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英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)
英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说,简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程,对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中,英语居首,虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位,但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说,简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程,对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进,而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要,对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解,会为较快地扩大词汇量,掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史,不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史,及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年,罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛,克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期,在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年,罗马占领时期才告结束。随后,来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居,英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期:古英语时期;中古英语时期;现代英语时期。一、古英语时期:又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后,各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地;撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区;朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一,所以,古英语时期存在着多种方言,其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位,在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点,这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法,复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计,在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中,竞有1069个复合词,像fifteen,Sunday,Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年,一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教,罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时,一批拉丁词汇进入英语,像表示家庭用具的词如kettle,cup;表示植物名称的词有pear,beet;以及street,wall,wine等。此外,还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语,像creed,pope,priest,gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始,大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居,丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁,很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在:1、英语中的一些常用代词(they,them,their,both,same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如:名词有anger,egg,fellow,gate,husband等;形容词有happy,ill,weak,wrong等;动词有call,get,give,lift,raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期:公元1066年,诺曼人在威廉率领下,横渡英吉利海峡,在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死,英国被征服,这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前,法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望,历史上两国交往频繁,在古代和中世纪,两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期,约有10000多法语词汇进入英语,其中75%流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后,英国结束了分裂状态,置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间,诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言,普通人仍然说英语,但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后,英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪,伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期,英语词汇的变化相当显著,由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言,大批法语词汇涌入英语,这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说,一个受过相当教育的英国人,即使没

有专门学过法语,拿起一张法文报纸,对其中一些文章也能揣摩出个大概,这就反映出了法语词汇在英语中所占的地位。像下面这些常用词都来自法语:government(政府),state(国家),empire(帝国);religion(宗教),theology(神学),tom 一plaint(控告),prison(监狱),army(军队),enemy(敌人)等。并且,自诺曼征服以后,英语改变了运用复合法作为创造新词的主要手段,而是向外来语敞开大门,用直接引进的方法来满足对新词的需要。这一变化对英语词汇的发展影响深远,为日后大量的外来语词汇——主要是希腊语词汇、拉丁语词汇进入英语铺平了道路。三、现代英语时期:到中古英语末期,英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。从14世纪英国诗歌之父乔叟的作品中可以看出,英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。英语语法的简化过程已大体完成,拼写开始走向固定,基本词汇也已形成。总之,现代英语的基础已经奠定,如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是阅读另一种外语,那么16世纪以后的英语与当代英语的差别就不那么明显了。现代英语一般以1700年为界,分为早期现代英语与后期现代英语。1700年以后,英语的语言和语法都无大变化,只有词汇不断扩大丰富。早期现代英语时期,对英语词汇影响最大的是文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴运动14世纪始于意大利,在16世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化,以对抗中世纪的封建文化。于是,英国学者们致力于对古典文化的研究,当时的文学家、科学家都用拉丁语写论文,如培根、牛顿的著作便是这样。据《牛津大词典》的资料,在文艺复兴时期进入英语的外来词有12000个以上,其中,大部分来自拉丁语,这些词大多属于学术性的词汇,成为英语书面语的基本部分。我们可以随便举几个例子:ed.ucation(教育),science(科学),technology(技术),enter.prise(事业),iurist(法律的)等都来自拉丁语。此外,在文艺复兴,特别是16世纪,英国和意大利在文化和商业上的联系给英语带来了不少意大利语的词汇。在英语中,意大利语的词汇量仅次于拉丁语、法语和希腊语。像violin(小提琴),balcony(阳台),granite花岗石)等都是来自意大利语的词汇。经过1640年英国资产阶级革命和其后的工业革命,英帝国主义开始向外扩张,与世界各地的交往日趋频繁,全球各地的语言都有词汇进入英语。与此同时,英语也被带到英国以外的一些地区和国家,成为那里的通用语言,如美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国都把英语作为本族语,而当地的土著语言的词汇也相当多地涌人英语里。无论是拉丁语词汇、希腊语词汇,进入英语后,大部分都保存了原来的形式,只有少数在词头或词尾稍作变化。当然,英语词汇中尽管外来语成分很多,但是词汇的核心部分还是本民族语成分——日耳曼语族的成分,这些词多数是单音节词,像black,white,high,deep,hand,foot,salt,fish,know,grow等等。这些词是英语中最基本的词汇,是全民性的词汇,具有很大的稳定性。因此可以说,本民族语成分仍是英语词汇的基石。20世纪以来,英美的科学有了很大发展,各式各样的宣传媒介越来越普及,又发生了两次世界大战,人们之间的交往也越来越多,英语的词汇也随之越来越丰富,词汇量有了成倍的增长。像satellite(人造卫星),moonwalk(月面行走),radio(收音机),television(电视机),the third world(第三世界),cold war(冷战)等都是由上述原因而产生的新词。经过1500年的变迁,英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言,这固然有政治、经济、社会的原因,但英语本身具有世界上其它语言所没有的长处,词汇的国际性便是它的明显优点之一。一方面,英语属于日耳曼语族,有日耳曼语族的共有词汇;另一方面,又长期与法语及其它罗曼语族语言联系密切,同时吸收大量的古希腊、古拉丁词汇。可以说,英语把代表欧洲主要文化的词语兼收并蓄于一身

英语词汇学教程期末总结

英语词汇学教程期末总结 1、 what is lexicology? Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P2 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries. 4、 Major features of words: 背

2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

英语词汇学考试重点整理

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出,表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word ( alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分: basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分: content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分: native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文 题目:浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业:英语 班级:13级3班 学号:201313010309 姓名:黄旷静 完成时间:2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要:词汇是英语学习的基础,没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语,而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背,记忆的效果却差强人意,原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实,世间万物都是有规律性的,英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律,了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率,本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词:词汇科学记忆规律效率 一.读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字,英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的,熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则,掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系,可以根据单词的读音,降低记忆难度,正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词,如say,day,way,pay,may,play,spray,不仅发音容易,而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音,ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

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