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英语语言学基础知识

一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征

几对基本概念

(2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing

What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language

Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as

the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but

languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要

研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language

\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是

语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the

language people actually use. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Prescriptive: it aims lay dow n rules for “correct” behavior.

Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken data. Language is a rule-governed system Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language. Language is basically vocal

Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 Language is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration the description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name wou ld smell as sweet.”)

in modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Language is used for human communication Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Design features of language 语言的甄别特征 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: American linguist Charles Hackett specified 12 design features:

(1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution

1) arbitrariness 武断性 4) displacement移位性 2) productivity 创造性

5) cultural transmission 文化传递性3) duality 二重性

二、音系学

语言的声音媒介音系学和语音学什么是语音学语音、音位、音位变体发音器官音位对立、互补分部、最小对立音标……宽式和严式标音法几条音系规则英语语音的分类超切分特征

构成了语言的声音媒介。

Phonetics语音学: Is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds Two major media of communication: Speech and writing

The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic that occur in the world’s language. studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics

听觉语音学and acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 01) Velum: The soft palate. 软腭 Organs of speech 发音器官 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬

垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:

The pharyngeal cavity咽腔----the throat 03) larynx: n. 喉 The oral cavity口腔----the mouth 04) vocal cord: 声带 The nasal cavity 鼻腔---

the nose 05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, Vibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。器官

单词补充：

06) the soft palate: 软腭 10) the teeth: 牙齿 07) the hard palate:

硬腭 11) the lips: 上下唇 08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈 12) blade of tongue: 舌面

13) back of tongue: 舌根 09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone

牙槽颚骨处的牙床 14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔

16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup

中的(k)

17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖 19) the roof of the mouth: 上颚 18) the upper front teeth: 上齿 20) the lower lip: 下唇音标……宽式和严式标音法 :the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度

:the shape of the lips园唇与否 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) 元音（单元音&双元

音） :length of the vowels元音的长度 The constants 辅音

Broad transcription: Transcription with letter-symbols only. (in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)

用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。

Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics.

但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，比如Pit和spit 中的/P/音发音就不一样。

在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音

法。

Classification of English speech sounds

英语语音的分类

The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes

from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the

Phonology 音系学 latter it is obstructed in one way or another.

Classification of English constants Phonology and phonetics

英语辅音分类音系学和语音学 Classification of English vowels Phonetics is of a general nature; It is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages. :the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。

复合词的类型 Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds 复合词的特征 in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。 Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words Phone，phoneme and allophone are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. 语音，音位，音位变体形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。

Phones, which can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language. 语音是语音学研究的单位，是一个个具体的声音。语素：语言最小的意义单位。Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent) 音位是音系学研究的单位，是抽象的概念，每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体，音位具有区别意义的自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。作用。Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.

粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词 The different which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) root (2)Affix(词缀) that phoneme.

音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现，同一音位在不同语音

环境里体现为不同的变体，1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): 也就是语音。 affixes attached to the end of words to

indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional

2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair

音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对 An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）

that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an rope and robe that /P/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they adjective.

free=free root（自由词根） are in phonemic contrast.

可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。 Morpheme(词素)

/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. Bound root prefix

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same bound derivational place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. [pen] and [ben] affix suffix

最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。inflectional

Some rules in phonology几条音系规则 Root and stem（词根和词干）Sequential rules 序列规则：Blik, klib, bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki, ilbk, bkil, ilkb not possible. 1) Root 2) Stem

Assimilation rules 同化规则 The differences between root and stem: Deletion rule 省略规则 A root is the basic form of a word which cannot

be further analyzed without total loss of identity. Sign, design, there

is no {g} sound A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes, can Signature, designation the {g} is pronounced. be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root. Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal constant. Individualistic Undesirables Suprasegmental features--- stress, tone, intonation Individualist (stem) undesirable (stem) 超切分

特征――重音，声调，语调 Individual (stem) desirable (stem) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; dividual (stem) desire (root, stem) 超切分特征

指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。 divide(root, stem) 三、 MORPHOLOGY 形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。 Affixation词缀法（Derivation派

生法）：Adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem. 语素：语

言最小的意义单位 Prefixation前缀@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems. 语素的类型 1)'表示否定'negative prefixes:

un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.

Adjective + noun + -ed（形容词＋名词＋ed）―――white-haired, red-eyed 2)''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.

3)'表示贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc. Verb + noun(动词＋名词)―――driveway, breakwater(挡水板) 4)'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc. Adverb + noun（副词＋名词）―――downtown, overburden 5)'表示方向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes: counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc. Noun + verb（名词＋动词）―――toothpick, snowfall

Verb + adverb（动词＋副词）―――follow-up, kick-off 6)locative prefixes: super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.

7)'表示时间、次序'time and order prefixes: fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. Noun + adjective（名词＋形容词）―――world-famous, lifelong 8)'表示数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc. -ing form + noun（ing+名词）―――baking power, dining-room 9)'混杂

'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice- other forms（其他）―――go-between, father-in-law Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems. Features of compounds复合词的特征

1.Orthographically书写特征 1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes

3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes

Compounding复合法（also called composition）（Compounds are

written in three ways: solid(airmail) hyphenated(air-conditioning)

open(air force, air raid)

2.Syntactically句法特征(复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性) Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems

3.Semantically语义特征（复合词的意义具有习语性质，许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和） Formation of compounds

Noun + noun（名词＋名词）――― handbook, sunshine 4.Phonetically语音特征（复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上） Adjective + noun（形容词＋名词）―――highway, deadline 四、句法学

句子的构成 X标杆理论

句子的类型名词词组移位与WH移位句子的线性排列与层次结构其他类型的移位

词类深层结构与表层结构

词组类移动a规则

短语结构规则普遍语法原则

短语结构规则的循环性普遍语法参数

The liner and hierarchical structure of sentences 句子的线性排列与层次结构 Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set of

abstract rules that allow words to be combined The liner word order of a sentence: when a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are

produced one after another in sequence.句子的线性排列，句子无论就其口头或书面表现形式看，所含的with other words to form grammatical sentences.

句法是一个由一套数量有限的抽象规则组成的系统。次都按线性次序排列。(表面上的排列)

The hierarchical structure of a sentence：Sentences are organized with words of the same syntactic category, Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.

句子通常由主语和谓语两大部分构成。谓语通常由限定动词或动词词组构成。 such as noun phrase (NP), or verb phrase (VP), grouped together.

The referring expression is grammatically called subject. 主语是指句子中所被指称的对象。句子的结构是一种由名词词组和动词词组等句法成分单位构成的层次性结构。 Types of sentences句子的类型 Tree diagrams of sentence structure

The simple sentence: consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its S

own sentence.简单句含一个主语和一个谓语的独立句子 NP VP

The coordinate sentence: contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction.并列句V S

含由连接词串联起来的两个句子成分 NP VP

The complex sentence: Contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. V NP

The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.复合句由两个或两个John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.

以上的子句组成，其中之一为主要子句，其余为从属子句。 The points at which the tree branches at various levels are called branching nodes.（分节点）

Syntactic categories 句法类型

Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic categories they belong to.

Lexical categories 词类

Major Lexical Categories主要词类

Noun(N)\ Verb(V)\Adjective(Adj)\Adverb(Adv) 名词、动词、形容词、副词Minor Lexical Categories

Determiner(Det)\Auxiliary(Aux)\Preposition(Prep)\Pronoun(Pron)\Conju nction(Conj)\Interjection(Int)限定词、

助动词、介词、代名词、连接词、感叹词

Phrasal categories词组类

Noun phrase (NP)\Verb phrase (VP)\Prepositional phrase(PP)\Adjective phrase(AP)

名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语

Grammatical relations 语法关系

Our linguistic knowledge includes an awareness of a distinction between the structural and logical functional

relations of constituents called grammatical relations.

语法关系是指句子中名词词组与动词的关系，其中涉及到主语和宾语的结构性和逻辑性。

The structural subject and the structural object结构主语与结构宾语The logic subject (the doer of the action) and the logical object (the recipient of the action)

逻辑主语（行动的执行者）与逻辑宾语（行动的接受者）

Combinational rules 组合规则

Phrase structure rules（rewrite rule）短语结构规则

短语结构规则是一组句法重写规则。

NP—Det N (a/the man)

NP---Det Adj N PP S(the tall man with glasses that I met)

The recursiveness of Phrase structure rules 短语结构规则的循环性These rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentence with infinite length, due to their

recursive properties.根据短语结构规则，短语和句子可以无限循环地组合起来。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》章节题库(含名校考研真题)-第8~11章【圣才出品】

第8章英语语言的应用（I） I. Fill in the blanks. 1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by 【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。 2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary 【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。 3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 【答案】Performatives 【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。 II. Multiple Choices. 1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研) A. John Searle B. John Austin

C. Levinson D. G. Leech 【答案】B 【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。 2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研） A. threaten B. advise C. beseech D. urge 【答案】A 【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。 3. _____ is using a sentence to perform a function. （西安外国语学院2006研） A. A perlocutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A locutionary act D. Speech act 【答案】D 【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出言语行为理论, 此理论对语言交际的

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分）一、考试要求和内容该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。二、考试题型填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。三、考试题型填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。四、参考书《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007；《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。二、考试题型填空题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

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英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

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语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8 allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.