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Process Parameters Selection for Friction Surfacing Applications Using Intelligent Decision Support Abstract

Friction surfacing is an advanced manufacturing process, which has been successfully developed and commercialised over the past decade. The process is used for corrosion and wear resistant coatings and for reclamation of worn engineering components. At present the selection of process parameters for new coating materials or substrate geometries is by experiment requiring lengthy development work. The major requirement is for flexibility to enable rapid changes of process parameters in order to develop new applications, with variations of materials and geometries in a cost effective and reliable manner. Further improvement requires development of appropriate mathematical models of the process, which will facilitate the introduction of optimisation techniques for efficient experimental work as well as the introduction of real-time feedback adaptive control. This paper considers the use of combined artificial intelligence and modeling techniques. It includes a new frame of a neurofuzzy-model based decision support system—FricExpert, which is aimed at speeding up the parameter selection process and to assist in obtaining values for cost effective development. Derived models can then be readily used for optimisation techniques, discussed in our earlier work.

Author Keywords: Surfaces and interfaces; Metals and alloys; Materials engineering

1. Introduction

During the past decade the friction surfacing process has become well established with a number of commercial applications. However, the existing models explaining the major relationships between process parameters are still generic. They are based on empirical rules and theoretical assumptions that account for a limited number of cases of current commercial interest. Many of these assumptions are implicit and have not been tested by using appropriate analysis and design of experiments. Consequently there is no method of determining the accuracy and sensitivity when changes in the process parameters are made [1 and 2]. Research so far [3, 4 and 5] has revealed that in friction surfacing the mechtrode? force (F), mechtrode rotation speed (N) and substrate traverse speed (V x) are of critical importance for the final quality of the coating and bond. In the present study, three state variables that reflect coating quality were considered as a subject for optimisation and in this context a target for process parameter selection. These are coating thickness (C t), coating width (C w) and coating bond strength (C bs). The optimisation procedure considered in this study involved:

? Development of a methodology for in-process precision measurement of temperature, torque, bonding time, spindle rotation speed and force.

? Development of an empirical model in volving process parameters V x, F, N and coating quality state variables C bs, C t, C w.

? Development of a FricExpert decision support system to utilise force (F), mechtrode rotation speed (N) and substrate traverse speed (V x) as well as temperature (T), torque (M), and bonding time (t bt) to achieve the desired values for coating thickness (C t), coating width (C w) and coating bond strength (C bs).

2. Experimental method

2.1. Materials and geometry

The importance of torque, temperature and bonding time for obtaining coatings with desirable quality parameters is identified in [5]. The significance of these factors has also been confirmed through performing more than 2800 friction surfacing screening experiments, using different materials and geometries for the mechtrodes and substrates. Several different types of stainless steel mechtrodes were used (303, 304, 316, 416, 431), ranging in diameter from 3 to 8 mm.

2.2. Temperature and bonding time

Because of the nature of the in-process measurements of the coating and the mechtrode/coating/substrate interface temperatures, a non-contact IR pyrometer, manufactured by IMPAC Electronic, was used. The accuracy of measurement is approximately 0.3% of the measured value. Two lenses were used, with focus distances of 80 and 250 mm, and a spot size diameter of 0.3 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The sampling rate was 1000 measurements/s enabling accurate determination of bonding times for each coating cycle. No evidence has been found for any previous use of this technique in this area.

Bonding time is defined as the duration when the diameter of the heat generation area (bonding area) passes entirely over a given point on the substrate. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the bonding area is less than the surface specified by the mechtrode diameter. It has been estimated experimentally and using a close focused photography that the axial diameter of the bonding area is approximately 6/7 of its tangential diameter, which is equal to the mechtrode diameter, so that

d b=0.875M d,

where M d is the mechtrode diameter. The bonding time is then defined as

where V x is the substrate speed.

(38K)

Fig. 1. (a) and (b) Bonding parameters.

Fig. 1(b) shows the recommended bonding times that have been obtained for the most popular mechtrode diameters and substrate speeds. Longer bonding time would logically mean, better bonding, since there is more time for the process to occur and complete. However, the heat energy flux, which is generated during this bonding time, has to be balanced, because when increased or decreased outside the recommended boundaries, the quality of coating deteriorates. The most direct approach to control this energy flux is by altering the bonding time.

2.3. Torque and force

Torque was measured using a piezoelectric sensor manufactured by Kastler Instruments with a measuring range for force of 0–14,000 N and

±20,000 N cm for torque. The sensitivity of th e equipment is pC/N, ?2.03 and pC/N cm, 1.66. The acquired sets of data were stored into a database by using multifunction I/O board (AT-MIO-16E-10) from National Instruments capable of data acquisition at a rate of 100 kS/s. Lab VIEW application software was used to automate the data acquisition process.

2.4. Bond metallographic and strength

Cross-sections of coatings were examined in the as-polished state to determine the quality and width of the bond and the amount of unbonded undercut at the edges of the coating. Bond strengths were determined by a simple push-off test. The technique used involves drilling a 4 mm hole, in the substrate, just under the deposit. The depth of the hole is accurately controlled to be exactly equal to the thickness of the substrate, i.e. the hole goes through the substrate and reaches the bonding area of the deposit. As the whole substrate is being clamped, a 3.95 mm pin is pushed into the prepared hole. Force and elongation are recorded as the deposit is being pushed away from the substrate. The repeatability of the result as measured by the variance is above 95%. More sophisticated testing based on a fracture mechanics approach is currently under development.

The metallography of a cross-section of a well-formed friction surfaced coating is shown as in Fig. 2(a) and (b). This clearly illustrates the undercut at the edge, which is an inherent feature of the process. Stages 2 and 3 of the optimisation process essentially extend the width of good bond and minimise the undercut at the edges. Materials used in these illustrations are 316 stainless steel coatings on mild steel.

(62K)

Fig. 2. (a) and (b) Cross-sections showing coating/substrate interface, as-polished (50×).

3. General concept of FricExpert decision support system

The development process of FricExpert decision support system comprises the following key stages:

? Development of the empirical model based on controllable, observable and quality parameters.

? Development of the inference mechanism engine logic.

3.1. Empirical relationship between process parameters and coating

state variables

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the adopted experimental approach and indicates dependencies between process parameters V x, F, and N and coating state variables C bs, C t and C w.

(26K)

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the experimentally established relationships, between controllable, observable and quality parameters in the friction surfacing process.

Groups 1–3 represent the process itself. In most of the processes, the state variables can be monitored and observed during the process. However, in friction surfacing, the state variable can only be evaluated after the process has finished, and the coating has undergone various mechanical and thermal transformations. Hence, evaluation of the state variables is useful for gathering information about the process in its steady state, while the parameters of the second group can indicate various dynamical events during the coating itself. Dynamic modelling and real-time control, which are represented in Fig. 3 in groups 2 and 4, have also been developed and the work on this matter will be published in the near future.

The work discussed in this paper, aims to represent the relationship between groups 1 and 3, and to show how this knowledge can be embedded into group 5—the knowledge based decision support system. These results form a foundation for reverse process designs.

When considering the spindle speed experiments have shown that for a given material, spindle speed effect on its own over the state variables is insignificant in comparison to the other two parameters—traverse speed and force. Fig. 4 represents this. Coating width is not plotted because there is no indication that spindle speed has effect on this variable. It is shown that variation of spindle speed can slightly affect the bond strength and the coating thickness. The following two logic rules can be derived:

? Increasing the spindle speed reduces the coating thick ness slightly.

? Spindle speed is in weak second-order relationship with the bond strength.

(7K)

Fig. 4. The effect of spindle speed over thickness and strength.

Spindle speed becomes an important parameter when using different mechtrodes or substrate material. It has been found that V x and F have much greater effect on the state variables. The following models were derived to represent the relationship between them and the state variables:

where the values of the b coefficients are shown in Table 1. Fig. 5(a)–(c) illustrates graphically the above equations.

Table 1. State variables model coefficients

Fig. 5. (a) Coating thickness, C t; (b) coating width, C w; (c) bond strength, C bs.

The correlation coefficient r xy2represents the accuracy of the model. The closer to 1, the better the approximation. Such values for each model are shown also in Table 1. Inaccuracies occur due to measurement errors that also include information about the uniformity of the variable in relation to the parameters. It is seen that the bond strength data has most measurement errors, while the thickness has least errors and further more is most consistent throughout the whole length of the run.

3.2. Inference mechanism

The above conclusions have been developed further into fuzzy logic rules that are built into FricExpert’s inference engine. In the current approach, the decision support module selects appropriate values of the process

parameters, traverse speed and force, in order to obtain a desired value for the coating strength and thickness (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Fuzzy logic based decision support system.

Using the knowledge of previously recorded runs (now more than 2800), the system is capable of giving expert advice for the next set of experiments, in order to meet various requirements for various quality variables. The value of this system is in reducing the lead time and hence cost for determining the optimum parameters for a given coating material on a given substrate geometry. This is an important feature when developing the process for new applications because the optimal process parameters depend on the thermal system, which will vary when materials, mechtrode diameters and substrate geometries are changed. The range of commercial applications currently includes the manufacture of machine knives for the food and pharmaceutical processing and packaging industries. Other applications include hard facing of valve seats with satellite.3, the repair and manufacture of parts for the gas turbine industry, notably gas turbine blades, and various types of tooling such as punches and drills.

4. Conclusions

(1) Measurement and data analysis techniques have been successfully developed for the friction surfacing process.

(2) The introduction of the decision support system has shown to be promising for process parameter selection.

(3) Fuzzy rules and membership functions have been established between quality state variables and process parameters such that they allow for reverse engineering of the optimum friction surfacing process parameters.

References

[1] G.M. Bedford, A. Davies, J.R. Sharp, Micro-friction surfacing in the manufacture and repair of gas turbine blades, in: Proceedings of the Third International Charles Parsons Turbine Conference, Newcastle, April 1995, pp. 683–693.

[2] G.M. Bedford, R.P. Sharp, B.J. Wilson and L.G. Elias, Production of friction components using steel MMCs produced by the osprey process. Surf. Eng.10 2 (1994), pp. 118–122.

[3] E.D. Nicholas, W.M. Thomas, Metal deposition by friction welding, Weld. J. (August 1987) 17–27.

[4] T. Shinoda, Q. Li, Y. Katoh and T. Yashiro, Effect of process parameters during friction coating on properties of non-dilution coating layers. Surf. Eng.14 3 (1998), pp. 211–216

[5] I.I. Voutchkov, V.I. Vitanov, G.M. Bedford, Neurofuzzy model-based selection of process parameters for friction surfacing applications, in: Proceedings of the 13th National Conference on Manufacturing, Glasgow, UK, September 9–11, 1997, pp. 491–495.

摩擦表面加工参数选择的智能应用支持方案

摘要

摩擦表面技术是一种先进的制造技术,已成功的发展起来,并在过去十年中商业化. 这个过程是用于被腐蚀和磨损涂层和元件的修复。目前遴选过程参数涂层材料、新的原子几何作用是需要长时间的试验开发工作。主要的要求条件是获得快速改变加工参数的机动性,以用于新的应用软件，它是一种适用于变化的原料和有效的几何成本和可靠的技术。更进一步的发展必须是适当的数学模型上的程序的改进，这将有利于我们对有效的实验工作的最优技术的入门，和适时的反馈控制的入门。这份论文考虑了组合的智能和模型技术。它包括了一个新的框架neurofuzzy被建立决定支持制度的模型-FricExpert，它是为获得快速的参数选择的过程和帮助我们对过程做有效的成本评估，

源于模型可以快速的用于最优化技术上，我们来讨论一下以前的工作。

1.前言

在过去的十年中摩擦表面处理程序已经被很好的应用在商业软件上了，然而，在解释关于加工参数之间的主要关系的现有的模型中仍然是十分一般。他们以经验法则和理论假设为基础，解释现有的少数关于商业利益的案例。这些大部分的假定都是隐式的而且没有被藉由使用适当的分析和实验设计进行测试，因此在制作过程当加工参数改变时就没有决定解决正确度和灵敏度的方法了。迄今为止的研究显示评定涂层和粘合层最终品质的重要因素是加工头切削力(F),加工头旋转速度 (N) 和基体横贯速度 (Vx)，目前的研究,反映涂层的三态变量被认为是一个最优化的课题并且是工程参数选择的对象,它们是涂层厚度 (Ct), 涂层宽度 (Cw) 和涂层结合力(Cbs),研究中这些最优化程序考虑了下列相互关系:关于对温度,扭矩,结合时间,扭转速度和扭转力的程序精密测量的方法发展;

经验模型包括加工参数Vx, F, N 和涂层质量状态参数Cbs, Ct, Cw ; FricExpert 决定的发展支持系统利用力 (F)，加工头旋转速度和底层横贯速度(V x )和温度(T),扭矩(M),和达到期望涂层厚度(C t )，涂层宽度

(C w )，涂层结合力(C bs )的结合时间(t bt )。

2.实验方法：

2.1.材料和几何学

获得合适的涂层质量参数（扭矩，温度和连结时间）的重要性如（5）

所述。这些因素的重要性同样在完成执行多于2800个摩擦表面筛选实验后证实，利用不同的材料和用于加工头和基质的几何学。有些不同类型的不锈钢加工头在被使用（303, 304, 316, 416, 431），直径修正在3mm 和8mm 之间。

2.2.温度和结合时间

由于涂覆层的测量程序和加工头/涂层/底层接触面温度的性质，用

IMPAC 电子系统制造的无接触IR 高温计在被使用，测量的精确度大约是测量值的0.3%，用了两个透镜，焦距的调整分别是在80mm 和250mm 之间，光斑直径在0.3和0.5mm 之间。为了能够精确判断每次涂覆周期的结合时间，取样率在每秒1000度。在这个领域以前还没有使用这种技术的迹象。

当加热产生区域的直径在基质取向点被完全忽视的时候，结合时间

被定义为持续时间。如图1.a 所示，结合区域小于用经实验上和使用聚焦摄影估计直径说明的表面结合区域的轴向直径大约是它的切线直径的6/7，相当是加工头直径，所以

d b =0.875 M d ,

其中M d 是加工头直径，结合时间定义为

其中V

是基质速度

此图说明了推荐的结合时间，它是在加工头直径和基质速度中获得的，更长的结合时间意味着更好的结合，这样就有更多的时间用在程序的发生和完成上。然而，这样就会在结合时间中发生热能流必须是平稳的，因为无论是在推荐的分界增加或减少，都会使涂覆质量恶化的。最多直接接近控制这股热能流是通过改变结合时间。

2.3 扭力

扭矩是通过使用由Kistler工具造的压电传感器进行测量的，力的测量范围在0–14,000 N，扭矩在±20,000 N cm。设备的灵敏度在?2.03pC/N和 1.66pC/N cm之间。获得的数据以100 kS/s的速度通过多功能I/O板(AT-MIO-16E-10)被储存在数据库。LabVIEW应用软件被用于自动获取数据的程序。

2.4.结合金相学和结合力

涂层的横截切面是在磨光状态下研究结合的质量和宽度与涂层边沿未结合的切面。结合强度由简单的分离实验所决定，该技术应用在底面钻一个4mm的孔，孔的深度被精确控制在与底面的厚度相等，也就是说，孔穿过底层并到达沉积的结合区域。因为整个表面都被夹紧了，一只3.95 mm的钉子被钻进准备好的孔里。在沉积物被推离底面的时候，力和伸长度都在被记录着。通过不同的测量，结果其反复性超过了95%。更多以断裂力学逼近法的复杂测试普遍不完善的。

良好成型的涂覆层摩擦表面的横截面金相组织如图2(a)和（b）所示，它明显的说明了在边沿切口上是固有的加工特征。最优化程序的第2和第3阶段本质上扩展了良好结合的宽度并把边沿的切面最小化。这些例子的原料是用了涂覆了低碳钢的316型不锈钢。

图2.（a）和2.（b）显示的断片是涂层/底面的分界面，磨光(50×)的状态。

3. FricExpert决定支持系统的一般概念

FricExpert决定支持系统的发展包含着以下几个关键阶段，基于可控性，可见性的经验模型和质量参数的发展。推论机制动力逻辑学的发展。

3.1.加工参数和涂覆态变数之间的经验式关系

图3-1是采用实验达到的反映关于加工参数V

, F,和N与涂覆态变数

C bs , C

和C

之间相互依赖关系的图示。

图3-1

图.3.是实验制定的相联关系的图示，是表现关于可控性，可见性和摩擦表面程序质量参数之间的关系。1-3组描绘了程序它本身，在大部分的程序中，态变数是可以在程序中受到监控和观察的，然而，在摩擦表面，态变数只能在程序完成之后才能得到评价，并且涂层已经经受了各种机械和热能的改变，因此，对态变数的评估对收集程序在其稳态下的信息是十分有用的。然而在第二组的参数能够显示在涂覆自身的时候的各种力学的事件。动力模型和实时控制，见图.3的第2组和第4组所示，也同样得到了发展并且在不久的将来这个问题的解决方法将得到公开。

本研究的目的是为了表现第1组和第3组之间的关系，并且显示这门学科能够得到深入到第5组---以决策支持系统为基础的知识。这些结果成为了工艺流程设计颠倒的基础。

考虑到心轴速度实验已经显示了对一个给定的材料，心轴速度对它自己的态变数的影响在与其他两个参数（横穿速度和横穿力）是无关紧要的。图3-2说明了这点。涂覆层宽度没有被划出是因为什么显示心轴速度对这个变数有影响。从显示看心轴的速度变动能轻微的作用在结合力和涂层厚度。下列的逻辑标准可以获得：渐增的心轴速度轻微的减少了涂层厚度。心轴速度与涂层结合强度存在微弱的再命令关系。

图3-2所示为心轴速度对厚度和强度的作用情况。

在使用不同的加工头或者基质材料的时候，心轴速度就成为了一种重

和F已经很大程度上影响着态变数了，下列模要的参数。发现显示V

型反映了关于他们和态变量之间的关系。

其中b系数的定义在图.5（a）-（c）的表格1关于以上的等式图解说明显示。逻辑准则得出的结论，力的增加适当的数值低的Vx使涂层力的增加适当减少了涂层厚度变厚当的增横贯速度的增加适当的涂层厚度的增加结合强度减少了涂层厚度削弱结合区域横贯速度的增加工头切削力越高减少了结合底面切削越少强度，减少了基质运动越快，结合区域结合时间越小，底面切削越大

图3-3（a）涂层厚度C

t ；（b）涂层宽度C

；结合力C

。

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附记 Remarks 共有人房屋所有权共有份额赵四X京房权朝字第1203587号共同共有王五X京房权朝字第1203587号共同共有 Co-owner HouseProperty Right Certificate No. Share of co-ownership Zhao Si X Beijing House Property Right Certificate No. 1203587 Joint possession

外文翻译模板2010

中国石油大学（华东）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译学生姓名：王辰学号：0607XXXX 专业班级：信息与计算科学06-2班指导教师：陈华 2010年6月24日

（原文复印或打印材料,B5纸） In this paper based on the unique geometry and mechanical movement of beam pumping unit,we have presented a simple swing equation and computed motorial parameter;meanwhile under the conditions of the static load and inertial load of the polished-rod of a conventional pumping unit,we have also presented on equivalent dynamic model of the pumping unit system and the type-curves of net torque of the crankshaft with the characteristic of inertial counterbalance have been computed;Based on features and mechanical analysis of belt，a simple model for calculating belt transmission efficiency is developed the model can provide a theoretical base for study on the other transient variable of beam pumping unit;the cyclic loading coefficients is defined once and compute the nominal Power of the motor; at last we compare the beam pumping unit and the adjustable diameter and changeable toque pumping unit, based on this a program have been finished，and we also introduce other power saving pumping units. This graduation project mainly completes through the high accuracy data acquisition, the gain installs on the oil well oil extraction equipment the electric current, the voltage, the temperature, the pressure, the fluid position, the contact surface, the current capacity, contains water data and so on sensor, corresponds the connection with the many kinds of wireless communications (for example GPRS/CDMA) transmits it to the observation and control center, as well as will receive in the central server to the parameter carries on the real-time analysis and the processing parallel intergrowth becomes the database and the curve report form. Is advantageous for the oil field management level to carry on the prompt accurate management to the scene equipment. This system depends on in the Beijing Kunlun passing condition automation software science and technology limited company's entire center cultural work

翻译公司笔译合同(完整版)

翻译公司笔译合同甲方：__________________________________________________ 乙方：__________________________________________________ 甲乙双方经友好协商，一致达成如下合同，以资信守。甲方委托乙方将其资料翻译成：原文标题为：“”。一、交稿及费用结算 1、此次翻译的单价为元/每千字，实际字数按Word XP工具一栏中的“数字统计” 显示的“字符数（不计空格）”为准。签订合同之日预付定金元 2、译文的交稿日期为：年月日时之前。 3、甲方在收到乙方的译稿后，3天之内（即年月之前）将按合同约定费用付清翻译余费。 4、在翻译合同签订后，如甲方遇特殊情况要求乙方停止翻译工作，乙方在接到甲方的书面通知（包括书面、电子邮件）后的次日9：00前，向甲方提供已经翻译好的稿件部分。甲方应须按乙方已经翻译好的稿件，根据单价（ .00元/每千字）进行结算，支付给乙方已经翻译部分的翻译费。二、双方权利义务 1、甲方须保证其翻译稿件来源合法、用途正当并如期付款。 2、乙方承诺按照翻译行业通用规范执行翻译质量控制，包括流程的初译、语言审校、技术审校、终检。 3、鉴于翻译风格的个性化因素，为确保最终翻译稿能够达到甲方要求，甲方有责任尽量给乙方提供相关的背景资料和统一的专业术语。 4、乙方须为甲方保密翻译内容，否则应承担相应泄密责任。 5、如甲方中途终止翻译，必须按已翻译好的中文字数给乙方结算。三、争议解决及合同终止 1、本合同未尽事宜甲乙双方应友好协商；协商不成的依据“中华人民共和国合同法”及其他相关法规处理。

翻译服务机构的合作协议范本

翻译服务机构的合作协议范本篇一：翻译服务合同范本翻译服务合同委托方（甲方）：住所地：项目联系人：联系电话：传真：受托方（乙方）：住所地：法定代表人：通讯地址：电话：传真：甲方委托乙方就项目进行翻译（笔译、口译）服务工作，并支付相应的翻译服务报酬。双方经过平等协商，在真实、充分地表达各自意愿的基础上，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，达成如下协议，并由双方共同恪守。第一条甲方委托乙方进行翻译服务的内容如下： 1.

2. 甲方的笔译项目价款以“笔译服务订单”（本合同附件一）的形式由双方共同确认。翻译费用标准为：第二条翻译服务要求： 1. 乙方在收到甲方提交的订单后，应及时开展工作，并按约定的时间要求完成翻译工作。 2. 乙方按甲方给定的模板或原文档格式进行译文稿件排版编辑，包括图文、表格等的编辑，排版，最终完成稿件总体上应达到格式清晰、整齐，页面美观，整个文档风格统一； 3. 乙方执行翻译行业通用流程规范以确保文件翻译质量，乙方所提供的翻译服务应满足《中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 19682-2005》（翻译服务译文质量要求）相关规定； 4. 为确保乙方翻译服务能够达到甲方要求，在本合同签订时，乙方可应甲方书面要求进行试译，供双方核定并确认质量标准。如果甲方在收到试译稿后3日内未向乙方提出书面意见或建议，则该试译稿的质量标准将作为乙方今后的质量标准。 5. 译文中不应出现技术性错误，不能与原文意思相悖，专业词语表述应准确一致；文字表述符合相关专业的表达习惯与要求，目标语言与源语言在行文风格上一致；符号、量和单位、公式和等式需按照译文的通常惯例或国家有关规定进

外文翻译模板

最佳分簇规模的水声传感器网络 Liang Zhao,Qilian Liang 德州大学阿灵顿分校电子工程系 Arlington, TX 76010, USA Email: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3816665293.html,, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3816665293.html, 摘要：在这篇论文中,我们主要关注的是的最优化分簇规模对水声传感器网络的影响。由于稀疏部署和信道属性的水声传感器网络是不同于地面传感器。我们的分析表明,最优分簇规模主要工作频率所决定的声音的传播。此外,区域数据聚合中也起着因素在很大程度上决定最佳分簇规模。 1引言水下传感器网络(UW-ASN)可看成是个自组织网络，组成的传感器与一个声音进行分配感应的任务。为了达到这个目的,传感器必须自组织成一个独立的可以适应水下环境的网络,。UW-ASNs可以沿用许多通讯技术传统自组织网络和陆地的无线传感器网络,但仍有一些重要的区别为有限的能量和带宽约[1],[5],此协议对传统发展无线自组网路并不一定适合绝无仅有的网络的特点。当一个无线传感器可能要在一个微小的电池持续比较长的时间，能源效率就成为一个大问题。由于广播的性质和有限的带宽，在浅水通信[6] [7]，多跳可以引起传感器节点之间严重干扰。一个新的路由称为“矢量为基础的转移” （VBF）缓解了这个问题 [8]。 VBF本质上是一种基于位置的路由选择方法：节点紧邻“矢量”转发源宿信息。通过这种方式，只有一小部分的节点参与路由。另一种解决办法是，每一个传感器分簇通信应该直接指向簇头和内部分簇通信应协调由簇头，以最大限度地提高带宽利用率以往的研究水下通信经常使用时间计划调度方法[9],[10],这可能是适合的小型网络简单。然而，扁平架构还可能限制网络的规模。特别是由于传播延迟声汇简单的时间调度算法方案并不适合较大的水下网络[11]。在文献[11]中，Salva-Garau 和 Stojanovic建议聚类水声载体网络的方案，这组相邻载体进入分簇，和使用的TDMA（时分多址）内每个群集。在分簇管理的干扰是分配到相邻的簇不同的扩频码，同时可扩展性是通过在空间复用码。网络运行开始初始化阶段，并移动到不断维修期间而流动性管理。他们还利用仿真分析，以获得最佳簇大小和传输功率为一种具有一定的载体密度网络。[12]提出了平台，同时使用光学和声汇水下通信。虽然光通信可以达到更高的数据速率，它的应用仅限于短距离点至点通信。该平台也使得移动使用data muling,，这对于大批量的理想延迟容许的应用程序。

翻译公司翻译合同模板

甲方：_________ 乙方：_________ 双方经平等协商，一致达成如下协议。第1条定义本合同有关用语的含义如下：甲方：_________ 乙方：_________ 用户：指接受或可能接受服务的任何用户。信息：指乙方按本合同向甲方提供并许可使用译文。第2条业务内容及价格甲方要求乙方将委托之文件翻译为_________(语种)。翻译：甲方应向乙方支付劳务费用，由_________翻译为_________(语种)，收费标准为译后的每千中文字符数(电脑统计，不计空格为准)_________元人民币;其他语种翻译另议。支付时间：_____________________ 第3条提供译文 (1)乙方同意按甲方书面要求之日期完成其委托翻译之任务。 (2)乙方应将译文于_________交给甲方。 (3)乙方按照乙方制定的质量翻译标准进行翻译作业，此质量翻译标准为鉴定译文品质之唯一标准。 (4)乙方有义务在甲方书面或电子邮件通知后对译文所出现的错误进行及时免费修改。 (5)乙方将提供甲方一份电子翻译文件和书面翻译文件，并盖乙方翻译章。

第4条许可使用译文乙方许可甲方利用译文制作成各式文档公开登载和展示。乙方与甲方协商后决定是否标注译文的作者。第5条免责甲方的用户可以免费使用译文，并可对译文进行复制或修改编译。用户或第三方以任何方式对译文进行使用、修改、演绎、下载或转载，乙方的所有者均不对包括许可方在内的任何人承担任何责任。第6条陈述与保证双方保证其具有签订和履行本合同的权利和能力。甲方保证译文由甲方的用户使用。甲方保证译文的着作权人(如甲方不是信息的着作权人)同意其签订和履行本合同并不要求乙方的所有者支付任何费用，乙方可要求许可方就此提供译文的着作权人签署的文件。乙方保证其向甲方提供的译文的及时性、完整性、合法性、真实性和准确性。甲方保证乙方使用其译文的信息不构成对第三方任何权利的侵犯，同时甲方保证其签订，履行本合同不构成对第三方的违约或对第三方任何权利的侵犯，亦不会使乙方的所有者对任何第三方承担任何责任。因甲方提供译文造成的对任何第三方的侵权，包括但不限于侵犯第三方的着作权，由甲方负责解决。第7条期限本合同有效期为_________，即自_______年______月______日起至_______年______月______日止。合同到期后自行终止。

外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译院年级专业： 2009 级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓名：学号：附件：备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）

1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）； 2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。 3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除. 【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on

the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman. 【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC （本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）

2016最新上海房产证英文翻译模板

Shanghai Certificate of Real Estate Ownership Hu Real Estate Certificate xxx zi ( 2016 ) No. 123456 *123456789012* Date of Issue: 05/31/2016 In accordance with the Property Low of the People's Republic of China, the Law of Land Administration of the People's Republic of China, the Law of Urban Real Estate Administration of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Regulations for Real Estate Registration and other relevant laws and regulations, to protect the legal rights and interests of the owner of land-use rights and the house property, registration is hereby granted and this certificate is hereby given to such owner for the land, house and other appurtenances listed in this his/her registration application after due examination and verification. This certificate is the proof of title to the real estate on the State-owned land lot. Shanghai Housing Security & Administration Bureau Shanghai Planning, Land &Resource Administration Bureau (Seal) (Seal)

2019年翻译合同通用模板模板

标准合同模板 Standard contract template 2019年翻译合同通用模板模板

翻译合同模板立约人：（以下简称甲方）立约人：（以下简称乙方）本着互利公正的原则，经甲乙双方协商，一致同意签订如下翻译合同：第一条：甲方正式委托乙方为其翻译《 ________________________________ 》。第二条：甲方要求乙方将委托上述文件的 __________ 文翻译为 _______ 文。翻译价格以中文计算元 / 千字。第三条：甲方有权利要求乙方于 ______ 年 ______ 月 _____ 日 _____ 时完成并交付给甲方。如乙方未能在指定时间完成翻译任务，由甲方在合同金额基础上每天少付合同金额之 3% 。第四条：甲方理解并愿遵守乙方所规定的《客户须知》。第五条：乙方承认已收甲方完整、清晰的上述委托翻译之文件。第六条：乙方同意并按甲方要求的日期完成上述委托翻译并付给甲方。第七条：乙方保证向甲方提供合格品质之翻译且保守甲方所提供翻译稿件的秘密。第八条：在一个月的期限里乙方有义务对甲方对译文提出的问题进行回答而并不收取任何额外的费用。对译文中所出现的错误进行免费的修改而不收取任何的费用。除此之外附加的翻译任务则不属此列。第九条：经双方共同协商，甲方所委托翻译项目价值为人民币元。乙方预先收取甲方所付 % 订金计人民币 ________ 元整。待翻译完成后，乙方交付译稿给甲方时，甲方应一次性付清所欠的翻译费给乙方。甲方如需乙方邮寄发票应提前说明。甲乙双方都必须遵守合同中的各个条款，如在执行过程中有争议，双方应互相协商解决。本合同一式二份，甲乙双方各执一份，本合同自盖章签字之日起生效，有效期为 .................. 未尽事宜以及在对合同的理解和执行过程中的争议，在双方协商后以书面形式附加以确立并视同合同的一部分。付款方式： 1 、银行转帐开户名：

房产证英文翻译模板-重庆

Housing Ownership Certificate of Chongqing City Page1: Made and supervised by the Construction Ministry of Chongqing City No.XXX Page2: XXX House Property Ownership Certificate No. XXX According to the “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China”、the “Law of the People's Republic of China relating to Administration of Urban Real Estate”and “Land Housing Authority registration ordinance of Chongqing City”to protect the legal interests of the house owner who applied to register, the real estate listed here was proved to be authentic. Hereby is the certificate. Issued by: Chongqing Real Estate Management Bureau (Seal) Issued License Office Chapter: Chongqing Real Estate Management Bureau (Seal) Date of issuing license:XXX

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。（一）人口老龄化加快随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。（二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

翻译合同及报价

翻译服务协议书甲方: 乙方：依据《中华人民共和国合同法》规定，本着诚实信用、平等互利的原则，甲乙双方就甲方资料翻译服务一事，达成协议如下: 第一条：合作期限甲方与乙方达成长期翻译合作意向，从年月日到年月日。合作形式为甲方委托乙方不定期翻译文字资料，由乙方负责将该中文资料翻译成甲方所要求英文资料。第二条：翻译内容 1．乙方将甲方提供的文件中的中文翻译为英文；具体文件以甲方给乙方的纸质文件或者电子版文件为准。 2．乙方应保证翻译人员的专业性和翻译稿件的准确性，认真做好翻译校对工作； 3．乙方按照甲方的文件格式进行排版，最终翻译稿以电子文件的方式提供给甲方。 4．乙方应保证其翻译稿件质量：忠实原文、译文准确。第三条：翻译期限及费用 1．计价方式：按照翻译原文的中文（字符数不计空格）进行计价。 2．本次翻译单价为，翻译费总金额为：元整。 3．翻译文件的交稿期限为：年月日。 4．甲方在签订合同当日支付翻译预付款元。 5．交稿时付清其余所有款项即元。甲方向乙方开具正式发票。第四条：责任条款 1.如因甲方原因推迟提供给乙方翻译稿件或翻译的相关资料时间，受到的损失甲方承担。 2.甲方如对乙方译稿有异议，甲方有权在取稿之日起30日内，向乙方提出书面修改意见，乙方应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改，直至甲方满意为止。 3.如乙方在翻译质量和完成工期方面不符合合同要求，甲方有权中止合同并视为乙方违约，乙方应退还甲方预付款，另外赔偿甲方预付款的作为违约金。 4.在乙方无违约的状况下，甲方应按约定及时付款，否则乙方有权要求甲方支付延迟付款天数乘以翻译费用总额作为赔偿；翻译进行过程中，如甲方提出中止翻译，预付金不予退回并按照已翻译文件比例支付相应翻译费。第五条：其他条款 5.乙方应考虑甲方翻译内容的保密性。另签署的保密协议作为本协议的一部分，具有法律效力。 6.本协议未尽之事，双方协商解决； 7.本协议一式二份，传真件有效，甲乙双方各执一份，自双方盖章之日起一年内有效。甲方（盖章）：乙方（盖章）：负责人（签字）：负责人（签字）：联系电话：传真：联系电话：地址：地址：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日

翻译服务合同书模板(合同示范文本)

( 合同范本 ) 甲方：_____________________________ 乙方：_____________________________ 日期：__________年______月______日精品合同 / Word文档 / 文字可改翻译服务合同书模板(合同示范文本) The contract concluded after the parties reached a consensus through equal consultations stipulates the mutual obligations and the rights they should enjoy.

翻译服务合同书模板(合同示范文本) 甲方：____________________ 乙方：____________________ 甲乙双方经友好协商，就乙方为甲方提供__________语口译服务达成协议如下： 1．期限口译服务时间为________年_____月_____日到________年_____月_____日，共__________天。服务天数从乙方翻译人员与甲方人员见面的当天起（包含），到乙方翻译人员与甲方人员分手的当天为止（包含）。不足一天，也按一天计算。 2．服务地点及具体内容 __________________________________________________________ ______

3．口译费每天人民币__________元，共计人民币__________元。 4．付款签订本合同之后，乙方提供口译服务之前，甲方需向乙方预付人民币_______________元，余款完成口译任务后立即支付。 5．质量保证乙方保证派遣人员符合口译要求，能为甲方提供圆满服务。 6．其它本合同一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份。甲方（盖章）：__________________ 代表签字：______________________ 乙方（盖章）：__________________ 代表签字：______________________ 日期：________年______月______日云博创意设计 MzYunBo Creative Design Co., Ltd.

样本-房产证英文翻译

Formulated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China House construction registration number: Ning House Proprietorship Certificate Construction Xuan Transfer No. According to the stipulations in Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and Real Estate Administration Law in Cities of the People’s Republic of China, this certificate is hereby issued for the purpose of protecting the legal rights and interests of house proprietors with the real estate listed in this certificate and applied for registration by the proprietors being checked and proved to be true. Certificate Issued by (seal): Real Estate Administration Bureau of Nanjing City (seal)

Filled and issued by (seal): Date of filling and issuing: October 10, 2003

房产证英语翻译英文翻译

房产证英语翻译英文翻译集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]

House Property Ownership Certificate The People's Republic of China Made and supervised by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the P eople’s Republic of China (2012 Version) Building registration No.: ***** In accordance with the Property Law of the People’s Republic of China, the House Property Ownership Certificate is a proof of the obligee’s ownership of the house property. Registration Agency (seal): People's Government of ***** City

Issued by (seal): Special Seal for Prope rty Ownership Registration of Real Estate Administratio n Bureau of ** City Date of Printing: **

Floor Plan of the House Notes 1.This certificate is a legal document to certify the right of property ownership. 2.Property owners and interested parties can inquire the registration information of the property according to relevant laws. 3.The information of items recorded in this certificate is in consistent with that on the housing ledger. Should any inconsistency occur, please refer to the housing ledger, unless there is evidence showing otherwise. 4.Any other organization or individual other than the registration agency shall not make notes or stamp on this certificate. 5.This certificate shall be kept properly. The loss and damage of the certificate shall be reported to the Bureau and its holders should apply for re-issue promptly. No. **