2015考研英语阅读理解精读P9—理学

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P9—理学

Passage 9

Half the game is 90 percent mental," Yogi Berra once said, or something like that, and science is now getting around to putting his aphorism to the test. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation--not in baseball players but in golfers, who make better subjects because they don't move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads. Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers' conclusion, though: the better the golfer, the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot.

Crews, a sports psychologist who studies putting--even the minimal agitation of a chip shot can upset her experimental apparatus--has found that a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere. This is the seat of logic, analysis, verbal reasoning and the kinds of thoughts--Maybe I should just kind of squinch over a little more to the left--that you never imagine crossing Tiger Woods's mind. Professionals, once they've determined how to make a shot, follow an invariable routine that renders conscious thought unnecessary. "How you think is probably more important than what you think," Crews says. "Quieting the left hemisphere is really critical."

Or, to put it another way, when Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they thought about just before taking a shot, they answered: nothing. To test this, he rounded up a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them imagine making a specific shot--a wedge shot of 100 yards to the green, with no wind--while monitoring their brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine. "The professionals are just much more specialized and efficient," Milton says. "You put in a quarter and you get your shot." The amateurs, by contrast, showed more total brain activation, involving more areas of the brain. In particular, amateurs activated the basal ganglia--involved in learning motor functions--and the basal forebrain and amygdala, responsible for, among other functions, emotions. "They're not fearful or anxious," Milton says, "but they get overwhelmed by details, by the memories of all the shots they've missed in the past." Some of his subjects worried about hitting the ball into the water, which was curious, because he hadn't even mentioned a water hazard in describing the imaginary shot to them.

Professional athletes, as a rule, know how to keep focus, although there are exceptions, like Chuck Knoblauch, the Yankee second baseman who suddenly lost the ability to make a routine throw to first base. Milton is already trying to apply these lessons to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to relearn skills like walking; he recommends putting more emphasis on visualization and improving mental focus. In many aspects of life, it seems, half the game really is 90 percent mental.

注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 6/2/2003, p14;

注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 4(个别题目顺序加以调整);

1. The views of Yogi Berra and researchers including Crews and Milton are ________.

[A]similar

[B]identical

[C]opposite

[D]complementary

2. We can learn from the text that the difference between pros and amateurs lies in

_______.

[A]the activity of the left hemisphere

[B]the way of their thinking

[C]the ability to control one’s brain

[D]the ability to forget the past failures

3. Tiger Woods, according to the text, is probably ________.

[A]a professional golf player

[B]a professional baseball player

[C]a sports psychologist

[D]a researcher

4. What is the key to the success of golfers according to the text?

[A]Not to think of anything related to your past losses.

[B]To be more specialized and efficient.

[C]Try to activate your whole brain.

[D]Quiet your left hemisphere and think of nothing.

5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

[A]What the researchers have found proves Yogi Berra’s words.

[B]Baseball player should do as Yogi Berra said.

[C]Mentality plays a very important role in many aspects of life.

[D]Sports and medicine share some common principles.

答案：CADBC

篇章剖析

本文以约吉·贝拉一句非常有名的话开头，引出研究人员的研究成果却正好与之相反，指出运动员球技越高，他在击球之前几秒钟内的大脑活动就越少。第一段指出研究人员的实验结果与约吉·贝拉的观点正好相反;第二段指出体育心理学家克鲁斯发现一个业余球手与一名职业球手之间的关键区别在于大脑的左半球;第三段指出另一名研究人员米尔顿发现业余球手和职业球手的区别在于业余球手的大脑活动较多;第四段指出集中注意力对治疗一些病人的作用。

词汇注释

get around 绕过，避开，规避，逃避;到处走动，到处旅游;散布，使变得闻名;流传，传播出去

aphorism n. 格言, 警语, 谚语;箴言

putting n. (高尔夫球)打球入洞

putting green [ground] 离球洞三十码以内的地区

putting hole 球洞

chip shot (高尔夫球)打出滚地球，让球滚进球洞;切削击球，高尔夫球中在接近球穴区时使用的一记短程而击向空中的击球

agitation n. 摇动;搅动;激动;不安;焦虑;情绪不安;心绪不定

pro n. 专业人员;职业人员

verbal reasoning 语文推理

squinch 斜着眼睛;斜眼看;挤紧;蹲下;畏缩;使自身或一物体挤在较小的地方

LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association)美国女子职业巡回赛

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine 功能磁谐振成像机

put in vt. 打击;花时间，在某一场所或工作上花费(时间)

motor adj. 运动神经的，从中枢神经传到肌肉的;肌肉运动的

basal ganglia 基底神经节

visualization 形成思维图像;视觉化;具体化;想象

难句分析

Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation--not in baseball players but in golfers, who make better subjects because they don't move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads.

主体句式：Researchers …have been studying patterns of brain activation …

结构分析：本句虽是个长句，但句子结构并不复杂。主语是researchers，后面跟的是include的现在分词形式做后置定语来修饰主语;破折号之后的句子成分起到进一步解释说明的作用;who引导从句来修饰golfers，从句中又有because引导的原因状语从句。在这一部分，需要注意“make”、“as much”和“stay”的用法。make在这里的意思是“成为”，“as much”的意思是“同样，同样多”，“stay”同其它许多表状态的动词一样，比如lie, keep, stand, etc，后面跟形容词表示所处的状态，“stuck”在这里是形容词，意思是“卡住的，不能动弹的”。

句子译文：研究人员——其中包括亚利桑那州州立大学的黛比?克鲁斯和芝加哥大学约翰?米尔顿约翰——一直在研究(不是棒球球员的，而是高尔夫球球手的)大脑活动型式。高尔夫球球手之所以是更好的研究对象的原因在于他们不怎么移动，这样，电极就可以一直贴在他们头上。

题目分析

1.答案为C，属事实细节题。Yogi Berra的观点是"Half the game is 90 percent mental,"，他强调了比赛中精神因素的重要性，而研究人员的发现是“the better the golfer, the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot”，这句话的意思是说，越是好的运动员，他在击球之前数秒钟内的大脑活动越少。这跟Yogi Berra的观点是完全不一样的，所以“Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers' conclusion”。

2.答案为A，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是：“a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere”。

3.答案为D，属推理判断题。在文章第一段就介绍了做这一研究的是Crews和Milton，他们把研究对象定为高尔夫运动员;后来又进一步介绍Crews是一位“a sports psychologist who studies putting”，在这里“putting”的意思是“(高尔夫球)打球入洞”，从这里我们可看出Crews是一位体育心理学家，专门研究高尔夫球比赛中击球入洞问题。根据上下文，“Tiger Woods”也应该属于Crews的研究对象范围

4.答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“All transparent substances slow down the light that moves through them--that's why light seems to bend, or refract, when it passes from air to water.”

5.答案为C，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是：“Superslow light will remain a laboratory curiosity for some time to come.”从这句话我们可看出这一研究尚需相当一段时间。选项A的错误在于超慢光的具体应用还需若干年的研究开发，它在文中对应的信息是“Putting the brakes on light might have applications years down the road,”;选项B的错误在于缺少条件，原文对应信息是“In theory, it might be brought virtually to a stop.”其中“might be”

表示一种可能性，“in theory”意思是“从理论上来说”;选项D的错误在于对原文的理解有误。文章开头提到想比光速还快是不可能的，但是科学的发展可以使光速慢下来，非常非常地慢，这样比光速还快就有可能了。

参考译文

约吉·贝拉曾经说：“半场比赛是百分之九十的精神比赛(心理战)，”或类似这样的话, 而科学目前正在寻找检验他的格言的时机。研究人员——其中包括亚利桑那州州立大学的黛比?克鲁斯和芝加哥大学约翰?米尔顿约翰——一直在研究(不是棒球球员的，而是高尔夫球球手的)大脑活动型式。高尔夫球球手之所以是更好的研究对象的原因在于他们不怎么移动，这样，电极就可以一直贴在他们头上。研究人员得出的结论或许会使约吉惊讶不已：高尔夫球手的球技越高, 他在击球之前几秒钟内的大脑活动就越少。

克鲁斯是一名体育心理学家，专门研究高尔夫球比赛中击球入洞问题——甚至连滚地球入洞时最轻微的摇动都会扰乱她的实验仪器的正常工作——她发现，一个业余球手与一名职业球手之间的关键区别在于大脑的左半球。这是逻辑、分析、语文推理和思维——我也许应该稍稍偏向些左脑——那种你永远想象不出泰格?伍兹头脑中闪过何种念头的所在地。职业球手一旦决定怎么击球，他们会按照一种视有意识的思想为多余的固定不变的常规行事。“你如何想可能比你想什么更重要，”克鲁斯说，“让大脑左半球平静下来的确是极其重要的。”

或换一种方式说，当米尔顿问一些美国女子职业巡回赛高尔夫球手在击球之前他们在想些什么的时候，球手回答说，什么都不想。为了对此进行检测，他召集了六名职业球手和同样六名业余球手，并让他们想象正要击球——在无风情况下从100码处劈起杆向果岭(球洞区)击球——同时用功能磁共振成像机监测他们的大脑。米尔顿说：“职业选手显得更加专业，效率更高。用了一刻钟的时间就完成了击球。”相反，业余选手更多地显示出整个大脑的活动，涉及到更多的大脑区域。尤其是业余选手使基底神经节——涉及到学习运动功能——和基底前脑和扁桃体组织兴奋起来。这些组织除了负责其它功能外，还负责人的情感。米尔顿说：“他们不是害怕，也不紧张，但他们往往被一些细节、被过去没有打好的球所控制。”有些研究对象担心会把球打入水中，这听起来很奇怪，因为他在给他们说明虚构的击球条件时根本未提到过有球入水的危险。

尽管有例外，比如，像扬基垒球队的二垒手查克?诺布劳奇，他突然间丧失了向一垒例行投掷的能力，但一般来说，职业运动员懂得如何集中精力。米尔顿已开始尝试把这些经验教训应用到中风和其它康复患者身上，因为这类患者必须重新学习走路等这样的技能。他建议把重点放在想象和提高注意力的能力上。在生活的很多方面, 它给人的感觉是，半场比赛的确是百分之九十的精神比赛。

凯程教育：

凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；

凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；

信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；

使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；

激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；

敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；

服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。

如何选择考研辅导班：

在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

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