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英语语言学树型图

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl

c) often read detective stories

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals

e) move towards the window

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.

a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V

The jet landed

b) Mary became very ill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about?

NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

d) The apple might hit the man.

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories.

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Pres

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP

Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

NP VP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) Y ou know that I hate war.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V NP

Y ou know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

Y ou know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

Det N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

NP VP

N VP NP

Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam

d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

NP VP

N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce

e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

NP VP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP

N V NP

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

The was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

The dog bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP

N V

Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N S

NP Infl VP

NP NP

N V

N N Herbert found the

d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C Infl S

NP VP

N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.

a) Would you come tomorrow?

Deep structure

C S

NP AdvP

N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure

C S

NP AdvP

Infl

N Infl V Adv

come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

Deep structure

C S

NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper

Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

pass me the newspaper

c) Should the students report the incident?

Deep structure

C S

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch?

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N N

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure

NP C S

Infl NP PP

NP NP N N Infl V P

N N

for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to ?

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

this should be reported to whom

Surface structure

NP C S

N Infl NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP

e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man

高中英语语法课教案.doc

高中英语语法“虚拟语气”的教学设计一、教材分析：本课是结合外研社版高中英语教材选修6中有关虚拟语气的语法内容，进行高三虚拟语气的复习，教学中将语法知识的传授和语言基本技能的学习结合到一起，注重复习语法与语言的运用。采用任务型教学法和小组合作探究学习法，从而扩大课堂的语言输入量及学生的语言输出量。二、学情分析：在高一和高二英语学习基础上，高三学生已经掌握基本的语言结构和一定程度的听说读写能力。在高三语法复习的过程中，结合学生原有的知识掌握水平，巩固基础强化正确使用语法知识，提高学生运用语言的深度和难度.但大部分学生的基础知识仍然较为薄弱，运用英语进行交际活动的能力较差，主动学习的动力不够，然而他们学习比较认真，渴求知欲旺盛，思维比较活跃。部分学生的基础较好，能主动配合老师。只有设置使他们感兴趣的活动，因材施教，才能让他们投入到课堂活动中来。三、教学重点: 1.复习的重点---语法虚拟语气的句型结构. 2.语法虚拟语气的运用四、教学难点: 1.结合复习的语法知识，以课堂教学为依托，全面训练学生的听、说、读、写能力，加强和提高运用英语的综合能力。 2.虚拟语气在真实的生活语境中的使用。五、教学目标: 1.知识目标: 引导学生掌握情态动词在虚拟语气之中的使用。培养学生通读，分析，理解，综合的能力，教会学生体察语境，结合上下文，附和逻辑推理和合理的想象，结合语法和题干中的语境解决高考题。在运用语言过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力，提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力。 2.能力目标：利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围，使学生进入情景之中，充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验，规范学生运用英语知识准确表达的能力，同时，发展学生综合语言运用的能力，分析问题和解决问题的能力，培养学生自主学习。 3.德育目标：用情态动词和虚拟语气的句子结构表达思想感情和正确的世界观、人生观。六、教学策略:

语言学树形图课后答案.

树形图详细讲解网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N

full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories

英语语言学树形图举例word精品

树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N

八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals

(完整版)高中英语语法知识思维导图

什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not

一般现在时vs.一般过去时

一般将来时将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。

进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?

进行时(2)

完成时(1) Part1 完成时的句型构成 1-1 陈述句型：S+has/have+过去分词(p.p.) I have already finished my homework.(我已经完成了我的作业) 1-2 否定句型：S+has/have+not+过去分词(p.p.) Sandy has been a nurse in this hospital for 15 years.(珊蒂已经在这家医院担任护士长达15年了。) 1-3 疑问句型：Has/Have+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Have you ever seen Peter in past 3 months?(过去3个月内，你看见过彼吗？) 2-1 陈述句型：S+had+过去分词(p.p.) This proposal had been deliverde by Eva before Aaron finished it. (这个计划在艾伦完成以前，伊娃就已经提交出去了) 2-2 否定句型：S+had+not+过去分词(p.p.) I had not finished my work when he visited me last week.(上周他来拜访我以前，我还没有完成工作。) 2-3 疑问句型：Had+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Had you ever been to a blind date before you married?(你结婚以前曾经参加相亲吗？) 3-1 陈述句型：S+shall/will+have+过去分词(p.p.) They wll have finished the meeting by now. (他们现在应该已经开完会了) 3-2 否定句型：S+shall/will+have+not+过去分词(p.p.) We will have not made 10 apple pies by the end of today.(我们在今天结束之前不能做完10个苹果派。) 3-3 疑问句型： Shall/Will+ s+have+过去分词(p.p.)? Will they have already left by the time we get there?(我们到的时候，他们会不会已经离开了？ )

语言学第四单元课后答案 synta 树状图 the s rule

syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP

A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP

教你如何画语言学树型图

树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP

语言学课后习题树形图

8.（c）the argument against the proposals PP NP P NP Det N Det N against the (d)already above the windows PP AdvP P NP Adv Det N already above the window

NP Infl VP Det AP N pst V PP A P NP Det AP N A huge moon hung in the black sky (C) The man examined his car carefully yeseterday S NP Infl VP Det N pst V NP AdvP Det N AdvP Adv Adv A man examined his car carefully yesterday 10．（b）Helen put on her clothes and went out S

N pst V PP Con V PP P NP P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP Infl VP N Pre V AP Con AP A PP A PP P NP P NP N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics 11.(b) Gerry belives the fact that Anna fluncked the English exam. S NP Infl VP

(完整版)高中英语语法知识思维导图

什么是语法？ 1-1名词 1-2代名词 3-1 主语+不及物动词1-3形容词 3-2 主语+系动词+表语1-4动词 3-3 主语+及物动词+宾语 1-5副词 3-4 主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1-6介词 3-5 主语+使役动词+宾语+宾语补足语 1-7连词1-8 感叹词 2-1 名词短语 4-1 动词不能连用 2-2 形容词短语 4-2 两个动词用to/-ing 2-3 副词短语 4-3 第三人称动司加s 2-4 动词短语 4-4 否定句不可直接加not 2-5 介词短语 4-5 to+ 动词 4-6 助动词 4-7 问句要用助动词4-8 动词随主语变化形式 1.单词 2.短语 3.句型 4.语法英语语法概论

一般现在时vs.一般过去时 1-1现在时刻发生的动作或状态 1-2经常性或习惯性的动作 1-3主语具备的性格、能力和本质特征等 1-4 客观事实、普遍真理、名言、警句或谚语等1-5按规定、时刻表、计划或安排要发生的动作1-6与时间副词连用表将来式 1-7以here 、there 引导之倒装句表正在发生之事 2-1表示过去特定时间发生的事件、动作 2-2 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态2-3表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 1.现在时使用时机一般现在时vs. 一般过去时 2.过去时使用时机

一般将来时 1-1陈述句：S+will/shall+V原形 1-2否定句：S+will/shall+not+V原形 1-3疑问句：Will/Shall+s+V原形 ? 1.句型构成将来时 2.使用时机 2-1表示将来某个时间点要发生的事 2-2表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的事 2-3征询对方意图或愿望时 2-4 表示即将要做的动作或决定将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。

高中英语语法英语句子成分和结构讲解分析划分与练习及答案

句子结构及成分 ①相关概念 1.词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transitive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。) 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”) She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”) 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。) 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1.Most birds can fly.（）考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3.It happened yesterday.（）考点4.My watch stopped.（）考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考点7.Shall I begin at once?（）考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（）考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（）考点10.They left last week. （） 3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：

语言学树型图

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

高中英语语法总复习结构图

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用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

三、代词： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 ①One should learn to think of others. ②Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. ③I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 ①Would you like some bananas? ②Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 ①I have read this article in some magazine. ②Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 ①There are some 3,000 students in this school. ②Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

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什么是语法？ +不及物动词 -2 主语＋系动词+表语 +及物动词+宾语 +双宾动词＋间接宾语+直接宾语 +使役动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语１动词不能连用两个动词用ｔo/-ing ４-3 第三人称动司加s 4-4 否定句不可直接加not tｏ+动词 --

一般现在时vs．一般过去时 --

一般将来时将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或者重复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间副词连用,例如:ｓoon, neｘt wｅｅｋ, this afｔeｒｎoon, toｍorｒow Ｗe will grａｄuaｔｅｎeｘt yeaｒ．我们明年毕业。 --

进行时(１) 现在分词(V+ing） l be + not + 现在分词（Ｖ+inｇ）ｅ + 现在分词(V+inｇ)? V+ｉｎg） --

进行时（２） --

-- 完成时(1) Ｐart1 完成时的句型构成 1－1 陈述句型：Ｓ+has/ｈa ｖe+过去分词(p.p.) I ｈａｖｅａlready fin ｉsh ｅd my ho ｍework.(我已经完成了我的作业）１-2 否定句型：S+has/ha ｖｅ+not+过去分词(p.p.) Sa ｎｄｙ has ｂeen a nurs ｅ i ｎ thi ｓ hos ｐｉtal for 15 ye ａrs.(珊蒂已经在这家医院担任护士长达15年了。) 1－３疑问句型:Ha ｓ／Ｈａv ｅ＋s+过去分词(p.ｐ.)？ Have you ｅv ｅr ｓｅen Pet ｅr ｉn past 3 mon ｔhs ？（过去3个月内，你看见过彼吗?) 2-1 陈述句型:S ＋had+过去分词(p ．p.）Ｔhis ｐroposal ha ｄｂee ｎ de ｌi ｖe ｒde by Eva befo ｒｅＡaron finished ｉｔ. (这个计划在艾伦完成以前,伊娃就已经提交出去了) 2-2 否定句型：S+ha ｄ+ｎo ｔ+过去分词(p.p ．) I ha ｄ n ｏt finishe ｄ my wor ｋ when ｈe v ｉsited me last w ｅｅk ．(上周他来拜访我以前,我还没有完成工作。) 2-3 疑问句型：Ｈad+ｓ+过去分词(p.ｐ.)？Ｈad you ｅver b ｅｅn ｔｏ a blin ｄ d ａte b ｅfore y ｏｕ marrie ｄ?(你结婚以前曾经参加相亲吗？) 3-１陈述句型:Ｓ＋shall/w ｉl ｌ+ｈａv ｅ+过去分词(p.p.） T ｈｅy wll h ａve f ｉnis ｈe ｄｔｈe meeting by now ． (他们现在应该已经开完会了) 3－2 否定句型:S+s ｈal ｌ/w ｉll+ｈave+ｎot+过去分词(ｐ．p.）Ｗe wil ｌ h ａve no ｔ ma ｄe １0 ap ｐle pies by ｔhe ｅn ｄ of today.(我们在今天结束之前不能做完10个苹果派。) 3-３疑问句型: Shall ／Ｗill ＋ｓ+have+过去分词（ p.p.)?

语言学树形图课后问题详解

文档树形图详细讲解网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两点： 1.短语和中心词在一竖线上 2.含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a)T he old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b)The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c)T he snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d)H e never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2.T he following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N

文档full of people b)a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c)o ften read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories

高中英语语法结构(精简版)

高中英语语法结构（精简版）一、一般现在时（do/does/; am/is/are) ①表示现在的情况、状态或特征。例：He is a student.他是一个学生。 ②表示经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others.他总是帮助别人。 ③客观事实和普遍真理。例：The earth moves the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 ④表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词，可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。 ⑤在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将的来事情。（即：主将从现原则）例：I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport. 我一到机场就会给你打电话。 When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. 等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。二、现在进行时（am/is/are+doing） ①表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。例：He is listning to the music now.他现在正在听音乐。 ②表示目前一段时间内一直在做的事情，但不一定此时此刻正在做。例：I am studying computer this term.这个学期我一直在学习计算机。

语言学重要概念梳理中英文对照版

第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features） 1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式 2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning） 3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences） 4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等 5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language） 1.传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function 2.人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity 3.行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses 4.表情功能 Emotive Function：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions 5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等 6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book 可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书” 三、语言学的分支 1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic 1)语音学 Phonetics ：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。Its main focus is on the articulation， transmission and reception of human sounds， especially isolated sounds 2)音位学Phonology：从功能的角度出发对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及其组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns from function perspective. 3)形态学 Morphology：研究单词的内部构造the internal structure of words 4)句法学 Syntax：研究组词造句的规则the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 5)语义学 Semantics：对语言产生的意义的方法的系统研究，以研究词义和句义为主it's the systemic studies on the meaning-producing mechanism in languages, including words and sentences meaning 6)语用学 Pragmatics：从语言同使用者之间的关系出发，研究在实际交际in real-time communication contexts中影响人们语言使用的各种因素mainly in terms of the relationship between language and language-users。 2. 边缘语言学 Peripheral:

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高中英语语法权威解析目录: 第01章名词性从句第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章主谓一致第05章动词不定式第06章倒装结构第07章定语从句第08章被动语态第09章祈使句第10章感叹句第11章疑问句第12章名词第一章名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。

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按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。第一章名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词) 或介词之后。

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