2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—医学

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—医学

Passage 23

The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS, and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.

To combat this, the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade”the process into something low-key, routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now, a potential test subject had to opt in, by asking for a test; having asked, he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way, having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory, but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent, and no counseling is offered —just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.

This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana, South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi, a doctor at Botswana’s largest AIDS clinic, thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular, he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.

Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients’blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient’s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.

But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead, many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people, and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher, all the better.

1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared?

[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment.

[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs.

[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected.

[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring.

2. According to the text, how to “downgrade”the test process?

[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test.

[B] by going down to the patients’homes to take the test.

[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits.

[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test.

3. it can be inferred from the text that

[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor.

[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries.

[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling.

[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available.

4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to

[A] help the patients save some money for treatments.

[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind.

[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment.

[D] prevent patients from possible further infection.

5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except

[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people.

[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment.

[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people.

[D] shortening doctors’treatment time.

词汇注释

in droves 成群结队

stigma 耻辱

downgrade 降级

low-key 低调的

expectant mother 孕妇

anti-retroviral 抗病毒

staggered 吃惊的

inadvertently 无意中地

slump 躺

难句讲解

1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS, and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.

[简析] 本句话的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。第一个that指的是前面句子的内容;第二个that引导的是表语从句;and thus…引导的段与作伴随状语，其中的it 指的是sigma，if 引导的是条件状语从句。

2. Having asked, he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out.

[简析] 本句话的主干是“he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…”。Having asked 短语作时间状语;he指的是前面句子中提到的a potential test subject;he really knew…是一个省略了引导次的宾语从句，其中的what引导的是宾语从句，before引导的是时间状语从句。

3. In particular, he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.

[简析] 本句话的主干是“he believes that…”。he 指的是Dwain Ndwapi;that引导的是宾语从句;from mothers to new-born children修饰transmission;if引导的是条件状语从句;破折号里面的内容是在进一步介绍条件，其中的those指的是expectant mothers，who引导的定语从句修饰those;before引导的是时间状语从句，其中的they指的也是expectant mothers。

4. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country.

[简析] 本句话的主干是“laboratory capacity is inadequate for…”。That引导的定语从句修饰people;破折号里面的内容是在介绍条件，其中的as…as 引导的是比较状语从句，其中的they指的是testes。

5. Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people, and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer.

[简析] 本句话是一个并列句，其主干是“treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means that”。Than引导的是比较状语;it指的是前面的句子;that引导的是宾语从句。

答案与解析

1. D细节题。本题的问题是“如果治疗很容易准备的话，为什么几乎没有人自愿进行爱滋病检测?”文章第一段首先提到了人们的一种错误观点，随后解释了原因，指出，政府没有设法减少与爱滋病有关的耻辱，也没有减少如果你怀疑你自己可能被感染了爱滋病而去寻求检测的耻辱。这说明，原因是人们觉得，与爱滋病有关的东西是耻辱。[D]“因为人们不能忍受检测带来的羞耻”是对文中相关信息的改写，为正确答案。[A]“因为人们不知道他们是否需要治疗”和[B]“因为人们负担不起昂贵的药物”属于无中生有;[C]“因为人们担心查出他们受到了感染”是针对该段中“with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected”设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

2. C细节题。本题的问题是“根据本文，如何‘降级’检测的过程?”题干中的“downgrade”出自文章第二段第二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段在介绍人们采取的应对措施时提到，博茨瓦纳爱滋病检测的所有原则完全被改变了，人们把检测过程“降级”为低调、常规并且没有耻辱感的事情，也就是在人们看病时对他们进行常规检测。这说明，人们是通过把检测看成是患者看病时的常规事情来“降级”检测过程的。[C]“通过把检测作为患者去医院时进行的常规事情”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“通过迫使那些可能的爱滋病患者去检测”明显与文意不符;[B]“通过去患者的家庭进行检测”属于无中生有;[D]“通过询问他们是否愿意进行检测”是针对文中“…make sure he re.ally knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out”这句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

3. B推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文，可以推知”。文章第二段介绍了人们采取的应对措施，第三段指出，这种原则上的改变可能只是博茨瓦纳、南非和其他非洲国家即将发生变化的第一步，这些国家正计划在公立医院大量供应抗爱滋病的药物，随后介绍了一名博

茨瓦纳医生的新观点。由此可知，非洲一些国家将实施更多新措施。[B]“更多像新原则一样的原则将在许多非洲国家得到实施”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“新原则将能够包含任何看病的患者”属于无中生有;文中并没有比较新旧原则的好坏，所以[C]“旧原则比新原则更好，因为它为患者提供咨询”与文意不符;[D]“患者的沉默表示他同意进行任何可能的治疗”是针对文中“Silence is assummed to be consent, and no counseling is offered”这句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符。

4. B细节题。本题的问题是“减少两种昂贵血检次数的目的是为了”。题干中的“two expensive blood tests”出自文章第四段第一句话中(文中用的是two costly tests of patients’blood)，表明本题与第四段有关。第四段首先提到了减少两种昂贵血检的次数问题，并解释了这两种血检的目的，随后指出，非洲的实验室没有能力对数百万需要这类药物的人进行常规检测，每个人的检测频率越少，更多的人得到至少某些检测的机会就越多。这说明，减少血检次数的目的是为了让更多的人可以接受检测。[B]“使更多的人可以接受某些检测”是对文中相关信息的概括，为正确答案。[A]“帮助患者节省治疗费用”明显与文意不符;文中没有提到及时治疗的问题，也没有提到进一步感染的问题，所以[C]“确信患者可以得到及时的治疗”和[D]“防止患者可能进一步感染”属于无中生有。

5. A细节题。本题的问题是“说服患者尽早治疗将有下列好处，除了”。题干中的“Persuading patients to get treatment”出自文章最后一段最后一句话中(文中用的是persuade more patients to get help)，表明本题与最后一段有关。最后一段提到，与给相对健康的人发放抗爱滋病药物相比，治疗非常严重的患者花费的时间和金钱多得多，并且这些人可能会在更长的时间内无意中感染其他人，随后提到了说服患者治疗这个问题，指出，如果常规检测可以说服更多患者寻求帮助的话，那么一切都会更好了。这说明，[B]“削减治疗费用”、[C]“避免把病毒传染给更多的人”和[D]“缩短医生的治疗时间”都是说服患者尽早治疗的好处。只有[A]“给相对健康的人节省抗爱滋病药物”不是文中提到的好处。

全文译文

人们普遍认为，一旦爱滋病可以得到治疗，人们就会成群结队地自愿参加爱滋病的检测，这种观点是错误的。1)其中的原因似乎在于，政府没有设法减少与爱滋病有关的耻辱，因此也就没有减少如果你怀疑你自己可能被感染了爱滋病而去寻求检测的耻辱。

为了应付这种局面，博茨瓦纳爱滋病检测的所有原则完全被改变了。其观念就是，把检测过程“降级，为低调、常规并且没有耻辱感的事情。到目前为止，一个可能的检测对象必须通过提出要求才能接受检测。2)提出要求后，他会得到40分钟的咨询时间，以确信在实施检测前他确实了解自己的所作所为。新原则就是，在人们看病时对他们进行常规检测。这样，进行检测就不可能被看成是一种某个人认为他可能被感染的迹象。检测不是强制性的，但是，反对检测者必须主动选择不检测。沉默被认为是同意接受检测，并且也不提供咨询，正如检测其他传染病一样。

这种原则上的改变可能只是博茨瓦纳、南非和其他非洲国家即将发生变化的第一步，这些国家正计划在公立医院大量供应抗爱滋病的药物。戴卫因·恩德沃皮是博茨瓦纳最大的爱滋病诊所的一名医生，他认为，有些情况下，检测应该是强制性的。3)他特别认为，如果孕妇经常检测的话-如果那些检测结果被证实为阳性的孕妇在生孩子前得到适当的抗病毒治疗的话，目前母亲传染新生儿爱滋病的高比率可以降为零。

另一个引起争议的变化就是减少患者进行两种昂贵血检的次数。病毒负荷检测和CD4细胞计数都可以测定某人感染的严重程度。这有助于医生决定何时开抗病毒药物。4)但是非洲的实验室没有能力对数百万需要这类药物的人进行常规检测，至少如果是这些检测像在富国那样经常进行的话。每个人的检测频率越少，更多的人得到至少某些检测的机会就越多。

但是，这必须权衡更迅速治疗更多患者的需求。博茨瓦纳的医生在许多患者初次来看病

时对他们病情的严重程度感到吃惊。他们期望人们走进诊所接受爱滋病检测。相反，许多人是在奄奄一息的情况下被担架抬来的。5)与给相对健康的人发放抗爱滋病药物相比，治疗非常严重的患者花费的时间和金钱多得多。这就意味着。这些人可能会在更长的时间内无意中感染其他人。在躺在担架上之前，如果常规检测可以说服更多患者寻求帮助的话，那么一切都会更好了。

凯程教育：

凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；

凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；

信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；

使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；

激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；

敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；

服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。

如何选择考研辅导班：

在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才

回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学

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