Fcqiszs英美概况笔记_英文版

秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。

Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ireland

p3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?

2 tell

3 geographical names of the UK

3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain

p4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931

2 the Commonwealth

3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain

4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and

the North Sea in the east

5 the English Channel

p5 1 Chunnel

2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.

3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its

west and Scotland to its north.

4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland

p6 1 the Pennines

2 tell the

3 natural zones in Scotland

3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.

p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River

2 Thames River

p8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland

p9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain 2 tell the characteristics of Britain’s climate

p11 1 Describe the distribution of Britain’s population

2 Britain has a population of 57,411,000

3 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square

kilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.

p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and

1

Irish 2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxons

invaded and conquered Britain.

3 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the

English people and the English language were born.

p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and

northern England

2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English

3 Cockney

4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons

p14 1 Eisteddfodau

2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?

3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?

p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)

2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?

p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians

2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin?

p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts

2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the

Romans.

p18 1 the Celts’s religion was Druidism

2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion

3 Julius Caesar

4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation

p19 1 Hadrian’s Wall

2 Antonine Wall

3 York had been created as a northern stronghold

p20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306

2 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited

3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?

p21 1 Angles

2 seven principal kingdoms

3 Heptarchy

4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829,

Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English

2

5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain

p22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.

2 St. Augustine

3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?

p23 1 Witan

2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system

3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan

4 Alfred

5 the Danelaw

6 Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”

7 Alfred the Great

p24 King Edward, the “Confessor”, seemed more concerned with the building of

Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.

p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings 2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop

of York

p26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.

2 William the Conqueror

3 the Norman Conquest

4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles

5 Who were the Vikings?

6 What do you know about St Augustine?

p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins

or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.

2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand

Council of his new tenants in chief

p28 1 Domesday Book

2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of England

made in 1085

p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion

2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.

3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?

p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?

2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of the

customs of the manor.

3

p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?

2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into

collision with Thomas Becket

3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164

p32 Geoffrey Chaucer

p33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?

2 the Baron’s charter

3 Magna Carta

4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the Great

Charter on June 19, 1215

5 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses

6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry

out the Great Charter

p34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?

2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the loss

of the whole of Poitou.

3 Simon de Montfort

4 Provisions of Oxford

5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.

p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—1453

2 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?

3 Battle of Argencourt

4 Joan de Arc

5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the

English.

6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?

p37 1 Black Death

2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was a

terrible shortage of labour.

3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute of

Labourers

p38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?

2 the Peasant Uprising

3 the Lollards

p39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death by

4

King Richard.

p40 1 Wars of the Roses

2 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the

House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.

p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Wars

of the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.

2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary

people were little affected.

p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?

2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII

3 Henry VIII

p43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?

p44 Bloody Mary

p45 1 Elizabeth I

2 Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s ties

with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England

3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?

p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policy

p47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,

covering the years c1350-c1650

2 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession

of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.

3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.

p49 1 Christopher Marlowe

2 Ben Jonson

3 William Shakespeare

p50 1 Edmund Spenser

2 Francis Bacon

p51 1 Gunpowder Plot

2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his

ministers up in the Houses of Parliament.

p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from

5

Plymouth in the Mayflower.

2 Charles I was the son of James I

3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.

p53 Petition of Right

p55 1 Cavaliers

2 Roundheads

p56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?

2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution

3 Puritan Revolution

p57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England

2 the “Rump”

p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.

2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against the

Puritans, now known as Nonconformists

p59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century

2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress

3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost

4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? p60 Bill of Rights (1689)

p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?

2 Give a brief account of Henry VII

p62 1 the Whigs

2 the Tories

3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.

p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as

“Utilitarianism”

p65 1 Enclosure Acts

2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and

horses by Robert Bakewell

3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England? p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?

6

2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?

p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?

2 John Kay’s flying shuttle

3 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny

4 James Watt

p69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop

of the world”

2 “workshop of the world”

3 Luddites

4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?

5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a century

p70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?

p71 1 a People’s Charter in 1838

2 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?

p74 Trade Union Act of 1871

p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English

2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583

3 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

4 1763 Treaty of Paris

p79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain

2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’s

population and area

p81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of

25.

2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nations

p82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.

p83 Winston Churchill

p84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened

the end of Britain’s empire

2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back to

power in 1951.

7

p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic

Community.

p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party

2 Thatcherism

p87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemony

but also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership

2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%

3 British disease

p89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?

2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita

income third in the world

3 John M. Keynes

p90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth

rate and the highest inflation.

2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-term

Financial Strategy

3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomes

control and state interventionism.(排除型选择)

p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by

1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.

p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization,

the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.

2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.

p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.

p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developed

in the West Midlands and South-East of England

2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growth

p99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the

land area.

2 agribusiness

p100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultry

8

of pigs.

2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.

p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.

2 nation of shopkeepers

3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has

4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?

p104 1 the City of London

2 Lloyd’s

p105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?

2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?

3 What are new industries in England?

4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?

p106 1 constitutional monarchy

2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen

3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions

(排除型选择)

4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the

9th century.

p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, she

came to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.

p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nation

p110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?

2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.

p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor

p112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of

651 Members of Parliament

2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.

3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent

intervals

4 Black Rod

p114 shadow cabinet

p115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Minister

9

p116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits in

the House of Commons, receives ￡ 78,292.

p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime

Minister

2 the Privy Council

3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord President

p118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Service

p121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.

p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?

2 What does the Cabinet consist of?

3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?

4 What is the function of the House of Lords?

5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?

6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?

7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?

8 How often does a general election take place?

9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.

p123 1 criminal law

2 civil law

p124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independently

reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute

p125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences

2 either way

3 in 199

4 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.

p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences

2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal

cases.

3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland

4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotland

p127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the Crown

Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)

p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are County

Courts of which there are 270

2 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have the

10

power to sit in the county court

p129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home

Secretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)

p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the Lord

Chancellor

2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home

Secretary.

p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more than

six month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily

2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracy

p132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20

in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centre in Northern Ireland

2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a young

offender institution

3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?

4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?

5 What is the jury’s job?

6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?

7 How many police forces are there in the UK?

8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force in Great Britain?

9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.

p134 1 welfare state

2 NHS

3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts of

Parliament.

p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded out

of general taxation.

2 prescription charges do not apply to the ……(排除型选择)

p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations with

family doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.

p138 NHS service(排除型选择)

p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)

2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around

7% live in communal establishments.

11

p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security

programme

2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)

3 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a state

retirement pension.

p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from

their employer for a maximum of 18 weeks

p144 war pensions

p145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.

p146 Church of England

p147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian

p148 1 the Methodist Church

2 the Baptists

3 the United Reformed Church

4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restored

in 1850

5 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.

p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)

2 Hogmanay

p153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday

----Armistice Day

2 Boxing Day

p154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?

2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?

3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?

4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.

p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and four

in Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools

2 eleven-plus

p157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attend

comprehensive schools

2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)

12

3 sixth-form college

4 Teriary college

5 publish school(in the UK)

p158 there are some 90 universities in the UK

p159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?

p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.

2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.

p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?

2 quality dailies(排除型选择)

3 quality papers

p162 1 the Economist

2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)

p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK 2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing

regular television broadcasts since 1936.

p165 Reuters

p166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly take

part in sport or exercise

2 football is the most popular sport in England

3 Cricket is the most typical English of sports

p171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museums

and art galleries open to the public.

p172 the Beatles

p173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber

2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the opera

p176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the Edinburgh

International Festival of Music and Drama

2 BFI

p177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)

2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?

3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?

13

4 How is the BBC financed?

5 list some most important journals in the UK.

6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?

7 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK Part two the Republic of Ireland

p181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green country

side

2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.

3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey

River at its confluence with the Dodder River.

4 Ireland has been compared to a basin

p182 Shannon River

p183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?

2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?

P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry year

Is estimated at 25%

P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic

2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population decline

p187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and English

p188 1Catholicism

2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Ireland

p189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?

2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.

3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.

4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 1610

5 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?

P190 1 IRA

2 Easter Uprising

3 Anglo-Irish Treaty

4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War

II to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.

P191 foreign policy of Ireland

14

P192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate

a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland

2 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 1979

3 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries

4 What is the largest river in Ireland?

5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?

6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?

7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?

P193 1 president of Ireland

2 taoiseach

P194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament

P195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation

and the 1937 Constitution

p196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael

2Sinn Fein

3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British

in 1921

4Anglo-Irish Treaty

p197 Fine Gael

p198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.

2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector

p201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe

p202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?

P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.

2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily

3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.

P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin Broadcasting

Station

2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.

3 James Joyce

p206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.

15

2Ulysses

3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?

4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?

5 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy

6 List Ireland’s main industries

7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade

8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish Part three the United States of America

p209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada to

its north.

2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south

3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.

4 the United States has an ideal location for trade

5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?

6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the world

p210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?

2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.

p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as the

Continental Divide.

2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one of

the world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi

3Mississippi

4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians

5Missouri

6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis

7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joins

the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois

8 father of waters

9 old man river

p212 1 American Ruhr

2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,

and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)

3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulf

of Mexico.(rio grande西班牙语大河)

4 Great Lakes

5 Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake in the world

p213 1 What are the benefits of Lakes, rivers and seacoast of US?

16

2 the Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of Midwest in US.

3 What factors influence the climate of US?

4 In US, a humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the

country(New England)

p214 1 meditrranean climate can be found in south part of the Pacific coast

2 the southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate

with warm, dry summers and moist winters.

3 besides latitude, list some most important forces the influence the climate of the US.

4 New England is cooled by the waters of the Labrador Current.

p215 New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.

p216 the Middle Atlantic States has about 1/5 of the total population of the US.

Washington and New York are located here

p217 1 Chicago

2 Midwest America’s most important agricultural area in US.

3 Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world

4 the American South stretches 2/3 of the way across the continent

5 list some major economic activities of South America. p218 the American south now contains 90% of the American textile industry.

p219 1 the Great Plains lies between the Rocky mountain and the Appalachians

2 the Great Plains

3 Denver located at the foothills of the Rockies.

4 Yellowstone National Park

5 Why is the tourist trade so important in American West?

p220 1 the Grand Canyon

2 the Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is on of nature’s most impressive

sight.

p221 1 Albuquerque is a centre for touring the lands of Native American People and

is the site of New Mexico’s state university.

2 Hawaii is lacated in the Pacific Ocean

3 list the differences between Alaska and Hawaii p222 the penisula of alaska is bordered on its east side by Canada.

p224 1 the US is the 3rd most populous country in the world

17

p225 1 the US had a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence

until the 1960s.

2 Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s.

3 baby boom

p226 1 the first immigrants in American

2 the first immigrants in American can history came from England and the Netherlands.

3 indentured servants

4 in US, the largest immigration movement did not take place until 1815.

5 tell something about the 3 immigration waves in US

p227 1 1/5 Americans move to a new home every year seeking new job opportunities,

a better climate of other goals.

2 there are four great population movements in the history of the United States.

p228 1 Tell something about four great population movements in US 2 the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the blacks

p229 1 for a long period of time black peopeo were concentrated in the agricultural

south.

2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels giving a vivid description of the

miserable life of the black slaves.

3 Uncle Tom’s Cabin

4 the slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in

1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

5 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in1863

6 in 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that “separate educational facilities are

inherently unequal.

7 the Civil Rights Act of 1964 added protections for the right to vote.

8 the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the

right to vote.

p230 What is a Hispanic? Are there any groups of Hispanics which have great influence on US? and Which are they?

p231 1 Cuban-Americans gathered in the Miami area, they have done the best

economically.

2 little Cuba

p232 1 as many as 20% of freshmen at some of the country’s top universities are

Asian-Americans

2 What role did Chinese-Americans play in the development of US? How were they treated and how are they today?

18

p233 1 In May, 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped Chinese

immigration for 10 years.

2 the Chinese Exclusion Act

3 Indians enjoys the worst social and economic conditions

p234 1 the white people took away the land from the Indians and almost wiped out

the bufallo on which many Indian tribes depended for their existence.

2 What are the American Indians doing to protect their culture?

3 powwow

4 WASP

p235 1 Where do most of the Americans live?

2 What is another trend in the population movement in US?

p236 1 Who were the first Americans?

2 How did Indians come to American?

3 How was America discovered by Europeans in the 15th centary?

4 in the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, in 1492

reached some small islands in the now West Indies.

5 Amerigo Vespucci

6 the first English colony in the Americans was founded at Jamestown, Virginia,

in 1607.

p237 1 Why did the early settlers come to America?

2 Who were the Pilgrims?

3 Who are the Puritans?

4 What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?

5 Pilgrims

6 in 1620, 201 of the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.

They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.

7 Mayflower

p239 1 What were the causes of the War of Independence?

2 Stamp Tax

3 “No taxation without representation”

4 Boston Tea Party

5 in Sep.1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which

encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British good.

6 Paul Revere

7 Shots at Concord and Lexington

p240 1 Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence.

2 What does the Declaration of Independence tell us?

19

3 the Declaration came from the British philosopher John Locke

4 that the American troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Nothern New

York was a great turning point of the war, leading directly to an alliance

between the US and France

p241 1 tell the significance of the American War of Independence.

2 What was unusual about the Article of Confederation? What was the struggle? and How was the conflict solved?

p242 1 All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Constiturional

Convention.

2 the Constitutional Convention

3 in the end , the differences were resolved by the “Great Compromis” of July

16.

4 “Great compromise”

5 struggle for ratification

p243 1 Federalist Papers

2 in US, the Constitution was first ratified by Delaware

3 the Bill of Rights

4 69 electors all voted to choose George Washington as Presiden while John Adams

was elected vice president by a vote of 34.

5 Washington took the oath of office in New York which housed the government.

6 the War of 1812 is the last War between the US and Britain

p244 tell the causes of War of 1812

p245 tell the great impact of the War of 1812

p246 1 Louisiana was sold by Napoleon for only 15 million to the American

2 the expansionist movement produced a theory of “Manifest Destiny” which

first appeared in an article written by a Democratic politician John L O’Sullivan

3 “Manifest Destiny”

4 tell the implications of “Manifest Destiny”

5 the War with Mexico started in 184

6 and ended in 1848.

p247 1 Why did the Civil War break out?

2 How did the Civil War end?

3 the Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as

a free state

p248 1 Abraham Lincoln belongs to Republican Party

2 Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad

by making the war a just war against slavery.

20

英语国家概况的复习资料

英语国家概况考试题型如下： 1.选择题（30 X 1’） 2.填空题（20 X 1’） 3.简答（10 X 2’）--必须回答完整的句子 4.分析题（6 X 5’）-- 必须回答完整的句子 总分100 分 主要内容包括： 一．U.S. Geography 1.Full name of U.S.. 2.Number of States: 50 states. 3.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men. 4.The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. The fourth largest countries. 5.Taxas is the largest mainland state of the U.S.. Alaska is the largest state of the U.S.. 6.Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. 7.America’s movies are mostly made in Hollywood near the city of Los Angeles in south California. 二．U.S. People 1.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the Blacks (Afriican-Americans). 2.The “first Americans” were the Indians. 3.The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. 4.The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s V erginia in the year of 1607. 5.The “Three Faiths” in the U.S. refer to: ?Protestan ?Catholic ?Jewish 6.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. 7.American society is a stratified one in which power, wealth and pestige are unequally distributed among the population. 8.WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)

第7章英国政治 7.1 复习笔记 【知识框架】 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework Ⅱ. Parliament 1. The Crown or Sovereign 2. The House of Lords 3. The House of Commons 4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ⅲ. Regional Government Ⅳ. Local Government Ⅴ. Justice Ⅵ. Political Process 1. Elections 2. Two-part System 3. Female Representation in Britain Politics Ⅶ. Security 【重难点归纳】 The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In the

UK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons. 英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework 1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. 2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Ⅰ. 宪法框架 1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。 2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。 Ⅱ. Parliament The UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801. Ⅱ. 议会 英国议会成立于1707年。从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。 1. The Crown or Sovereign

【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国文学american literature

AMERICAN LITERATURE We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time. T.S. Eliot --- Little Gidding Literature represents the language of a people, their culture and their tradition. But the reading of literature is more important to us than just a historical or cultural activity. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. When we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays, we may also grow and evolve through our literary journey with books. American literature is a literature that has recorded the stories of a search. Early explorers searched for new lands and new wealth. The puritans searched for a place that would become the ideal community, one of which God would approve. Many Americans travelled across America simply because they were restless and were searching for new experiences and opportunities. These searches can be said to be the “pursuit of happiness” and Americ an literature is the story of that pursuit.

英语国家概况

英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

英语国家概况—英国

Part One: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and People Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (500BC~AD1066) Chapter 3 The Shape of the Nation (1066~1381) Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455~1688) Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688~1990) Chapter 6 The Economy Chapter 7 Government and Administration Chapter 8 Justice the Law Chapter 9 Social Affairs Chapter 10 Cultural Affairs Chapter 1 Land, People and Language ?1 Different Names for Britain and its Parts The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The geographical names are the British Isles, Great Britain and England. People just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. ?People England is the largest and most populous, almost a quarter of the people lives in England’s prosperous and fertile southeast, with over 7 million in the capital. The majority of the population are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.These people settled in England and drove the native Celtic people to the mountainous areas of Wales and Scotland. Their language became the official language of the country. Most people in W ales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people who were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. The Irish people were also of Celtic origin. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and a quarter of the world’s land area. ?Geographical Features There are 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-W est slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. There are 3 natural zones of Scotland: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.

英语国家概况期末重点(必考)

英语国家概况期末重点（必考） 1 How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ? The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English. 2 What are the two components of the British Parliament ? They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 3 What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements? Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. 4 What are the three functions of the House of Commons ? The three functions are: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy. 5 What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide ? British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literatuure and science,and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry. 6 How do students in the Open University receive their education ?

【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲(7)】上海沪东科技学院

新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记【7】 Chapter 18 The U.S. Economy美国经济 1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth of the economy: ①the geographical location of the United States povides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong. ②the United States has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate. ③America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for a constantly expanding economy. ④ the quality of available labour. The United States has a skilful and willing labour force. 经济快速增长的几个因素：1.美国的地理位置为国家的发展壮大提供了良好的条件；2.美国有幸是一块矿产资源丰富、土壤肥沃的陆地，气候温和；3.拥有足够的劳动力以满足不断发展的经济增长；4.这些劳动力的质量。美国拥有技术高和能动性好的劳动力大军。 2)Characteristics of the U.S. economy: character ised by a high degree of monopoly. 经济特征：已高度垄断为特点。 3)the importance of foreign trade:the United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does any other country in the world. But the U.S. share of the world trade has declined in recent years.①Currently US exports are about 15% of the world’s total;②the US imports about 13% of all world imports; ③ Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S., accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Asia provides about 18% of American imports. Thus the economy of these countries is often affected when the U.S. economy is in trouble. 美国进口的商品比世界任何国家都多。但最近几年比例有所下降。1.美国出口量占全世界出口总数的15%；2.美国的进口占13%左右；3.加拿大是最大的供应国，占总数的近30%。亚洲占18%左右。因此，一旦美国经济陷入困境，这些国家也会受到影响。 4)problems facing the US economy: unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit. 经济存在的问题：失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字。 Chapter 19.Political Institution政治体制 1)A workable form of government under the Constitution: a federal system of

【英美概况】【课堂笔记】高校排名The Times Higher Education Supplement world university Top 20

The Times Higher Education Supplement world university Top 20. Last year's rankings are in brackets. 1 (1) Harvard University US 2 (3) Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 3 (6) Cambridge University UK 4 (5) Oxford University UK 5 (7) Stanford University US 6 (2) University of California, Berkeley US 7 (8) Yale University US 8 (4) California Institute of Technology US 9 (9) Princeton University US 10 (27) Ecole Polytechnique France 11- (52) Duke University US 11- (11) London School of Economics UK 13 (14) Imperial College London UK 14 (23) Cornell University US 15 (17) Beijing University China 16 (12) Tokyo University Japan 17- (20) University of California, San Francisco US 17- (13) University of Chicago US 19 (22) Melbourne University Australia 20 (19) Columbia University US

英语国家概况课程标准

英语国家概况课程标准 课程代码： 适用专业：商务英语 一、课程概述 1．课程性质 语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的基础。英语语言学习和英国国家文化相互依存、密不可分。一个优秀的英语语言学习者，若不了解该语言背后所承载的民族文化，其交际能力也会受到限制。该课程能使学生了解和掌握英美两国政治，历史，经济，社会，文化和教育等基本知识，了解英美国家社会发展、现状和影响这两个国家社会发展的因素，拓展学生的知识面，培养学生文化意识，启发学生了解西方社会，了解交际规则，增强学生的英语语言学习能力，为后续专业课程的学习打下一定的基础，进而为培养高技能应用型复合人才打下基础。 2．课程设计思路 本课程在设计上围绕合作学习法—任务型教学法、比较教学法、线索梳理法、启发式等教学法。 合作学习法—任务型教学法 合作学习法又称协作学习，是以合作学习小组为基本形式，系统利用教学中动态因素之间的互动，促进学生的学习，以团体成绩作为评价标准，共同完成教学活动。任务型教学法是一种以任务或活动为核心单位计划组织语言教学的途径,一种强调“在做中学”的语言教学方法。合作学习法与任务型教学法结合是指教师设计学习任务，指导并帮助学生以小组为单位通过合作、协商完成学习任务的教学过程。主要采用组织演示、演讲、讨论等形式。 2）比较教学法 比较教学法是在教学过程中，利用教学内容的相互联系和区别，促进学生掌握和巩固教学内容、达到教学目标的一种逻辑思维方法。例如，在学习美国的政体时，我们可以和英国政体、甚至是我国的政体进行比较，异中求同，同中求异。从而对“Parliament”、“Congress”和我国的NPC （The National People’s Congress）形成更深刻的理解。运用这种教学法不仅有利于学生掌握基本知识与技能，而且有利于提高学生的创造性思维能力。3）线索梳理法 线索梳理法，尤其是历史年代轴线表示法是表达历史线索最清晰的一种方式，这种方式的特点是易于梳理，可操作性强，非常直接，便于记忆。比如说，英国历史很长，如果不进行梳理，很难记忆，如果整理成一条线索，效果却不能同日而语： Early settlers——Roman invasions——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invasions——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorious Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——the two World Wars 同样，美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索： The war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietnam War 二、课程培养目标 1．知识目标 了解主要英语国家的地理，历史，经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。 2．技能目标 扩大知识面，有效弥补英语专业学生知识面窄的不足；提高英语阅读的能力和语言应用能力。 3．素质目标

英语国家概况总结资料全

Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗） 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区 别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化

3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland

surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,

英语国家概况复习题(1)

广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 《英语国家概况》第一套复习题 I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for True and F for False . ( 1.5 points each , 30 points in total ) 1.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. 2.People from different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. 3.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom. 4.Because of political troubles, Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. 5.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons. 6.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. 7.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century. 8.The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. 9.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. 10.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe – the Britons. 11.The Anglo –Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. 12.The Vikings began to attack the English coasts in the 8th century. 13.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France. 14.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. 15.The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. 16.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation. 17.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers. 18.British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations. 19.The members in the House of Commons in Britain are appointed rather than elected. 20.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world. Answer keys: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T 11.T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. F 18. F 19. F 20. T II. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. (2 points each, 40 points in total) 1. ___B_____ is the capitall city of Scotland. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff 2. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, ____D_____ is the smallest. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 3. Almost a quarter of the British population lives in ____B_______ England. A. northeastern B.southeastern C. northwestern D. southwestern

英语国家概况-爱尔兰篇中英翻译

第十一章 Part Two The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国 地理与历史 Geography and History 不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。 The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because ot its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country. I.Geographical Features地理特征 爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。 The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. 首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin. 爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。 Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highland s. Maritime influences penetrate the land. 最高峰是卡朗图山(1，041米) The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1,041 m) 爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原, 香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。 The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, The Shannon River provides electric power for much of the Republic. 多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸， Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. Easy passageways along valley and lowland corridors lead from it to every Irish shore. 因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。 As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe. 沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见，并覆盖低地的大片地区。