考研英语阅读理解精读训练题目及答案解析 UNIT 12

UNIT TWELVE

TEXT ONE

The idea that mobile phones bring economic benefits is now widely accepted. In places with bad roads, few trains and parlous land lines, they substitute for travel, allow price data to be distributed more quickly and easily, enable traders to reach wider markets and generally ease the business of doing business. Leonard Waverman of the London Business School has estimated that an extra ten mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country leads to an extra half a percentage point of growth in GDP per person. To realise the economic benefits of mobile phones, governments in such countries need to do away with state monopolies, issue new licences to allow rival operators to enter the market and slash taxes on handsets. With few exceptions (hallo, Ethiopia), they have done so, and mobile phones are now spreading fast, even in the poorest parts of the world.

As mobile phones have spread, a new economic benefit is coming into view: using them for banking, and so improving access to financial services, not just telecoms networks. Pioneering m-banking projects in the Philippines, Kenya and South Africa show the way. These “branchless” schemes typically allow customers to deposit and withdraw cash through a mobile operator's airtime-resale agents, and send money to other people via text messages that can be exchanged for cash by visiting an agent. Workers can then be paid by phone; taxi-drivers and delivery-drivers can accept payments without carrying cash around; money can be easily sent to friends and family.

A popular use is to deposit money before making a long journey and then withdraw it at the other end, which is safer than carrying lots of cash.

There is no need to set up a national network of branches or cash machines.

M-banking schemes can be combined with microfinance loans, extending access to credit and enabling users to establish a credit history. Some schemes issue customers with debit cards linked to their m-banking accounts. All this has the potential to give the “unbanked” masses access to financial services, and bring them into the formal economy.

What can governments do to foster m-banking? As with the spread of mobile phones themselves, a lot depends on putting the right regulations in place. They need to be tight enough to protect users and discourage money laundering, but open enough to allow new services to emerge. The existing banking model is both over- and

under-protective, says Tim Lyman of the World Bank, because “it did not foresee the convergence of telecommun ications and financial services.”

In many countries only licensed banks are allowed to collect deposits. Even if a mobile operator forms a partnership with a bank, its agents may have to comply with banking rules covering everything from the height of the counter to the installation of alarms. Financial institutions may have to provide detailed statements to the central bank every week, which is tricky for organisations with agents in remote areas. Some countries have rigid rules on the documents demanded of anybody opening an account, which excludes many.

1. The following are advantages of economic services through mobile phones except that_____

[A] price data can be distributed quicky and easily.

[B] traders can extend their market.

[C] doing business is more convenient.

[D] the growth of GDP per person can be greatly promoted.

2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the m-banking schemes?

[A] They can prevent safer services than the traditional banking.

[B] They could provide the customers with credit services

[C] They have been experimented in some developing countrie.

[D] They could encourage people to use fiancial services

3. The word “convergence” (Line 5, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____ [A] conversation.

[B] combination.

[C] similarity.

[D] exchange.

4.Towards m-banking, the governments’ attitudes can be said to be_____

[A] supportive.

[B] opposing.

[C] indifferent.

[D] unclear.

5. The best title of this passage can

be_____

[A] Economic Benefits Brought by Mobile Phone.

[B] M-banking—Marriage of Mobile Phone and Banking.

[C] Mobile Phone Used for Banking.

[D] The Pioneering M-banking Schemes.

文章剖析：

这篇文章介绍了移动电话的新型银行业务。第一段讲述移动电话带来的经济利益；第二、三段讲述利用移动电话的一种新的银行业务；第四、五段讲述目前的银行法令法规对这种移动银行新业务的限制。

词汇注释:

parlous n. 危险的debit n. 借方

convergence n. 汇聚，会合

难句突破：

（1）These “branchless” schemes typically allow customers to deposit and withdraw cash through a mobile operator's airtime-resale agents, and send money to other people via text messages that can be exchanged for cash by visiting an agent. [主体句式]These schemes allow customers to…, and send money to…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，谓语是并列的两个动词结构，后面的结构中that 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的text messages。

[句子译文] 这些“无行”方案允许顾客通过移动运营商的空中转售代理商来存取现金，也可以通过文本信息把钱支付给对方，对方只需找到代理商就可以换成现金。

（2）Even if a mobile operator forms a partnership with a bank, its agents may have to comply with banking rules covering everything from the height of the

counter to the installation of alarms.

[主体句式] Even if…, its agents may…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 主句中covering…现在分词短语做前面banking rules的定语。

[句子译

文]即使是移动运营商和银行建立了合作关系，其职员也必须服从银行的规则，这些规则包罗万象，从柜台的高度到报警器的安装都有说明。

题目分析：

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。文章第一段讲述了移动电话经济服务的一些情况，选项A第一段有提及；选项B，文章也提到了上人们可以拥有更为广阔的市场；选项C，第一段也提到了可以使得做生意更为简单；选项D，虽然文中第一段提到

“伦敦商业学校的Leonard

Waverman预计在典型的发展中国家，每百人再多10部移动电话就可以使人均G DP多增加0.5个百分点”，但是实际情况是否如此并没有说明。因此，D选项为正确答案。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。选项A，根据第三段，项目可以让顾客免于携带现金，这样更为安全一些，但是这并不是和传统的银行业相比较的，是否比其安全有待今后观察；选项B，第四段可以看出，该项目可以和信用卡连接上，提供相关服务；选项C，第三段指出在菲律宾、南非等国家的有一些开拓性项目，这些都是发展中国家，该陈述正确；选项D，第四段指出，项目可以使那些不用银行的人开始使用银行服务。选项C为正确答案。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 猜词题。本篇文章讲述的是将移动电话作为媒介运用到银行业中，根据上下文，现有的银行模式要不就是保护性过强，要不就是保护力度不够，因为没有预见到移动电话和银行可以结合起来。选项中B最为符合题意。

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。文章最后两段提到政府在培育移动银行服务方面可以做的工作，目前政府对于银行的一些法律条令不能有效地推进该服务，但是至于政府对这种新事物的态度，文章却没有提及。因此，答案为D选项。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要介绍了一种新的银行模式——移动电话银行，在给出的题目中，C选项重点放在了手机上；A选项重点在于带来的经济效益，移动电话银行只是其中一种；D选项只是文章讲述的一部分；B选项最为恰当。

参考模式：

移动电话可以带来经济效益，这个想法现在已广为接受。在那些公路路况糟糕、几乎没有火车，陆上线路危险的地方，移动电话可以代替行路、可以让价格数据更快更方便地发布出去、可以让商人获得更大的市场，因此总的来说可以让做生意更为便捷。伦敦商学院的Leonard Waverman预计在典型的发展中国家，每百人中增加10部移动电话就可以使人均GDP增加0.5个百分点。为了实现移动电话的经济效益，这些国家的政府需要消除国家垄断，并发布新的许可证以允许竞争运营商进入市场，同时削减手机税收。除了几个国家之外（如埃塞俄比亚），大多数国家已经这样做了，现在即使在世界上最穷的地方，移动电话也扩展得很快。

随着移动电话的普及，新的经济利益也出现了：用移动电话办理银行业务，从而改进金融服务渠道，而不仅限于电信网络。菲律宾、肯尼亚和南非的尝试已经为电子银行项目指出了前景。这些“无行”方案允许顾客通过移动运营商的空中转售代理商来存取现金，也可以通过文本信息把钱支付给对方，对方只需找到代理商就可以换成现金。员工们也可以通过电话来领工资；出租车司机和货运司机可以接受付款却不用带着现金到处跑，同时钱也可以便捷地送到朋友和家人手中。现在比较流行的做法是：长假开始前先存钱，到了目的地再取出来，这要比携带大笔现金安全多了。

建立全国性分行系统和取款机网络也是没有必要的。移动电话银行项目可以与微型金融贷款相结合，从而扩张到信用领域，并为用户建立一个信用历史。一些系统为顾客发行信用卡，可以连接到他们的电子银行账户。这些系统就有潜力使“不去银行的”一大部分人获得金融服务，引领他们进入正式的经济体系。

那么政府可以采取什么措施来发展电子银行呢？随着移动电话的扩展，这在很大程度上取决于能否制定出合理的规则。规则应当严格一些，以保护用户、打击洗钱，但也要适当开放、允许新的业务出现。世界银行的Tim Lyman说，现有的银行模式要不就过于保护，要不就是保护不力，因为“它没有预见到电信和金融服务会汇集到一点。”

在许多国家中，只有拥有许可证的银行才可有权存款。即使是移动运营商和银行建立了合作关系，其职员也必须服从银行的规则，这些规则包罗万象，从柜台的高度到报警器的安装都有说明。金融机构可能每周得向中央银行提供详细的说明，这对于那些职员在偏远地区的组织来说是非常讨厌的一件事情。一些国家对于任何开户人的档案有严格的要求，这使得许多人都被排除在外。

TEXT TWO

Mobile phones are making life better for people in remote, underserved areas of India. They no longer have to walk kilometers to public call offices to use a telephone—an essential tool for buying and selling goods based on the latest market data, getting credit from lenders and other commonplace activities. So far, most of the benefits have come from one of the phone's simplest features: voice calls.

With more than 250 million mobile users and 6 million new ones added each month, India now has the "teledensity" to support more-sophisticated mobile

technologies, which could have a big impact on Indian society and the economy in the next few years. These include "voice broadcast" services that would let a truck owner inform residents of a village about a scheduled trip to the city, or doctors announce the availability of polio vaccinations. A more complex system would allow a small business, say, to keep track of shipments. What's holding up these services is the lack of mobile banking.

With urban markets nearing saturation, global giants like Nokia are now looking to appeal to the hinterlands. Reliance Communications, which has offered Internet service over its mobile phones since 2002, is sponsoring a contest this year for developers to invent new rural services. "We want to really take advantage of our mobile platform, our data network, and our ability to provide the mobile Internet experience to bridge the digital divide," says Mahesh Prasad, president of applications and development.

Several small companies are at work on mobile banking for small businesses. New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed a system for tracking transactions made by so-called Self Help Groups, which pool members' money and offer small loans to poor people. The system uses a camera-equipped mobile phone to scan forms and a voice-recognition system. A.Little.World, a mobile software business in Mumbai, has developed a microfinance and payment system that lets customers perform banking transactions through a local agent affiliated with a bank. Customers get a secure electronic identity via phone or smart card; agents take deposits and dispense cash. Biometric data, such as fingerprints, make the phones and smart cards more secure than paper-based banking. A.Little.World has extended such services to about 400 local businesses acting as agents. And it's now working on a national rollout with the State Bank of India—the biggest player in the rural market. Meanwhile, ekgaon, whose partners include CARE, WorldVision and the World Bank, has a pilot

transaction-management system for 10,000 Self Help Groups, with plans to extend it to 14 Indian states.

Mobile banking services can reduce the cost of transactions for loans and other services—the main obstacle to providing banking for the poor—by as much as three quarters, according to ekgaon's chief operating officer Rohit Magotra. Mobile transactions could have an even broader effect applied to India's social-security payments and public-distribution system, which sells essential goods to the poor at subsidized rates. By March 2008, people in 8,000 villages in Andhra Pradesh will get their benefits zapped via mobile phone to their smart cards, which they may eventually use instead of cash to buy goods at the ration shop. A.Little.World, which is building the system, says a nationwide service could help reduce fraud in the public-distribution system. It would also mean going from a bankless world to a cashless one, maybe even faster than America or Europe.

1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the “voice broadcast” services?

[A] The services are oriented to the needs of people in rural area.

[B] The services are based on sophisticated mobile technologies.

[C] The services have great impact on the Indian society.

[D] The services are on the horizon by implementing mobile banking.

2. Golbal giants like Nokia are turning their focus on the rural areas

because_____

[A] they want to bridge the digital gap between urban and rural areas.

[B] people in the rural areas are becoming prosperous and are eager to take advantage of the motile technology.

[C] they have almost exhausted the potential of urban markets.

[D] the technologies for services of rural areas are now well developed.

3. The system developed by A. Little. World. is more secure than the traditional banking because _____ [A] it adopts the fingerprints as the security data.

[B] it uses a voice-recognition system.

[C] it give each customer an electronic ID.

[D] it uses a biometric recognition system.

4. Mobile banking services have the following advantages except_____

[A] reducing the cost of transactions.

[B] preventing fraud in public service.

[C] making the poor’s life more convenient.

[D] diminishing the function of cash.

5. The passage is mainly about_____

[A] the use of Mobile Phone in India.

[B] India’s mobile technologies.

[C] Mobile banking services in India.

[D] the development of mobile transactions.

文章剖析：

这篇文章介绍了印度研发移动银行服务的情况。第一段讲述了移动电话给农村地区带来的方便；第二段讲述印度许多移动服务目前受限，没有开通移动银行服务；第三段讲述目前国际大亨在准备向农村地区拓展；第四段讲述印度目前一些公司研发移动银行的情况；第五段讲述移动银行的优点。

词汇注释：

polio n 脊髓灰质炎；小儿麻痹症 saturation n. 饱和

zap v. 遥控 fraud n. 欺诈

难句突破:

(1) With more than 250 million mobile users and 6 million new ones added each month, India now has the "teledensity" to support more-sophisticated mobile technologies, which could have a big impact on Indian society and the economy in the next few years. [主体句式] India now has …to support…

[结构分析]这是一个复合句，后面which

引导的非限定性定于从句用来修饰前面的technologies ；前面with…是句子的状语。

[句子译文]

印度有两亿五千万的移动电话用户，而且每个月还有600万新增用户。现在印度的“电话覆盖”已经可以支撑更加复杂的移动技术，这在未来的几年内会对印度的社会、经济都产生巨大的影响。

(2) New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed a system for tracking

transactions made by so-called Self Help Groups, which pool members' money and offer small loans to poor people. [主体句式] New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed…

[结构分析]这是一个复合句，which 引导的定语从句用来修饰Self Help Groups; 主句中made by…作system 的定语。

[句子译文]

位于新德里的ekgaon 技术已经研发出了一个系统来跟踪“自助集团”的交易，该公司把会员的资金收集起来，以为穷人提供小型贷款。

题目分析：

[答案] C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。文章第二段提到了“语音广播”服务，因为提到的都是农村，那么选项A的表述是正确的；选项B，第二段提到了印度目前的移动电话覆盖已经可以支持更为复杂的移动技术了，而其中一个就是语音广播服务。选项C，文中描述该服务只是关于在农村地区的情况，而不是整个社会那么大的范围，因此C的描述过于广泛，实际情况在文中没有提及。选项D的表述也是正确的，因为文中一直用将来时来谈论这些技术。因此，C选项为正确答案。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到“With urban markets nearing saturation, global giants like Nokia are now looking to appeal to the

hinterlands”，即随着城市市场趋于饱和，他们才转向农村地区的，因此，说明城市市场的潜力已经基本上利用得差不多了。所以选项中C最为符合题意。其他三项显然都不是诺基亚这样的企业的目的。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。文章第四段提到了，“小世界”研发的这个系统因为使用了一些生物数据，例如指纹，这使电话和智能卡比纸上作业的银行更加安全。那么，选项中D最为符合题意。选项A的错误在于指纹只是其中一个例子，并不是唯一的做法。B不是“小世界”系统的特点。而C选项的表述虽然是“小世界”的特点，却并不是其安全的直接原因。

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]

细节题。第五段提到了该服务的一些优点，比如减少交易费用；穷人的补贴直接打入智能卡可以直接用智能卡区配给商店买东西；可以减少公共分配体系中的诈骗行为。因此，选项A、B、C都是该服务的优点，只有选项D不是。

[答案] C

[难度系数] ☆

[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了印度对移动电话服务的探索和创新，主要谈论的内容一致围绕着mobile banking 来进行，因此选项中只有C最为符合题意。A和B以及D选项的表述都过于宽泛，不够确切。

参考译文：

移动电话可以改善印度那些地处偏远、服务设施不完善地区人们的生活。他们不再需要步行几公里到公共电话厅打电话，而电话是他们根据最新的市场信息进行买卖交易、从银行获取贷款或者其他普通服务的最基本工具。迄今为止，大部分的补贴都是通过电话的最简单功能——语音服务来解决的。

印度有两亿五千万的移动电话用户，而且每个月还有600万新增用户。现在印度的“电话覆盖”已经可以支撑更加复杂的移动技术，这在未来的几年内会对印度的社会、经济都产生巨大的影响。这其中包括“语音广播”服务，卡车司机可以通过该服务通知村民们到城里的计划行程，医生们也可以通知脊髓灰质炎疫苗的到货通知，更为复杂的系统可以让小公司跟踪货运情况。而目前这些服务的障碍就在于没有移动银行。

随着城市市场趋于饱和，一些国际大公司如诺基亚现在对偏远地区发生了兴趣。“信任通讯”自2002年以来就一直通过移动电话来提供因特网服务，它今年还赞助了一个竞赛，鼓励开发商发明新的郊区服务。“我们确实想要利用我们的移动平台、数据网络以及我们提供移动因特网服务的经验来为数字分界搭建桥梁。” 应用和开发部经理Mahesh Prasad 说道。

几家小公司已经在为小型企业研制移动银行了。位于新德里的ekgaon技术已经研发出了一个系统来跟踪“自助集团”的交易，该公司把会员的资金收集起来，以为穷人提供小型贷款。该系统使用了一种装有照相机的移动电话来扫描图形，还使用了一种语音识别系统。“小世界”是孟买的一家小型移动软件公司，目前已经研制出微型金融支付系统，可以让顾客通过银行的附属本地代理商来进行银行交易。顾客通过电话或智能卡获得安全的电子身份，代理商收取存款、分配现金。生统数据——比如指纹——使电话和智能卡比纸上作业的银行更加安全。“小世界”已经将其服务扩展到了约400家作为代理商的本地企业，目前正在与印度国家银行一起策划首次展出，而国家银行是农村市场的最大玩家。同时，拥有CARE、世界视窗和世界银行这些合作伙伴的ekgaon拥有可以为一万家自助团体服务的交易管理系统，它计划是将其扩展到印度14个州。

据ekgaon首席运营官Rohit Magotra称，移动银行服务最多可以减少贷款和其他服务交易费用的3/4，而交易费用是为穷人提供银行服务的最主要障碍。移动交易有更为广泛的作用，可以用于印度社会保障支付和公共分配系统，该系统以补助价格将基本物品卖给穷人。到2008年3月，Andhra Pradesh8000个村庄的居民都可以通过移动电话将他们的补贴打入智能卡中，然后用智能卡而不再是现金到定量配给商店购买商品。“小世界”正在建立这种系统，它认为全国性的服务有助于减少公共分配体系中欺诈行为，还意味着可以从无银行的世界进入无现金的世界，可能印度要比美国或欧洲更早实现。

TEXT THREE

He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington,

DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.

The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more—and more often—about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy “inflation targeting-lite”. Until now, the F ed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a “narrative” that gives more det ail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Fed's rate-setting body.

Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an “appropriate” setting for monetary policy, t he

longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation “targets” to focus on.

Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a “work in progress” and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes “unduly dominant”.

Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's “dual mandate”, which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide “an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy.” And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices.

1. Which one of the following is not the change brought by the new strategy?

[A] Economic forecasts will be issued at a higher frequency.

[B] More details will be provided on economic outlook.

[C] The Fed’s functions begin to resemble those of the central banks of other countries.

[D] It if of significant importance to lengthen the forecasting years.

2. The “inflation-targeters” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) refers to_____

[A] Fed-watchers.

[B] central banks.

[C] the rate-setting body.

[D] the public.

3. The word “untainted” (Line 2, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

[A] affected.

[B] uninfluenced . [C] unmarked.

[D] guided .

4. Compared with the approach of his predecessor, Mr Bernanke’s approach is more_____

[A] complex.

[B] democratic.

[C] reasonable.

[D] practical.

5. The second theme of Mr Bernanke’s speech is that______

[A] the goal of price stability is not supposed to be of the same importance as that of maximum employment.

[B] it is very important to set a clear standpoint.

[C] the Fed should establish new ways to find better objects.

[D] inflation target should be the main focus for the coming economic forcasts.

文章剖析：

这篇文章讲述了美国联邦储备局的新策略。第一段讲述了Ben

Bernanke发表的一个演讲；第二段讲述联储的新政策就是更加透明，和公众交流增加；第三、四段讲述新政策允许有不同观点的存在；第五段讲述Bernanke 先生希望联储可以给出明确的选择；第六段总的讲述新政策的优点。

词汇注释：

untainted adj. 无污点的unduly adv. 过度地

benchmark n. 基准点volatile adj. 不稳定的

bolster v. 支持

难句突破：

(1)As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy

can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go.

[主体句式] T hey will say a lot about how… and how…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合

句，about后面的宾语从句是由how引导的两个并列的疑问句。

[句子译文]

因此，经济预测将会更多涉及决策者认为经济发展会有多快、失业率能安全地降到多少。

(2) And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem.

[主体句式] Mr Bernanke has also addressed…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合

句，前面by…为句子的方式状语，后面that引导的是perception的定语。

[句子译文]

Bernanke先生同意发布总通货膨胀预测以及比较稳定的中心数据，他还提到联储认为飞速上涨的食品和能源价格并不是它的问题。

题目分析：

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。选项A，第二段提到联储要增多并更为经常地对经济前景进行评论。因此，该陈述正确，选项B也是正确的。C选项，第二段提到“联储备不会加入明确以价格为目的的中央银行群”，而至于其功能于其他国家中央银行功能的比较在文中没有说明，因此那么该陈述是错误的；D，第二段提到了这一点，后面几段也反复提到了这点。因此，C选项为正确答案。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。根据上下文，本句为“虽然联邦储备系统不会加入明确地以价格为目的的中央银行群，但却打算借这位以价格上涨为目标的群体一些外衣。” 中央银行群以价格为

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆

[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，将经济预报定为三年，因为期限增长，就不会受到短期因素

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。根据第四段，Bernanke的方法和前任不同的就是他强调允许有不同的观点

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。第五段提到了Bernanke先生提到的第二个主题，他认为联储应当给出更为明确的目标，而不是觉得最大程度的就业和价格稳定一样重要，因此，明确的基准点很重要。选项B最为符合题意，而A选项是明显错误的。C和D选项都不是第二个主题的重点内容。

参考译文：

Ben Bernanke没有表示今后利率会如何调整变化，也没有评论经济会有如何的走势，但是他于11月14日在华盛顿特区加图学院的讲话可以表明他对美国货币政策的看法来。

通过这次演讲，这位美联储主席揭示了中央银行和公众交流的新政策。简要地说，联储计划要增加对经济前景评论的频率。虽然联储不会加入明确以价格为目的的中央银行群，但却打算借用这些以通胀为目标的群体的外衣。不止一位联储观察员认为新的公众关系策略是“以通货膨胀为目的”。直到现在，联储在一年内已经发布了两次经济预测。从11月20日起，它将于每季度发布一次经济预测。而经济预测的年限将从两年推到三年。除了经济预测外，还有关于联邦开放市场委员会（联储利率设定机构）变化细节的陈述。

将经济预测从两年延长至三年，这点要比听起来更要重要。三年的经济预测不受那些会使经济脱离轨道等短期因素的影响。因此，经济预测将会更多涉及决策者认为经济发展会有多快、失业率能安全地降到多少。而因为预测取决于货币政策是否“合理”制定，长期计划可以表示联邦开放市场委员会对于通货膨胀率的目标。如果意见有分歧，联储观察员就不得不关注一个通货膨胀“目标”。

Bernanke先生曾经担任过大使，他说建立新的交流是一项“正在进行的工作”，并强调这不会影响决策。但是他的讲话明说明知了他希望运行怎样的中央银行。他强调要对联邦开放市场委员会发表的意见有更为深刻的认识，这一点体现了他与其前任Alan Greenspan 完全不同的策略。Bernanke先生说允许有不同观点存在可以避免出现一种声音的“过分独裁”。

另外个主题是明确基准点的重要性。Bernanke先生承认他对通胀目标的偏好与联储的“双委任”有冲突，“双委任” 把最大程度的就业和价格稳定视为同等重要。但是他仍然希望

找到一种方法可以让联储给出更为明确的目标。他认为将联储预测延长一年的好处就是可以提供“经济长期发展特征的评估”。Bernanke先生同意发布总通货膨胀预测以及比较稳定的中心数据，他还提到联储认为飞速上涨的食品和能源价格并不是它的问题。

这是使得联储更为公开的一个契机。正如Bernanke先生所说，增加透明度可以支持联储的合理性，并有助于保持其独立性。因为人们对于通胀和活动的看法有一些分歧，如果联邦储备系统要做出正确的抉择，就需要有理解力的、消息灵通的公众。

TEXT FOUR

Kids heading back to enlightened schools this fall may find nutrition and exercise on the agenda even in math class. In an effort to reverse the alarming increase of obesity in children, some schools have found ways to encourage healthful lifestyle changes without emphasizing the negative—too much body weight. Planet Health, developed by Harvard University researchers and now used in hundreds of schools throughout the country, integrates obesity prevention lessons into the science, math, and social studies curricula, for example. Students come to appreciate the importance of reducing TV time by calculating during math class the amount of their lifetime they've spent in front of the set. In gym, they decide on goals for subbing in physical activity instead.

The program costs only about $15 per student annually, a bargain, considering the payoffs: A 2005 study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine found that middle-school girls who had Planet Health in their schools were half as likely to purge or use diet pills as those in schools without it. "It really focuses on the positive, and that's why we think it's protective against these dangerous behaviors," says study author Bryn Austin, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.

A second program adopted by 7,000 elementary schools nationwide, the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH), similarly puts the focus on good health habits instead of weight. In class, students use a traffic-light system to identify "go," "slow," and "whoa" foods and take breaks to do jumping jacks. In the cafeteria, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole-grain starche s are labeled with green-light tags, and pizza gets a yellow light. Gym activities are designed to keep students constantly moving. "Every kid gets a ball to dribble or a hula hoop; there's no lining up and waiting to take a turn," says Phil Nader, professor of pediatrics emeritus at the University of California—San Diego, who helped develop CATCH.

A three-year study comparing CATCH schools with others without the program found that CATCH increased the proportion of gym class spent in motion, from 40 percent to 50 percent, and reduced the consumption of fat in schools from 39 percent of total calories to 32 percent. A second study found that the program prevented the growth in number of overweight students that normally occurs from grade 3 to grade 5. CATCH students in El Paso, Texas (with one of the highest obesity rates in the nation),

held the line between those grades, but in schools without the program, the share of overweight girls increased from 26 percent to 40 percent and of overweight boys from 29 percent to 39 percent.

Glen Cove Elementary School, near El Paso in Ysleta, was one of the first schools to adopt CATCH, and parents there have learned to eat better and exercise more along with their kids. "We have a day where everyone comes to fly kites and Wellness Wednesdays where family members run around for 20 minutes with their kids," says physical education teacher Ben Avalos, who brought the program to Glen Cove in 1998. "Parents also tell me their kids have gotten them to throw out the 'whoa' foods in the house." Avalos uses walking sticks, pogo sticks, and Chinese yo-yos in gym class—and nobody relaxes on the sidelines.

1. The study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine shows_____

[A] that girls who had Planet Health were less obese than those who had not.

[B] that girls who had Planet Health were of a healthier lifestyle than those who had not.

[C] that girls who had Planet Health were more confident than those who had not.

[D] that girls who had Planet Health were more used to control weight in positive means than those who had not.

2. The word “whoa” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

[A] fast.

[B] stop.

[C] pause.

[D] no. 3. In the CATCH, Pizza is a kind of

_____food.

[A] dangerous

[B] yellow-light

[C] highly-nutritious

[D] less healthy

4. According to the second study of comparing CATCH schools with others without the program, CATCH students in EL Pasco_____

[A] were not growing weight from grade

3 to grade 5.

[B] were perceived from normal weight growth from grade 3 to grade 5.

[C] were not growing weight from grade3 to grade 5.

[D] were losing to overweight from grade 3 to grade5.

5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Glen Cove Elmentary School?

[A] The school adopt CATCH in order to change lifestyle of the school children’s family. [B] The school applied CATCH to the school children’s parents.

[C] The school wanted to help children to form good health habits with the help of their parents.

[D] The CATCH school children also teaches their family how to live healthily

文章剖析：

这篇文章介绍了目前在学校实施的一些防治肥胖的营养项目。第一、二段讲述“行星健康”项目；第三段讲述“儿童健康合作方法”项目的内容；第四、五段讲述实施“儿童践看合作方法”的成效。

词汇注释：

payoff n. 报酬pediatric n. 小儿科的

purge v. 使腹泻jacks n. 抓子游戏

starch n. 淀粉dribble v. 运球

hula hoop n. 呼拉圈emeritus adj. 名誉退休的

难句突破：

(1)Planet Health, developed by Harvard University researchers and now used in

hundreds of schools throughout the country, integrates obesity prevention lessons into the science, math, and social studies curricula, for example.

[主体句式] Planet Health integrate s …into…

[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，developed…and now

used…是过去分词结构作定语修饰主语。

[句子译文]

“行星健康”是哈佛大学研究者们的成果，目前已经在全国的上百家学校推行，该项目将防止肥胖课程与科学、数学、社会学等课程结合了起来。

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学

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考研英语长难句精读

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考研英语阅读做题经验 和方法 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】

考研英语真题经验和方法 阅读理解的文章大多为说明文或者议论文。针对这两类文章，考生应该有不同的阅读重点和策略。对于说明文来说，最重要的是抓住文章的说明对象、事实和数据；对于议论文来说，最重要的是总结作者的观点和结论、抓住作者的态度，以及作者的观点和态度与其他人的观点和态度之间的关系等等。 13个重点考点和四大命题原则。考生应该熟记这些重点考点，并在平时的练习中训练自己对这些考点的敏感程度，做到使自己的神经能够一找到这些考点就会条件反射般地兴奋起来，从而增强对重点的记忆和理解。下面首先将一一介绍阅读理解文章的敏感考点。 1、首段和尾段 一篇文章的主题句、或者说是中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。大家在阅读了一定数量的文章之后就能够发现，许多文章开门见山地在文章第一段中就提出了要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，这些中心思想句的位置一般都是文章第一句话或者第一段的最后一两句话。 此外，文章的最后一段一般都会对全文的说明和论证进行总结，这些句子往往位于最后一段的第一句话或最后一句话。通过一些标志性词汇或者短语，我们可以更快地找到这些总结性句子，如： allinall,inshort,toconclude,inconsequence,insummary,inaword,asaresult,the refore,accordingly,thus等。 主题句考查了考生是否能够把握文章大意的能力，因此是常考且几乎是必考的一个考点。 2、段首和段尾 无论是说明文还是议论文，一篇文章往往会分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每一个段落一般都是一个部分或者层次。英美人写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的中心思想句，因此也是出题的重点区域，涉及的问题包括了中心思想题、推理判断题和细节题等。下文也将会提到，在进行快速阅读的时候，考生只需要浏览文章每一段的第一句话就大致能够判断这篇文章的中心思想和主旨。 3、长难句 上文提到了长难句是阅读理解的主要难度所在，其中包含了同位语、插入语、定语、不定式、分词、各种从句等，使得句子长达好几行。因此这些复杂的句型也往往成为了试题的重点所在。考生应该加强训练自己对付长难句的能力，平时练习中有意识地去分解这些句子，理解其中的指代关系和句子层次。 4、列举处 所谓的列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点，标志性的词汇包括First,Second,Third…;Firstly,Secondly,Thirdly… Finally;Firstofall,Then,Inaddition,Further,Furthermore,Besides,Moreover…针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节，有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。这种题目没有固定的提问方式，不过通常会有两种题型：第一种是从四个答案选项中选择正确的一项，错误选项的意思往往与文章的意思相反或因果关系颠倒；第二中

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三)

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They