污水处理英文翻译资料

河流污水处理的相关论述

1 前言

随着工业化和城市化的发展，水环境污染、水资源紧缺日益严重，水污染控制、水环境保护已刻不容缓。我国现在新建城市或城区采用雨污分流制，但老城市或老城区大多仍然是雨污合流的排水体制。许多合流污水是直接排放到水体。而将旧合流制改为分流制，受现状条件限制大许多。老城区建成年代较长，地下管线基本成型，地面建筑拥挤，路面狭窄，旧合流制改分流制难度较大。合流污水的一大特点是旱季和雨季的水质、水量变化大，雨季污水BOD 浓度低，不利于生化处理。国家提出2010 的我国城市污水处理率要求达到40%, 因此研究有效的合流污水处理方法对加快城市污水处理步伐具有重要的意义。本文针对合流污水处理的有关情况，谈一些个人看法。

2 污水处理工艺要求

我国目前不少城市，新城区与老城区并存，合流制与分流制并存。因此，新建或扩建的污水处理厂，在满足城市总体规划和排水规划需要的同时，还应能达到如下要求:

1. 具备接纳旧城区合流污水的能力，具有较强的适应冲击负荷的能力。污水处理厂污水来源包括两部分，一是新城区分流污水，二是老城区合流污水。与合流污水相比，分流污水水质、水量变化幅度小得多，对污水处理厂调节缓冲的要求小得多。对于合流污

水，降雨前期因雨水冲刷街区，合流污水较脏，但水量相对较小，降雨后期水量较大，但污水中有机物浓度相对较小。因此，降雨前期合流污水，可考虑与分流污水一起经预处理后进入污水处理构筑物。降雨后期合流污水，除一部分与分流污水一起经污水预处理构筑物进入污水处理构筑物外，另一部分可考虑通过雨污溢流构筑物进入雨污溢流沉定池后排入附近水体。为了对进入污水处理构筑物的合流污水高峰流量、水质波动进行缓冲调节，污水处理构筑物前端可设缓冲调节池以均质、储存水量。

2. 具有可靠的BOD、COD、SS 去除功能及氮磷去除功能，保证最终出水水质稳定。通常情况下，城市污水中难降解有机物较少，BOD、COD 去除比较容易实现，而氮磷去除则较复杂。我国现行的污水排放标准对污水处理厂出水氮磷指标有严格的要求，故城市污水处理都必须达到氮磷的有效去除。在现行城市污水脱氮除磷工艺中，A2/0 采用较为广泛。针对A2/0 工艺存在的问题目前出现了许多改进工艺，每种工艺又都存在各自的特点和局限。由于合流污水引起的水质、水量波动较大，对污水厂各处理单元产生冲击，为了适应受纳水体的要求，为使BOD、COD 等指标进一步降低，进一步去除污水中的细菌及氮、磷等植物性营养物质，在污水厂与受纳水体之间可设氧化塘。

3. 具有灵活多变的运行方式，可根据收集的污水量、进水水质以及季节变化调整运行方式。常规A2/0 工艺，很难做到灵活方便地调整运行方式。但A2/0工艺从构成原理上讲，是在曝气段前

加厌氧段和缺氧段。这一原理用于氧化沟技术，便可形成各种适应不同水质、水量、季节变化的运行方式。污水厂可根据实际情况设两个以上的氧化沟，每个沟设一定数量的水力推进器，池底均匀分布微孔爆气器。通过调整氧化沟污水进水管阀门、曝气器的开及关的区域、回流比大小、污泥回流比大小及水力推进器运行个数，便可形成串联、并联等若干种运行方式。每种运行方式具有各自区域大小不同的厌氧段、缺氮段、曝气段。当旱季污水量小则采用串联运行方式，雨季污水量大，则采用并联运行方式。夏季温度高，硝化反应速度快，则采用具有较小曝气区域、较小硝化段的运行方式，相应反硝化区域增加、功能加强，冬季情况则正好相反。如进水碳源浓度较低，则采取串联的、使后续反硝化段的碳源能得到补充的运行方式。

3 工艺流程选择和特点说明

根据污水合流制与分流制并存的特点及处理后污水排放水体的要求: 来自新城区的分流污水，经格栅处理后进入后续污水处理构筑物; 来自老城区的合流污水平时直接进入污水处理系统。降雨时，前期的较脏、水量较小的合流污水，与分流污水一起经格栅后进入后续污水处理构筑物。降雨后期的合流污水水量较大主要含泥砂，一部分经雨污溢流构筑物，在沉淀池作短暂停留，去除部分泥砂后直接排放水体，另一部分则与分流污水一起经格栅后进入后续处理构筑物。格栅用以去除污水中的大块悬浮物、漂浮物等污物，以消除大块污物对后续处理系统的不良影响。曝气沉砂池用以去除较

大砂粒及其他无机污染物颗粒，以提高污泥活性有机组分含量、减轻对管道设备的磨损、减轻后续沉淀池负荷、改善系统运行条件。初沉池主要用以去除SS，在初沉池中，根据进水水质情况，可适时外加碳源和氨氮，以保证有足够量和适当比例的C、N、P 来源，为后续生化反应正常运行创造条件。缓冲池主要作用是在合流污水高峰流量时均质、储存水量。氧化沟是一种简易、高效、经济的城市污水处理工艺近几十年发展迅速。在流态上，它既是完全混合式，又具有推流式特征。由于沟渠溶解氧浓度的递减变化规律，通过适当安排进水口、出水口、回流污泥入口位置，氧化沟可形成一个倒置A2/0 工艺。根据硝化、反硝化、生物除磷及好氧活性污泥微生物的代特在缺氧段，主要功能是脱氮，回流污泥中反硝化菌以原水中有机物为碳源，以来自好氧段的硝化液中的硝酸盐为电子受体，将硝态氮NO-3-N 还原为气态氮N2。在厌氧段，主要功能是释磷，回流污泥中聚磷菌分解释放体聚磷酸盐，同时摄入污水中的有机物，以PHB 及糖原等形式储存于细胞。对于缺氧段与厌氧段的过渡过区域，既非严格的厌氧状态，而溶解氧浓度又低于缺氧段，脱氮与释磷过程都将存在，但都不易取得竞争优势。在好氧段，功能有三: 1、好氧活性污泥中微生物，使污水中有机物得到降解、去除，好氧微生物本身得以增殖，活性污泥得以增长;2、在亚硝化菌和硝化菌作用下，将污水中氨氮NH+4-N 氧化成硝态氮，主要为NO-3-N; 3、聚磷菌体PHB 氧化产生大量能量一部分用于从污水中过量吸收磷酸盐，并以聚磷的形式贮存于体，一部分

供给细菌合成和维持生命。与A2/0工艺相比，前置缺氧段不仅可优先从污水中获得碳源，强化反硝化过程。同时，因先经历反硝化过程，消除了硝酸盐的大量存在对聚磷菌厌氧释磷过程的不利影响。通过对曝气器的控制，沟渠可形成区域大小适宜的缺氧段、厌氧段、曝气段，在去除BOD 的同时进行生物脱氮除磷，能取得较好的氮磷去除效果。特别是能够通过对曝气区域大小和进出水管阀门的控制，形成灵活多变的运行方式，适应污水水量、水质、季节性的变化，具有广阔的发展应用前景。当水质波动幅度不大时，通过前述的预处理、生物处理后的污水，一般能排放水体，但由于各种不确定偶发因素的影响，这样考虑处理水排放存在不小风险。当水质、水量大幅波动时这种情况更为突出。由于水污染、生态破坏的严峻形势，城市污水处理厂必须从技术上严格把关，从工艺上确保处理水安全排放水体。若在生物处理工艺之后设置熟化塘，不仅可在污水处理厂和受纳水体之间起缓冲作用，还能通过藻类-动物性浮游生物-鱼类等食物链和生态系统，使BOD、COD指标、细菌及氮磷等植物性营养物浓度进一步降低，具有良好稳定的处理效果。特别是在熟化塘系统中，通过塘生态系中多条食物链的物质迁移、转化和能量逐级传递、转化，在去除污染的同时，以水产资源形式达到物质、能量的回收，将污水处理与利用相结合，实现污水资源化。

4 结语

1. 合流制污水水质、水量波动幅度大, 技术工艺必须满足缓和冲

击负荷的要求，设置缓冲池均质、储存水量比较适宜。

2. 通过多个氧化沟构成若干个串、并联运行方式，在适应进水水质、水量、季节性变化方面能够发挥重要作用。

3. 通过安排适当的进出水口位置、回流污泥入口位置，氧化沟可形式一个倒置A2/0 工艺，在去除BOD 的同时，能取得较好的氮磷去除效果

4. 熟化塘的应用，为处理水安全排放水体，能够提供可靠的技术保证。熟化塘投资省、运行费用低、管理维护方面、污水处理与利用相结合，在防治水污染、保护水环境及生态环境综合治理方面具有明显优势。如果美化熟化塘表观，设置喷泉等设施，形成供人们休闲、游乐的人工景点，协调城市建设中土地资源的合理配置，那么熟化塘占地面积较大这一不足就不会成为突出的问题。

Combined sewage treatment related discussion

1 Preface

With the industrialization and urbanization development, water pollution, worsening water shortage, water pollution control, environmental protection has urgent need of water. China is now adopting a new city or urban stormwater sewage diversion system, but the old city or the old city is still mostly combined sewage stormwater drainage system, a number of combined sewage is directly discharged into the

water body. The confluence of the old system to a triage system, the status quo conditions, and many of the old city built during the long, underground pipeline basic shape, the ground construction crowded, narrow roads, the old Combined triage system more difficult to change. Combined sewage is a major feature of the water quality of the dry and wet seasons, water changes, low BOD effluent concentration during the rainy season is not conducive to biochemical treatment. Countries, 2010 China's urban sewage treatment rate of 40 percent required, and therefore the study of the convergence of effective methods of sewage treatment, sewage treatment to accelerate the pace of the city is of great significance. In this paper, the convergence of the sewage treatment situation, some personal views.

2 Requirements of the sewage treatment process

Many cities in China, the new city with the coexistence of the old city, Combined with the streaming system co-exist. Therefore, new or expanded sewage treatment plant to meet the overall urban planning and drainage planning requirements should be able to meet the following requirements:

(1) Have to accept merging the old city sewage capabilities, a strong ability to adapt to the impact load. Source of the sewage treatment plant effluent is composed of two parts: First, the new urban sewage diversion; Second, merging the old city sewage. Compared with the combined

sewage, sewage diversion of water quality, water, a much smaller range of sewage treatment plants require much less adjustment buffer. The confluence of sewage and rain red rain due to pre-rinse blocks, merging more dirty water, but water is relatively small; rain water, the larger the latter, but the concentration of organic compounds in water is relatively small. Therefore, pre-confluence rain water,could be considered together with the diversion of sewage by pre-treated sewage into the structure. Combined sewage late rainfall, with the exception of part of the sewage, together with the diversion of sewage by pre-treatment structures into the sewage treatment structures, and the other part to consider the adoption of stormwater pollution entering the storm sewage overflow structures Shen overflow pool set into the nearby water body after. In order to enter the structure of the combined sewage effluent peak flow, water quality buffer fluctuations conditioning, sewage treatment structures regulating the front-end buffer pool can be installed in order to balance water quality, storage of water.

(2) Reliable BOD, COD, SS removal of nitrogen and phosphorus removal function and features to ensure the stability of the final effluent quality. Under normal circumstances, urban sewage in less refractory organic matter, BOD, COD removal is easier to achieve, rather than the complexity of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The current effluent standards for sewage treatment plant effluent nitrogen and phosphorus

indicators have strict requirements, it must be of urban sewage treatment to achieve the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Under the existing urban sewage nitrogen and phosphorus removal process, A2 / 0 used more widely. For the A2 / 0 process problems, the present situation of a number of improvements in technology, technology also exists for each of the characteristics and limitations of each. As a result of merging the water quality caused by sewage, water, volatile, wastewater treatment plant on the impact of the processing units, in order to adapt to the receiving water requirements, in order to BOD, COD and other indicators of a further drop low, further removal of sewage bacteria and nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients in the wastewater treatment plant and receiving water can be established between the oxidation pond.

(3) With flexible operation mode, according to the quantity of sewage collection, water quality and seasonal variation of the adjustment operation. Conventional A2 / 0 process, it is difficult to do adjust the flexible operation mode. However, A2 / 0 process from the principle constitutes a sense, before the paragraph in the aeration and anoxic plus anaerobic paragraph. This principle for the oxidation ditch technology can be adapted to the formation of a variety of different water quality, quantity, seasonal changes in the operating mode. Wastewater treatment plant can be established according to the actual situation of the oxidation ditch more than two, each for a certain amount of ditch water propeller,

bottom uniform microporous gas explosion device.

3 Selection and characteristics of that process

Oxidation ditch is a simple, efficient and economical municipal wastewater treatment technology, has developed rapidly in recent decades. In the flow pattern, it is completely mixed, but also has push-flow characteristics. As a result of the decreasing concentration of dissolved oxygen ditches changes and appropriate arrangements through the inlet, outlet, back to the entrance of the location of the sludge, oxidation ditch can be inverted to form a A2 / 0 process:

Combined sewage system in accordance with the characteristics of both a triage system, and treated water discharge requirements.

Grille to remove the effluent suspended solids in the large, floating debris such as dirt, to remove large pieces of dirt on the follow-up to the adverse effects of treatment systems. Aerated grit chamber to remove large sand particles and other inorganic pollutants in order to improve Active organic component content in the sludge, reducing wear and tear on the plumbing, the follow-up sedimentation tanks to reduce load and improve the system operating conditions. Primary sedimentation tank for removal of the main SS, Shen pool in the beginning, according to the influent water quality can be a timely addition to carbon and nitrogen in order to ensure adequate and proper proportion of C, N, P sources, in order to follow-up biological and chemical response to create the

conditions for normal operation. The main role of a buffer pool of sewage in the combined balance of the water quality peak flow, storage of water.

And A2 / 0 process, the pre-hypoxic paragraph priority not only to obtain carbon from the wastewater, and strengthen the process of denitrification. At the same time, by first going through the process of denitrification, nitrate eliminated the existence of a large number of PAOs anaerobic phosphorus release the adverse effects of the process.

City of diversion from new sewage treatment by the grating into the sewage treatment follow-up structures; from the merging of the old city sewage, usually directly into the sewage treatment system. Rainfall, the pre-than dirt, water, the merging of smaller sewage, together with the diversion of sewage into the follow-up by the grating structures sewage treatment; the merging of the late rains the sewage water, largely with silt, some through stormwater pollution overflow structures, in the sedimentation tank for a short stay, after the removal of some sediment, direct discharge of water bodies, the other part, together with the diversion of sewage into the follow-up by the grating structures to deal with.

In accordance with nitrification, denitrification, biological phosphorus removal activated sludge and aerobic metabolism of microorganisms in the anoxic paragraph, the main function is to denitrification, sludge return to denitrifying bacteria as a carbon source of

organic matter in raw water, from the aerobic paragraph nitrification of nitrate solution for the electron acceptor, the nitrate (NO-3-N) back into gaseous nitrogen (N2). Anaerobic paragraph, the main function is to address the phosphorus, the return sludge in the decomposition of phosphate accumulating bacteria in vivo release of polyphosphate, while intake of organic matter in wastewater to the form of PHB and glycogen stored in the cells. Hypoxic anaerobic paragraph for paragraph and the transition over the region, neither strictly anaerobic state,

And the concentration of dissolved oxygen above and below the anoxic, denitrification and phosphorus release process will exist, but are not easy to gain a competitive edge. In aerobic, functions There are three: first, Aerobic activated sludge micro-organisms, so that has been the degradation of organic matter in wastewater, removed themselves to the proliferation of aerobic micro-organisms, activated sludge to growth; Second, Nitrosation nitrification bacteria and fungi Under the effect of ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater (NH +4- N) oxidized to nitrate (mainly NO-3-N); III PAOs PHB in vivo oxidation of a large amount of energy, part of the sewage from excessive absorption of phosphorus salts, and the form of poly-P stored in the body, part of the supply and maintenance of bacterial synthesis

4 Conclusion

By Aerator control ditches can be suitable for the formation of the

size of the hypoxic region paragraph, paragraph anaerobic, aeration paragraph, at the same time in the BOD removal of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal to obtain a better removal of nitrogen and phosphorus effect. In particular to Aeration through the pipes into and out of the region and the size of the control valve to form a flexible operation mode, to adapt to water, sewage, water quality, seasonal changes, there are broad prospects for development of applications.

翻译资料英语

FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

英文翻译模板-(户口本全本)

Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorney ship of a citizen and the

relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the householder and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The householder shall take the household register in safekeeping; the household register is prohibited to be altered, transferred and leased. When the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority; any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the household register shall be turned in and cancelled. Record of Dwelling Address Alteration

污水处理的英文文献翻译

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1,Regulating Pool 调节池 2, Pumping Station 提升泵房 3, Anaerobic Tank 厌氧池 4, Facultative Tank 兼氧池(翻译把兼氧好氧池分开了) 5, Aerobic Tank 好氧池 6, Biochemical Sedimentation Tank 生化沉淀池 7, Reaction Tank 反应池 8, Physical and Chemical Sedimentation Tank 物化沉淀池9, Fan Room 风机房 10, Sludge Pool 污泥池 11, The Sludge Concentration Pool 污泥浓缩池 12, Sludge Dewatering Room 污泥脱水间 Cids 酸 Process Flow Chart 工艺流程图 Wastewater 废水 Emission On Standard 达标排放 Overflow Into The Regulating Pool 溢液进调节池Sludge transport污泥外运 Biogas 沼气 Agent 药剂 Bar Screen格栅 Returned Slude污泥回流

Boiler Room 锅炉房 Switching Room 配电室 Add The Pharmacy 配药间 Office Lab 办公化验室 Legend 图例 Filter Press 板框压滤机Temperature（温度） pH(pH值) BOD5 at 20°C（五日生化需氧量）Total nitrogen (as N)（总氮） COD (mg O2 /l)（化学需氧量）Total phosphorus (as P)（总磷）Suspended solids （悬浮物SS）Total ammonia (as N) （总氨氮）Oils, fats & grease （动植物油类）Phenols （酚类） Mercury (as Hg)（汞） Nickel (as Ni)（镍） Cobalt (as Co)（钴） Lead (as Pb)（铅） Antimony (as Sb)（锑） Tin (as Sn)（锡）

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female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数none 无 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况blood type 血型 short-sighted 近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员，资格president 会长 vice-president 副会长director 理事 standing director 常务理事

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miter 斜槽规 scriber 近线尺 set square, triangle 三角板brace 手拉曲柄锉 hand drill 手钻 drill, bit 钻,有柄钻 gimlet, auger 钻,无柄钻countersink 锥口钻 gauge, marking gauge 量规hammer 锤 mallet 木槌 nail 钉 brad 平头钉 tack, stud 圆头钉 screw 螺丝钉 screwdriver 螺丝刀,改锥screw tap 螺丝攻 nail puller 拔钉器 ruler 尺 tape measure 卷尺 folding ruler 折尺sandpaper, emery paper 砂纸

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污水处理工业废水回用中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文资料对照外文翻译 Catalytic strategies for industrial water re-use Abstract The use of catalytic processes in pollution abatement and resource recovery is widespread and of significant economic importance [R.J. Farrauto, C.H. Bartholomew, Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, Blackie Academic and Professional,1997.]. For water recovery and re-use chemo-catalysis is only just starting to make an impact although bio-catalysis is well established [J.N. Horan, BiologicalWastewater Treatment Systems; Theory and Operation, Chichester, Wiley,

1990.]. This paper will discuss some of the principles behind developing chemo-catalytic processes for water re-use. Within this context oxidative catalytic chemistry has many opportunities to underpin the development of successful processes and many emerging technologies based on this chemistry can be considered . Keywords: COD removal; Catalytic oxidation; Industrial water treatment 1.Introduction Industrial water re-use in Europe has not yet started on the large scale. However, with potential long term changes in European weather and the need for more water abstraction from boreholes and rivers, the availability of water at low prices will become increasingly rare. As water prices rise there will come a point when technologies that exist now (or are being developed) will make water recycle and re-use a viable commercial operation. As that future approaches, it is worth stating the most important fact about wastewater improvement–avoid it completely if at all possible! It is best to consider water not as a naturally available cheap solvent but rather, difficult to purify, easily contaminated material that if allowed into the environment will permeate all parts of the biosphere. A pollutant is just a material in the wrong place and therefore design your process to keep the material where it should be –contained and safe. Avoidance and then minimisation are the two first steps in looking at any pollutant removal problem. Of course avoidance may not be an option on an existing plant where any changes may have large consequences for plant items if major flowsheet revision were required. Also avoidance may mean simply transferring the issue from the aqueous phase to the gas phase. There are advantages and disadvantages to both water and gas pollutant abatement. However, it must be remembered that gas phase organic pollutant removal (VOC combustion etc.,) is much more advanced than the equivalent water COD removal and therefore worth consideration [1]. Because these aspects cannot be over-emphasised，a third step would be to visit the first two steps again. Clean-up is expensive, recycle and re-use even if you have a cost effective process is still more capital equipment that will lower your return on assets and make the process less financially attractive. At present the best technology for water recycle is membrane based. This is the only technology that will produce a sufficiently clean permeate for chemical process use. However, the technology cannot be used in isolation and in many (all) cases will require filtration upstream and a technique for handling the downstream retentate containing the pollutants. Thus, hybrid technologies are required that together can handle the all aspects of the water improvement process[6,7,8]. Hence the general rules for wastewater improvement are: 1. Avoid if possible, consider all possible ways to minimise.

毕业设计英文翻译资料(中文)

故障概率模型的数控车床 摘要：领域的失效分析被计算机数字化控制（CNC）车床描述。现场收集了为期两年的约80台数控车床的故障数据。编码系统代码失效数据是制定和失效分析数据库成立的数控车床。失败的位置和子系统，失效模式及原因进行了分析，以显示薄弱子系统的数控车床。另外，故障的概率模型，分析了数控车床的模糊多准则综合评价。 作者关键词：数控车床；场失败；概率模型；模糊信息 文章概述 1.介绍 2. CNC车床的概述 3.收集和整理数据 3.1. 收集数据 3.2. 领域失效数据的有效性 3.3. 数据核对和数据库 4. 失效分析 4.1. 对失败位置和子系统的频率分析 4.2. 对失败形式的频率分析 5.失败机率模型 5.1. 方法学 5.2. 分布倍之间连续的失败 5.3. 修理时间的发行 6.结论 1.介绍 在过去十年中，计算机数字化控制（CNC）车床已经越来越多地被引入到机械加工过程中。由于其固有的灵活性很大，稳定的加工精度和高生产率，数控车床是能给用户巨大的利益。然而，作为一个单一的数控车床故障也许会导致整个生产车间被停止，而且维修更加困难和昂贵，当故障发生时[1]，数控车床能够给用户带来很多的麻烦。 与此同时，制造商还需要持续改进数控车床的可靠性来提高市场的竞争力。因此，数控车床的可靠性能使生产商和用户增加显著性和至关重要的意义。 需要改进数控车床的可靠性，使用户和制造商收集和分析领域的故障数据和采取措施减少停机时间。本文论述了研究失效模式及原因，失效的位置和薄弱的子系统，故障概率模型的数控车床。

图1 系统框图的数控车床 机械系统包括主轴及其传动链（固定在主轴箱），两根滑动轴（命名X、Z或者U，W在轮），车床拖板箱，转动架或刀架，尾座，床身等。主轴持续或加强连续变速，驱动交流或直流主轴电机直接或通过主传动，并有一个光电编码器的主轴车削螺纹。X和Z 两根轴的驱动交流或直流伺服车削螺纹和控制同时进行。该转动架或刀架可自动交换工

英语翻译资料。

Unit1 1,这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木。 What the boy likes to do most is to put together the building blocks. 2,就先前的工作经验而言，约翰是这个职位的最佳候选人。 In times of previous working experience, john is the best choice for this position. 3,我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难理解的概念。 My physics teacher often uses analogy the explain some difficult concepts. 4在家人和朋友的帮助下，汤姆经营的出版企业逐渐兴旺起来。 With the help of his family and friends, Tom built up his publishing business bit by bit, 5,琳达没能进入那所著名的大学，但她打算重新开始，而不是逃避挑战。 Linda was not able to go to that famous college, but she planned to start all over again rather than giving up the challenge. 6,这个公司有着很好的公众形象。人们总是将它的产品与质量和优质服务联系在一起。This company has a very good public image, people always associate its products with high quality good service. Unit2 1,孩子们很苦恼,因为他们的家长不允许他们在铁路轨道旁玩耍。 The children were pretty annoyed, for their parents couldn’t allow them to play around the railway track. 2,我打赌我只要速度快一点，肯定会比他们先到目的地。 I bet that only if i speed up, surely i'll get to the destination earlier than them. 3，这种糟糕的天气让人不想出去，你还不如在家舒展一下筋骨，做做运动。 Y ou don’t want to go out in such rotten weather. It’s better for you to stay at home to stretch your legs and do physical exercises. 4，已经十点半了，你不应该还在睡觉！快赶到飞机场接你表弟！ It’s half past ten and you are not supposed to be sleeping. It’s time to head for the airport to pick up your cousin. 5，是谁想到让迈克来接管这项工程的？ Who came up with the idea to ask Mike to take over the project? 6，学校对不同种族背景的学生没有区别对待。 The school makes no distinction in treating students from different racial backgrounds. Unit3 1，他是一个合格的机械师，但他后来却搞起了国际贸易。 He is a qualified mechanic, but he afterwards but eke out her the international trade. 2，他在业余时间报名参加计算机基础知识的培训，但没能坚持到底。 In his spare time enrolled in computer basic knowledge of training, but he can't hold on to the end. 3，校长经过面试，选择了几个优秀的大学毕业生从事教学工作。 The headmaster after the interview, choose a few excellent college graduates teaching work. 4，这份合同对我们公司非常重要，所以写得越具体越好。我要和我的同事们好好谈谈。This contract is very important to our company, so I write have jumped over in detail more. I'm