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英语非谓语动词的用法及比较

山东省滕州市滕东中学

侯廷芬

邮编：277500

非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）在英语中应用广泛，在用法上有相似之处，但又有差别。英语动词就其能否独立充当谓语动词而采用的不同形式分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词。它们之所以称为非谓语动词，是这种动词在句中在形式上受主语的人称和数的制约，不能独立充当谓语动词，只能与一定的助动词相结合，构成进行时、完成时、被动语态或在句中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。非谓语动词保持动词的特征，即时态的变化，及物动词有语态的变化等，也可以有自己的宾语、状语等，同时也具有名词、形容词的特征。首先看谓语动词的特征。

一、非谓语动词的特征：

1、动词的特征：

（1）与not连用构成否定式。eg: to do------not to do; doing------not doing;

done------not done.

(2) 带有自己的状语、表语或宾语等。eg: to fly fast; to feel angry; to drink some water; driving fast; getting cold; watching TV; covered with snow; left the door open.

（3）不定式、动名词和现在分词可以有进行时和完成时，及物动词也有被动语态。

2、名词、形容词的特征：

这种特征也就是非谓语动词与谓语动词的主要区别。（1）非谓语动词起名词的作用。这一点主要是动名称和不定式。

She is fond of reading.

I hope to see you this evening.

（2）非谓语动词起形容词的作用。主要是分词和不定式。

something to eat; boiling water; boiled water.

二、非谓语动词的功能：

1、作主语。eg:

To study hard is our duty.

Talking is easier than doing.

2、作宾语。eg:

They pretended to be working hard.

Would you mind closing the door?

3、作表语：

My work is to teach English.

Seeing is believing.

It is broken.

4、作定语eg:

I have a lot of work to do.

He is always the first to come, and the last to go.

The cave is a good hiding place for us.

A broken cup is lying on the ground.

5 、作状语。eg:

He went home to see his mother.（目的）

Would you be so kind to lend me your bike? (结果）

I'm glad to see you.（原因）

She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. （伴随）

Built in 1192,the bridge is over 800 years old.

（背景）

Being ill, he went home early.（原因）

Seen those pictures , he couldn't help thinking of those memorable days in Yan'an. （时间）

6、作宾语补足。eg:

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

Did you see him go out?

You'd better have your shoes mended.

三、英语非谓语动词的用法及比较：

1、作主语时。

动名称和不定式都具有名词的特征，故皆可以作主语，但它们之间有差别。

（1）、动名词表示泛指，强调事情本身，多无时间性；而不定式常用来指具体的行为，强调动作，多表示将来或已完成。eg:

Going to markets is one of my favourites.

I have never been to China, but to go there is one of my favourites.

如果不定式不是指具体动作，那么可与动名词连用。但在口语中，动名词常用于句首。

（2）、在there be 句型中只能用动名词作主语。eg:

There is no telling what will happen.

（3）、动名词与不定式作主语时，都可以引入形式主语，动名词主要用于no good, useless, waste, no use 等作表语的句子里，而不定式这样的句子多的很。

It is no good going there.

当表语为essential, important, necessary时，不能用动名词作主语。

To learn English well is important.

（4）、从信息传递的角度看，动名词表示已知信息，而不定式表未知信息。因此当表达一个已知事实时，用不定式就不恰当。

2、作主语时。

(1)、动名词与不定式的区别是：

A 、动名词表达已知信息，表达比较抽象和一般的行为；不定式表达新信息，表示具体的行为，因此表示泛指意义的用动名词，表示特指意义的用不定式。eg: His job is looking after the patients.

His job is looking after the sounded workers.

但它们的区别并不很严格，尤其在表示泛指意义时，二者可以互换，在谚语中更为常见。eg:

To see is to believe.

seeing is believing.

B、动名词表示一个不受具体限制的事实，多无时间性，而表示将来行为多用不定式。

My opinion is going there.

My opinion is to go skating this afternoon.

（2）、动名词与分词的区别是：

动名词相当于名词，与主语是对等关系，说明主语是什么；分词相当于形容词，说明主语的特征，因此把表语放在句中，句子意义通顺的是动名词，不通顺的是分词。eg: My hobby is growing roses.(Growing roses is my hobby. growing 是动名词。）

The situation is encouraing.(encouraing 是分词。）

B、动名词作表语时，主语有很大的局限性，往往只限于某些抽象名词。eg: work, job, duty, hope等。

C:大多数作表语的分词，都已形容词化，因此它们可以和“be”外的其它系动词连用，而动名词只能与“be ”连用。

The story sounds interesting.

His job is washing.

3、作宾语时。

动名词和不定式都可以作宾语，但不定式往往表达想象的、将来的未完成的动作；而动名词则表示具体的事情、是真实的、完成的。

He pretened to be dead.

I wish to see you.

He avoids making the same mistake again.

He enjoys watching TV.

由于动词本身性质所决定，有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语；有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语；有些动词后既可以跟动名词，又可以跟不定式。下面将重点归纳这三方面的内容。

（1）、只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：

agree, care, decide, expect, hope, manage, pretent, promise, intent, wish等。

（2）、只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：

mind, risk, succeed in, practise, be busy, look

forward to, avoid, can't help, keep, miss, insist on, suggest, stop, enjoy, delay, admit, be used to, escape, excuse, finish, be worth, advise, give up等。

（3）、有些动词后既可以跟动名词，又可以跟不定式作宾语，它们在意义上有些差别不大，但有些差别很大。因此使用时容易产生错误，在此将仔细分析。

A、下面动词用动名词作宾语或不定式作宾语在意义上无差别或差别不大，常见的动词有：like, love, begin, start 等。

I like swimming in the sea.(抽象或泛指动作多用动名词)

I like to swim in the sea.(特指或具体指某次动作多用不定式) 但应注意begin 和start 在下列几种情况下，接不定式较好：

a、当主演不是人时。

After a month his health began/started to improve.

b、用于进行时态时。

She is beginning/starting to cook the supper.

c、当它们后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时。

I began to realize that I was wrong.

B、在动词need, want, require, deserve后，若主语是宾语行为的承受者时，动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，不定式用被动形式。

The house wants cleaning.

The house wants to be cleaned.

C、接不定式或动名词在意义上有明显差别的动词有：

remember, forget, regret, try, stop以及短语动词go on等。现分析如下：

1）remember, forget, regret后跟动名词表示过去已发生的事，跟不定式表示还没发生的动作。从信息观点来说，动名词表示已知信息，而不定式则传达未知的信息。

我记得曾在什么地方见过他。

I remeber seeing him somewhere.

到那时我要记着去见他。

I remember to see him when I get there.

我忘了曾经告诉过他过这个消息。

I forgot to tell him the news.

我忘了下课后交作业。

I forgot to hand in the exercise book after class.

我很后悔告诉你约翰偷了我的手表。

I regret telling you that John stole my watch.

我很遗憾地告诉你约翰偷了我的手表。

I regret to tell you that John stole my watch.

2）try后跟动名词表示动作已完成，意思是试一试做某件事；不定式则相反，意思是设法去做某件事情。

He tried to climb the hill. ( But he couldn't)

He tried climbing the hill. (He climbed it.)

3)后跟动名词表示停止某一动作；跟不定式表示把正在做的某件事情停止，以便去做另外一件事情，这时不定式不是作宾语，而是作目的状语。

He stopped reading the newspaper.

他停止看报纸。

He stopped to read the newspaper.

他停下来去看报纸。

4）go on后跟动名词表示某件事情正在进行的过程中，暂停中断后又继续下去；跟不定式表示干完某件事情后接着继续干另外一件事，这时不定式也是状语。

Let's go on reading Lesson Two.

让我们继续读第二课。

Let's go on to read Lesson Two.

让我们接着读第二课。

5）几乎所有的介词后面都可跟动名词作宾语，但在but, except , than, beesides 之后，只能跟不定式作宾语。

What do you like to do besides swim?

4、作宾补时。

1）动词不定式与分词的比较。

A、分词表示动作正在进行，非全过程；不定式表示动作已完成，全过程。

I saw her come in.（说明她进行了这件事。）

I saw her coming in.（说明她进来时的情景。）

B、若宾补是短暂动词表示，不定式可以理解为次动作，分词表示反复动作。

I heard the door slam/slaming.

2）现在分词与过去分词的比较。

分词作宾补时主要靠感觉，使意动词之后，现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动。常跟分词作宾补的动词有：find, get, feel, keep, see, hear, watch, notice等。

We heard her singing in the room.

We heard the song sung in the room.

3）现在分词作宾补与名词复合结构做宾语时的比较。

A、分词动作的时间总与谓语动词同时，而动名词则不一定。

I saw him swimming.

I remember once mother telling us a story.

B、动名词的逻辑主语具有生命时，常用所有格修饰，分词不可。

I don't like him going there.

=I don't like his going there.

5、作状语时。

1）不定式与分词的比较。

不定式可作目的原因、结果、时间、或可作条件、让步状语。

I should be glad to go.

We like to serve the people.

He is too young to go to school.

分词可作时间、条件、原因、结果或伴随状语。

Coming here, I met Jim.

He sat at the table, reading a book.

Seen from the hill, the park looks beautiful.

The teacher came in, followed by a group of boys.

2）表示原因时分词常用于句首，比较强调；不定式常用于句尾，家以补充。

Hearing of his success, we were all pleased.

We were all pleased to hear of his success

3）表结果时，分词和不定式都用于句尾，不定式能与副词too, so, enough及代词such 连用，而分词不可。

He got up late thus missing the bus.

He got up too late to catch the bus.

6、作状语时。

非谓语动词作定语时情况复杂，因为它们都能作定语，下面分析一下各自之间的不同。

1）动名词与分词的不同。

A、动名词具有名词的性质，它与被修饰的词之间没有关系，不能拓展为相应的定语从机句，动名词说明名词的用途；分词具有形容词的性质，它与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，能拓展为定语从句。

a sleeping car------ a car for sleeping

a sleeping boy------ a boy who is sleeping

B、动名词前可带一个名词与动名词一起作定语，而分词不可。

the water cooling system

C、动名词只能放在名词前，分词有时可放在被修饰的词之后。

teaching method

There is something interesting in the book.

2）分词与不定式的比较.

不定式表示的时间与谓语动词同时或界限不明;而不定式表示将要发生的动作.

A、Baking dogs seldom bite.

Do you have anything to say?

B、分词与被修饰的词之间通常有主谓关系,不定式有多种关系.

I have something to tell you.

There are ten minutes to go.

He expressed his strong desire to visit China.

That is the way to do it.

综上所述，非谓语动词既有共性，又有个性。通过分析对比，我们看出它们的异同，明确它们的本质特征。

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. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式. eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法： 1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe. 3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中： (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…） (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary…） (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty / an honor …）

人教版英语非谓语动词的用法大全含答案解析百度文库

人教版英语非谓语动词的用法大全含答案解析百度文库一、非谓语动词 1．I really don't know this question. It is too hard. A. which to answer B. how to answer C. what to answer 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意:我真的不知道如何回答这个问题。它太难了。which to answer回答哪一个; how to answer怎么回答；what to answer回答什么;据It's too hard.可知此处指的是这个问题太难，不知道如何回答，选B 2．My friend invited me ______ the Art Club , and I accepted it with pleasure. A. join B. to join C. joined D. joining 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意:我的朋友邀请我参加艺术俱乐部，我愉快地接受了。A.动词原形;B.动词不定式;C. 动词过去式;D.动词的ing形式。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事。结合句意及结构，故选B。 3．As a volunteer，the girl wants to visit sick kids in the hospital them up．（） A. to cheer B. cheer C. cheering D. cheered 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】作为一名志愿者，这个女孩想去看望医院里生病的孩子使他们振作起来．根据句意可知这个女孩想去看望医院里生病的孩子的目的是使他们振作起来，故该空处填入动词不定式作目的状语，故填to cheer，故选A 4．As we all know, a person learns many things by making mistakes and ________ them. A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：正如我们所知，一个人通过犯错误和纠正错误中，能学会很多东西。and，表并列的连词，前后动词用法应该一致，根据making，可知此处用动词ing形式，因此用correcting，故选D。【点评】考查固定搭配。注意介词后接动词的ing形式。 5． You should ask Bob ________ his own clothes. He is ten years old now.