking: the sidewalk in the end, a height difference of the junction, a height difference of public platform set up the ramp for wheelchair users access; elderly morning exercises in the square, as far as possible Be flat no height difference, the use of anti-skid surfacing materials: children playing in the park, the use of soft mats and safety warning signs in different exchanges of space, by setting up the Pieces and personalized theme sculpture, to enhance space And the recognition of sexual orientation, and so on.
4 Conclusion
In residential areas of planning and construction, we must be people-centered, according to create a functional level and living space area contacts at all levels, from the psychological and physical needs of starting, through the space environment to create, create a positive, healthy exchanges between the atmosphere, Residential area into a harmonious family homes. Meanwhile, the exchanges between the living room area of thinking and innovation, and developers need to continue to carry out exploration.
References
[1] Yang ? Gaelic. Exchanges and space [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
[2] Wang. Living in the community, "the neighbourhood exchanges" and "space" of [J], building knowledge, 2004 (3) :13-1 5.
[3] Nielan Health, Song Kun. Create a pleasant living space - LJ. Architectural Journal, 1997 (11) :29-31
中文翻译
居住区交往空间规划与设计
夏良东
【摘要】居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间：文章从交往空间营造的必要性、层次性、功能性加以综述，旨在通过交往空间的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，促进居民交往，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。
【关键词】居住区;交往空间;必要性;层次性;功能性
0 前言
随着住房制度的改革和房地产业的迅猛发展，城市居住区大量涌现城市居住区集中布置了居住建筑、公共建筑、公共绿地、生活性道路等居住设施，为城市居民提供生活居住和从事社会活动的场所，是城市的有机组成部分。居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间。
现阶段，人们的生活水平大大提高，居住区环境得到不断改善。开发者不仅要注重住宅建筑的合理与舒适，更要注重居住区环境的建设。然而，目前在居住区环境建设中，他们往往对自然生态的绿化环境考虑得多，而对促进居民交往的空间环境考虑得少，环境建设不能满足居住者的心理特征和需求。从基本生理需求的满足逐步向心理与文化领域的更高层次推进，居住区不单是居住的功能,同时也是人们思想与情感交流的地方。因此，加强居住区交往空间建设，增进居住区的邻里亲和力，应是开发者在居住区规划建设应同时考虑的问题。
如何进行居住区交往空间的规划与设计，提高人们的生活质量，笔者结合自己的房产开发经验，试对居住区交往空间的必要性、层次性、功能性作一综述。
1 居住区交往空间的必要性
居住区交往空间营造的过程，从某种意义上讲，就是在人与人交往过程中进行人与自然空间环境关系界定并发展的过程。
1.1 交往空间的营造是满足居住者精神文化的需要。
在扬·盖尔的《交往与空间》一书中，将居住社区内居民的交往活动分为三类：①必要性活动(如上学、上班等)，参与者没有多少选择的余地，很少受物质环境影响；②自发性活动(如散步、驻足观望等)，大大地依赖于物质空间环境的质量：③社会性活动(如儿童游戏、聊天以及人与人之间的被动式接触一一简单地看、听等)，也在一定程度上受物质空间环境的影响。因此，居住区交往空间的营造将直接影响到居住者的交往活动。随着人们物质生活水平的逐渐提高，居住者对精神文化的需求引起对交往活动的要求将越来越高。
1.2 交往空间的营造是维系传统亲情的需要
传统历史街区和单位大杂院的居住形态在客观上维系并发展了邻里亲情。随着市场经济的发展和新的住宅区的开发建设，许多居民搬到多层和高层住宅中，住户与住户之间联系减少，甚至于对门人家都不熟识。在同一幢楼中，彼此间不曾相识的现象很普遍，传统的邻里关系在逐渐淡漠。发扬传统美德，推广亲情住宅，国家康居示范工程中早已对住宅提出了
“高品质、新生活”的要求，其中“新生活”就包括引导新的居住理念，引导新的消费意识，形成新的交往形态，形成新的管理模式等五个方面内容。按照这个标准，交往空间的营造就显得非常重要。
1.3 交往空间的营造是构建和谐社会的需要
居住区是构建和谐社会的空间单元，是和谐社会的重要组成部分。居住区和谐了，社会才能和谐。和谐的居住区应是一个经济消费适度化、社会管理多元化、邻里关系和谐化、居住环境生态化，并具有浓郁的人文精神和地方文化特色的地域空间。从硬件方面看，应该有科学合理的规划、良好的建筑品质、完善的基础设施、完备的交往场所、较好的景观园林。从软件方面看，应该有优质的物业管理、健全的社区组织、浓郁的文化氛围、良好的道德风尚。因此，交往空间作为居住区的组成部分，其营造的意义是深远的，与近来中国房地产及住宅研究会提出的“打造亲情和谐住宅小区”的目标是相一致的。
2 居住区交往空间的层次性
居住空间的规划与建设根据人们在不同时间、不同地点、不同活动中不同程度的私密性,可划分为私密空间、半私密空间、半公共空间、公共空间，形成四级空间领域。这样的空间层次和领域划分将有助于形成居住者的归属感，增进邻里的互动和亲和。人由私密空间进入到公共空间，是一个渐进的过程。在这个过程中，居住者经过了各个不同层次的室外空间，使得交往成为一种必然。
2.1 住宅建筑交往空间的营造
居住者在私密性得到保证和满足的前提下，希望邻里关系密切、融洽，能够相互交流和交往。因此，需要有交往空间的设置，营造手法有以下几种：
2.11 扩大楼梯平台深度
楼梯平台是居民入户处的缓冲空间，同时又是楼上住户上楼时的休息空间。过小的平台将影响居民的停留时间，不利于居民之间的交往。扩大楼梯平台深度，增大平台面积，将增加他们联络、交往的机会。
2.12 设置入户花园
入户花园是居民进入室内的过渡空间，在这里，实现了半私密空间向私密空间过渡，居民可以在这里种花养草，接待来客。南京天泓山庄在入户平台进入入户花园处设置了格栅门，既将室外绿化景观向室内进行了延伸，又为两户人家透过格栅门进行交流创造了机会。
2.13 扩大单元门厅面积
在单元入口门厅适当扩大面积并配置一些设施，如休息凳、阅报栏等，形成居民交往、休息的场所，实现单元住户的即时交往。有条件的门厅还可以做一个大堂，供住户在此交流、聊天。
2.14 底层架空
住宅底层架空设计为开放式空间，保证了地面绿地的畅通。配以花草、坐凳等设施，作为居民休息、聊天等空间，再联系室外景观，易于创造出良好的交往氛围。即使下雨天也不受影响，为生活增添了无限乐趣.
2.15 设置通廊
通廊是中国传统建筑的一种建筑形式，是一种能有效地促进形成人们交往乐趣的空间诱因，目前被广泛地运用在现代住宅的设计中，如杭州的桂花城小区、广州的竹韵山庄等。通廊在这里既是交通要素，又是交流场所，起到了相邻空间融合的作用，人们可以在此攀谈、晒太阳等.
2.16 高层建筑交往层
高层住宅的不断攀升，在物质环境上限制了人们交往的自由，使居民之间接触减少，老人休息、儿童游戏的空间缺少。因此，在高层建筑中间隔数层设置一个类似中庭的交往层将较好地解决这些问题。这样，为老人提供了休息的空间，为儿童提供了游戏场所，又促进了居民之间的社会交往。
2.17 屋顶花园
在屋顶平台上设置花园，增加了绿化空间，又恢复了被建筑占去的地面。人们在此散步、健身、聊天，接触自然，增加了居民的交往场所,创造出多层次的交往空间。
2．2 庭院、组团交往空间的营造
“要实现住区群体间有效的交往并产生认同，必须有明确和恰当的领域范围和边界标识”。院落空间是我国传统建筑空间的一部分，是具有较强领域感和边界的空间形态，是增加邻里交流、交往的有效手段。北京旧时大杂院的居住模式，居民关系和睦融洽、富有人情味。著名建筑大师吴良镛设计的北京菊儿胡同，继承并发展了这一居住形态。
利用住宅的山墙错列、地台高差，变化住宅间距，住宅间设置连廊、植物的围合，营造出“围而不闭、透而不疏”的组团空间，形成了半私密、半公共的空间领域。在庭院间布置坐凳，老人在这里歇脚，促膝谈心，不再感到孤寂：预留一些空地，小孩在院中嬉戏，母亲在厨房可以看到这里，小孩的安全性不再担心：大家相互照应，相互交流，交往是深层次的。既增进了感情，又形成了集体的防范意识，有效地防止了破坏和犯罪，安全得到了保护。
让更多的人能享受到景观环境带来的舒适感，越来越多的开发商重视景观的
均好性建设。在组团中辟出一块空间，作为组团的公共景观。然而，在设计中他们往往重“景观效应”，轻“社会效应”。虽建有大量的硬质铺地、花坛，种植乔灌木，却缺乏一些促进居民交往、休息的凉亭、坐椅，影响了邻里交往的外延。因此，在组团景观中加强公共设施建设，营造交往空间，将促进居民交往行为的向外拓展。
2．3 公共场地交往空间的营造
由半公共空间到公共空间，人们的交往由邻里交往转向公共交往，交往的特点决定了交往空间营造手法的不同。
2．3．1 开放的公共交往空间
居住区的中心绿地往往是小区的公共场地，为全体居民所共享，是居住区的“客厅”。在这里，居民进行各种聚会、社区活动、健身。空间设计应该是开敞的、无边界的，同时，在居住区各个组团空间通往中心绿地的道路，应便捷通达，引导人们融入到公共空间，参与交往和交流。
2．3-2 与景观小品相结合
居住区的景观与人的交往有相互作用的关系，人们在景观前驻足观赏，产生交流的欲望，景观有了人的活动，更加富有生机。因此，公共交往空间应与景观小品相结合，如在广场雕塑、喷泉水景四周布置坐凳，人们一边欣赏雕塑、喷泉，一边进行交流，拉近了人与人之间的距离。同时应发挥景观的引导作用，强调参与性，通过景观来吸引人流，聚集人气。
3 居住区交往空间的功能建设
不同人群由于年龄、职业、文化背景的不同，对交往空间的功能有不同的需求。根据不同人群的特点和需求，进行交往空间的不同功能建设，营造出不同的主题空间，将有利于吸引人们走出户外，自发的进行交往。
3．1 交往空间的功能建设应与居住者的年龄结构相适应
儿童天性好动，有强烈的好奇心，游戏活动多为攀爬、跳跃、嬉水、戏耍等。因此，在场地中应设置滑梯、秋千、戏水池、沙坑等设施，同时考虑大人照看小孩的需要，在周围布置一些座凳。一方面，孩子在游戏中身心得到了锻炼，另一方面，照看小孩的大人们也得到了交流。
青年人喜欢体育运动。因此，要增加体育设施，规划出篮球场、网球场等运动空间。但应当离住宅远一些，以免造成对居民日常生活的干扰。老年人喜欢在清晨健身，如做气功、打太极拳等，在其余的时间喜欢下棋、打牌、聊天、养鸟等活动。因此，在空间中宜做成小型广场、亭，配备台、桌、椅等设施。
3．2 交往空间的功能建设要兼顾无障碍设施布置
居住区交往空间是一个环境综合体，包括道路、绿地、小品、设施等多种
环境因素。交往空间的功能建设除满足正常人的使用外，应充分考虑残疾人、老年人等弱势群体的使用，进行无障碍设计。无障碍系指交往空间环境中无障碍物和危险性。如在单元入口周围设计 1．5m x 1．5m以上的水平空间，便于轮椅使用者停留；单元门厅预留轮椅和童车的空间，方便轮椅和童车存放：在通往公共交往空间的道路两侧，人行步道上设置盲道，方便盲人行走：在人行道的端部、有高差的路口、有高差的公共平台设置坡道，供轮椅使用者通行；在老人晨练的广场，尽可能做到平坦无高差，采用防滑的铺装材料：在儿童嬉戏的乐园，采用柔软的地垫和安全警示标志；在不同的交往空间，通过设置个性化的小品和主题雕塑，来增强空间的导向性和识别性等。
4 结语
在居住区的规划建设中，要以人为本，按层次和功能营造居住区各级交往空间，从人的心理和生理需求出发，通过空间环境的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。同时，对居住区交往空间的思考和创新，需要开发者不断地进行探索。
参考文献
[1] 扬·盖尔．交往与空间[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．
[2] 王华．居住社区中的“邻里交往”与“空间环境”分析[J]，建筑知识，
2004(3):13—1 5．
[3] 聂兰生，宋昆．营造宜人的居住空间[J]．建筑学报，1997(11):29-31
中英文参考文献格式
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在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
英文参考文献翻译完结
基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港
摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型
第一章绪论 由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。 探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。 图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图 图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。 肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ee4889693.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations
建筑外文文献及翻译
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(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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