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By Dana Demange

2011-10-4

STEVE EMBER: I'm Steve Ember.

BARBARA KLEIN: And I'm Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. At the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. you might see two cowboy boots. They are painted with a design of clouds and stars.

They look like boots that you could wear on your feet. But they are really made out of carefully formed clay material. The artist William Wilhelmi made these ceramic pieces. How did he make these colorful boots? Today, we answer that question as we explore the world of clay art.

(MUSIC)

Smithsonian American Art Museum

William Wilhelmi made "Cowboy Boots" in 1980.

STEVE EMBER: Clay is one of the most universal materials known to humans. Throughout history and around the world, people have developed the art of forming clay to make ceramic objects, or pottery. Clay is m ade of water and earth. It is formed into different shapes. The n high levels of heat harden it to produce many kinds of ceramics.

Different kinds of clay contain different minerals such as silicon or iron dioxide. The kinds of minerals in clay affect how soft or hard it is to work with. The mineral content of clay also affects the temperature level at which it hardens.

BARBARA KLEIN: Earthenware is one of the earliest kinds of clay used by humans. Earthenware hardens at a lower temperature than another clay called stoneware. Porcelain is yet another kind of clay.

It is very fine and smooth. All these clays need to be fired at high temperatures. Early pottery was heated in the sun or by a fire. Later, potters developed heated devices called kilns to control the necessary firing conditions.

STEVE EMBER: The development of ceramics has had an important effect on human history. Ceramic objects permitted early cultures to make containers that could hold water. This means they could cook foods like vegetables and meats. Improving food production methods meant larger populations could survive. Pottery is an art form that grew out of the daily needs of life.

Ceramics are also important for historians and archeologists. Pieces of ceramics found at archeological areas help tell about ancient cultures. These pieces can last for tens of thousands of years. They help answer questions about cultures we know little about.

(MUSIC)

BARBARA KLEIN: There are many different ways to form clay. The earliest methods involved shaping it by hand. People form containers by pressing a ball of clay into a given shape.

Or, they place long thin rolls of clay on top of each other and then make them smooth. Another method is called slab-construction. A ceramist creates several flat pieces of clay that can be joined together to make the sides of the container.

Later, ceramists developed the method of "throwing" clay on a wheel. A ball of clay is placed on a flat wheel device that turns quickly. The potter holds the clay firmly and guides it while the wheel and clay turn. Using different am ounts of upward pressure the potter can build up the sides of a container. This method permits a potter to make similar pieces quickly. But it takes a great deal of skill to become an expert at wheel throwing.

STEVE EMBER: Slip casting is another method. A ceramist pours liquid clay into a hard form or mold. As the clay dries, it takes the shape of the form. This method is useful for making very detailed objects. It is also useful because the mold can be used over and over again to make exact copies of the ceramic form.

There are also many ways to add decoration to ceramics. These methods can be as simple as scratching designs and images into the clay. Or, they can be more complex such as using liquid glazes to change the color or shininess of the clay surface.

(MUSIC)

BARBARA KLEIN: Pottery provides important examples of cultural exchange. For example, native traditions of pottery in Mexico changed greatly in the fifteenth century. After the arrival of people from Spain, Mexican ceramists stopped making their own religious figures. They started making Christian religious forms instead. Also, the Spanish introduced materials and methods used in Europe, including the potter's wheel.

Trade exchanges spread ceramics all over the world. As early as the tenth century, the Chinese traded their ceramics throughout the Middle East and southeast Asia. Chinese ceramics later had a great influence on Europe. Europeans started to copy the fine traditions of Japanese and Chinese ceramics as early as the eighteenth century.

STEVE EMBER: Ceramics also demonstrate the depth of human creativity. This art shows the local needs and materials of a group of people. Pottery is often very different from country to country. But it can also be very different within areas of the same country. For example, in Mexico, every area has a different clay tradition. In one part of the state of Oaxaca, potters have been making black clay containers in the same way for centuries.

In another area of this state, pottery for cooking is made with a shiny green coating. Nearby, artists make fem ale figures out of orange clay.

In the Mexican state of Michoacán potters make white clay containers painted with line drawings of fish and other animals. In another part of this state, artists make green painted containers in the shape of the pineapple fruit.

In the state of Mexico, artists make clay candle holders covered with clay animals, plants, and people. They are painted in bright colors. These traditions are just a few of the examples of Mexican ceramics.

Imagine how many different kinds of clay traditions exist in other areas of the world. What kinds of ceramics are made where you live?

(MUSIC)

BARBARA KLEIN: In the United States, W Studio is on a quiet street in Corpus Christi, Texas. This is where the potter William Wilhelmi makes his art. Let us go back to the ceramic cowboy boots we talked about earlier. Listen as Wilhelmi describes why he made these special boots in porcelain:

WILLIAM WILHELMI: "I'm William Wilhelmi and I made the porcelain cowboy boots at the Smithsonian in Washington DC. That's the only pair of porcelain boots. We use here a low temperature fired clay, which is very easy to work with. The reason the ones at the Smithsonian are porcelain is they were having a show called "American Porcelain". I was asked if I would enter a pair of boots in the show. They said, are they out of porcelain? And I said 'Why, sure!'"

STEVE EMBER: William Wilhelmi made these boots with the slip cast method. He took two real cowboy boots and made a hard form using their shape. Then, he poured liquid clay into the forms. Once the boot forms dried, he added clay details to the shoes to represent leather shoe material. Later, he painted a Texas night sky on the sides of the boots. And he made the points of the shoes a shiny gold.

Wilhelmi is also known for his clay "monster" creatures. He adds these friendly little creatures to many of his ceramics forms. He says they add humor and a sense of activity. Another design Wilhelmi likes to use is the eucalyptus tree. He paints these trees in black on many of his clay dishes, bowls, and cups.

BARBARA KLEIN: William Wilhelmi says being a potter can be difficult. You do not always know if a clay object will survive being fired at high temperatures. You can spend a great deal of time making an object only for it to break in the kiln. But he says it is also very pleasant working with clay. And it permits him to use his sense of design, color and shape in many ways.

William Wilhelmi's work can be found in museums all over the United States. Many important people collect his work. For example, the president of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, owns some of these clay boots. So does Vicente Fox, the former president of Mexico. To see a large collection of the artist's work, you can visit the Wilhelmi/Holland Gallery next to W Studio. Here, people can buy Wilhelmi's work as well as the work of other artists.

Or, visitors can watch Wilhelmi at work in his studio. This large room is filled with interesting objects like photographs, art and books. There are many worktables covered with tools, color glazes and clay forms. In one area of the room there are three kilns as well as a potter's wheel.

STEVE EMBER: William Wilhelmi finds new artistic ideas by traveling and reading books. He tells about how clay art is both universal and personal.

WILLIAM WILHELMI: "The thing about clay is every culture knows clay, because they use it. That is one of the advantages of working in clay. Everyone can relate to clay. It's been part of our human evolution. And it goes from very basic to extremely baroque things. And also as one lives one's life, you take in all your experiences. Then when I sit down to work, these things come out. It is the experiences of life you reflect in your work."

(MUSIC)

BARBARA KLEIN: This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I'm Barbara Klein.

STEVE EMBER: And I'm Steve Ember. You can read this program and download audio on our Web site, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4d6341426.html,. Join us again next week for Explorations in VOA Special English.

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voa.慢速英语 Wor第一篇d 文档

By Dana Demange 2011-10-4 STEVE EMBER: I'm Steve Ember. BARBARA KLEIN: And I'm Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. At the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. you might see two cowboy boots. They are painted with a design of clouds and stars. They look like boots that you could wear on your feet. But they are really made out of carefully formed clay material. The artist William Wilhelmi made these ceramic pieces. How did he make these colorful boots? Today, we answer that question as we explore the world of clay art. (MUSIC) Smithsonian American Art Museum William Wilhelmi made "Cowboy Boots" in 1980. STEVE EMBER: Clay is one of the most universal materials known to humans. Throughout history and around the world, people have developed the art of forming clay to make ceramic objects, or pottery. Clay is m ade of water and earth. It is formed into different shapes. The n high levels of heat harden it to produce many kinds of ceramics. Different kinds of clay contain different minerals such as silicon or iron dioxide. The kinds of minerals in clay affect how soft or hard it is to work with. The mineral content of clay also affects the temperature level at which it hardens.

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VOA慢速英语练听力需坚持

VOA慢速英语练听力需坚持 扫除词汇障碍 领会文章大意 这里需要提醒的是，在听的过程中，我们切忌将注意力全部集中在单词上，一个一个单词地去听，这样听的结果很可能是你把每个单词都听明白了，但是整篇文章到底讲了什么却是一头雾水。所以，在听的时候，我们应该以句子为单位，在大脑中将每个句子的关键信息迅速整合，这样才能了解每一句讲了什么、每一段又讲了什么，从而准确领会文章的大意。 反复精听训练 在进行系统的听力训练时，学习者仅仅理解了听力内容的大概是远远不够的，对于文章的诸多细节，比如一些重要的数据、年代和各种史实等，也要尽量准确无误地听出，这就需要通过反复精听来实现。所以科学系统的精听训练对学习者来说非常重要，通过精听训练，对于文章中的每一个语言点，甚至一些语音、语调、语汇的细微差别，学习者都可以努力捕捉和分辨。 因此，反复聆听，掌握每一个句子，是提升英语听力水平的必由之路！2遍、4遍、6遍……要有不听明白誓不罢休的精神。当然学习过程中还会出现这样的问题：单句可以听懂，但是段落、文章又听不懂了！怎么回事？原来反应太慢！这要求学习者根据自己的反应敏锐度来确定句子与句子的间距。 精听学习中需要提醒的是：在听的过程中，我们切忌对照英文原文来听或者是随意地翻看听力书的英文原文。很多同学都有这样的体会，在看英文原文之前，自己无论如何也听不懂，可是一看原文就什么都明白了，其实这样下来不是你“听”懂了，而是“看”懂了。 记住：阅读永远不可能代替听力，我们练习听力的目的就是要锻炼你对声音的瞬间反应、记忆、理解和思维的能力，而不是锻炼阅读能力。所

以这种取巧的方法万万要不得，你要想真正提高自己的听力水平，就一定要克制住自己翻看原文的欲望。 那么什么时候才是我们翻看听力原文的最佳时机呢？一般来说，我们只有在反复听了五遍、十遍还是听不出来的地方，才是英文原文发挥作用的良机。而这些你始终听不明白的地方，多数可能是因为音的连读、爆破、变音、弱读，或者是你反应不出来的词汇等等。在屡听而不懂的情况下翻看，你会在恍然大悟中将他们牢牢记住。并将他们仔细的琢磨，这样下次再遇上，你就会顺利过关。反之，这些难点将会成为你听力中永远的痛，在某个不经意的时刻将你重重阻碍。 VOA英语学习方法三步走 这次讨论的目的在于发现常见的错误的学习方法，总结出一套行之有效的最佳 VOA Special English 学习方法，欢迎大家积极参与讨论！ 最佳实践一：用 VOA Special English 练听力 网站上提供的 VOA Special English 节目文本是配有MP3声音的，声音文件由美国本土资深专业播音员录制，如果想有效提高自己的英语听力，VOA Special English 节目资料将是非常好的听力练习素材。而最快最有效的提高英语听力的方法就是做听写，怎么听呢？下面分几个层次介绍听写的方法。 （一）初级英语水平学生（相当于高中英语水平）做听写的方法 1、下载一个 5 分钟的 report 到电脑里（包括下载report的MP3录音和文本），准备好一本英汉词典或电子词典 2、认真阅读report文本一至两遍，遇到不懂的单词请立即查词典。 3、将文本放在一边，开始听report的MP3录音，并将听到的写下来，就是做听写练习。一直循环播放，尽可能的将自己能听写出来的，全部写出来。 4、将自己的听写稿和原稿对照，找出没有听写出来的词句，并标上记号，这些没有听出来的词句可能很简单，但事实是你没有听写出来，这些就是你听力的盲点，所以要特别留意。 5、再反复地听report的MP3录音，这次不用纸笔听写，而是在脑袋里做听写，就是指当你听到一句的时候，脑袋里把这一句给拼出来，确保听清每一个词句，并留意你在听写时没有写出来的词句的发音。 6、第二天再听上面的report的MP3录音，并采用上面第5点所用的听法。第四天再听上面的report的MP3录音，等到第七天再听几篇，仍采用上面第 5点所用的听法。为什么要反复地听？因为我们之所以听不懂，是因为听的太少了。反复听的目的在于强化，让你形成一种听力条件反射，就是让你拥有一听到某些词句就能立即条件反射式地在脑袋里写出来你所听到的词句。 练习听力有点像练习电脑打字里的盲打，花时间多做练习自然就会盲

VOA慢速英语阅读

V O A慢速英语阅读 Prepared on 24 November 2020

From VOA Learning English, this is the Agriculture(农业的） Report. Climate change has caused a rise in sea levels. This has increased the amount of salt in fresh water used on coastal farms. As a result farmers are increasingly unable to use fields close to the sea. Scientists call this process "salinization（盐渍化）." The term（术语）comes from the word "saline" （生理盐水）-- which means a mixture of salt and water. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says salinization is reducing the world's irrigated lands by 1 to 2 percent every year. Irrigation is the process of supplying land with fresh water from other areas. As saline water cannot be used for irrigation, a farm in Netherlands has managed to grow healthy and tasty vegetables in soil irrigated with salt water. But a farmer in the Netherlands is now using a mixture of sea and fresh water to grow healthy and tasty vegetables.