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英文文献1翻译

英文文献1翻译
英文文献1翻译

创意经济的兴起

理查德佛罗里达

大约在10年前,或许只有少数几个国家能够意识到,在现如今的信息社会里,一个国家的经济和社会的命运会这样紧密地取决于文化资源和从创意而来的文化产品,但是现在,文化创意产业在全球的升起已经成为一个基本的事实和趋势。纵观全球,发达国家的很多创意产品、营销、服务,吸引了全世界的注意力,形成了一股巨大的创意经济浪潮。

在当今世界,创意产业已不再是一个概念,实际上有着巨大的经济利益。近年来全世界创意经济每天创造220亿美元的价值。并以5%的速度递增,在一些发达国家,增长的速度更快,美国达14%,英国为12%。各发达国家的创意产业以各自独立的领域和方式迅速发展,体现出创意产业全球兴起的发展势头。

创意英国

受电视广告业和软件行业的推动,10 年来英国创意产业规模几乎翻了2倍。英国曾经是世界工厂,后来失去了世界工厂的地位,如何调整国内产业,获取更高的附加产值,如何帮助国内人找到更好的工作,是英国政府面临的重要任务。布莱尔1997年担任首相的第一件事,就是成立“创意产业特别小组”。

根据英国文化部2001年发表的《创意产业专题报告》,当年英国创意产业的产值大约为1 125亿英镑,相当于GDP 的5%,已超过任何制造业对GDP的贡献;2001年的出口值高达103亿英镑,且在1997—2001年间每年约有15%的高增长率,而同期英国所有产业的出口增长平均下来也只有4%增长率。2002 年,英国创意产业增加值达809亿英镑。10年来英国整体经济增长70%,而创意产业增长93%,显示了英国经济从制造为主向服务创意为主的转型。以增加值计算,软件自从2002年取代服装成为最大的创意产业。

在过去,创意产业是英国第二大产业(仅次于金融服务业),但已经是英国从业人员最大的产业(195 万的从业人员)。布莱尔认为,像英国这样的国家,今天之所以能够存在与繁荣,得益于国民的创新能力、再思考的能力、创意的能力。2003年,英国首相战略小组指出,用就业和产出衡量而言,伦敦创意产业对经济发展的重要性已经超过了金融业。一年中在伦敦外国游客的在艺术文化方面的花费超过了60 亿英镑。政府对创意产业采取了税收优惠的政策。创意产业成功推动了英国出口,有效地抵补了贸易逆差。英国人这样介绍自己的科技优势:人口占世界人口的1%,研发经费占全球的5%,创作全球科学著作论文的8%,被引用的数量占9%;科学家获得70多次诺贝尔奖,只低于美国,最近10年中,5次获得诺贝尔医药奖,世界上平均每10种抗生素中就有5种来自英国的医药制造业。

创意美国

美国新经济的本质,就是以知识和创意为本的经济,创意是知识经济的核心和动力。所以美国人宣称“资本的时代已经过去,创意的时代已经来临”的宣言。早在1992 年,当微软超过通用公司的时候,《纽约时报》就评论说,微软的唯一资产是程序员的创造力。比尔·盖茨宣称“创意具有类似核裂变效应,一盎司的创意能够带来无法估量的商业利益、商业奇迹”。

美国国际知识产权联盟在《美国经济中的版权产业:2004年报告》中详细地叙述了包括电影、电视、商用软件、娱乐软件、图书、音乐和唱片在内的创意产业在经济上对美国国内生产总值、就业和贸易所做的贡献。在1997- 2002年,美国核心版权产业增长速度是3.51%,超过同期美国GDP的2.4%的年平均增长率。2002年美国核心版权产业的增加值达到6262

亿美元,相当于美国当年的GDP的5.98%,总体版权产业增加值为12540亿美元,约相当于美国GDP的11.97%。以就业方面而言,2002年核心版权产业就业有548.4 万人,占美国就业总人数的4.02%。同年,全部版权产业雇佣了1 147.6 万人,占美国就业总人数的8.41%。

创意日本

日本非常看重创意产业,提出了“原始创新能力关系到国家兴亡”的口号,索尼员工的口号是“活着一天,创新一天”。日本在2000年的电影与音乐创收分别列世界第二位,电子游戏软件则位居世界第一。日本因此称为“动漫王国”之称,是世界上最大的动漫制作和输出国,目前全球播放的动漫作品中有60%是日本提供的,欧洲甚至超过80%。在日本各种各样的文化产业当中,最引人注意是在电影院和电视上播放的动漫节目,各种动漫的人物形象充斥街头,早已超越了杂志和电视的范畴,渗透到日本社会的各个角落。

根据日本经济产业省公布的数据,2003年,出口到美国的日本动漫片以及相关一共收入为43.59亿美元,是日本出口到美国的钢铁总收入的四倍。广义的动漫产业实际上已占日本GDP的10%,已经成为超过汽车工业。日本的动漫产业已经以年收入230万亿日元成为日本第二大支柱产业。拥有430 多家动漫制作公司的日本,培养了一批国际顶尖级的漫画大师和动漫导演以及大量的动画创作者者。电视和网络媒体的普及和发展,传播手段的不断完善,为日本动漫市场的发展和壮大奠定了良好的基础。快速扩张和高附加值使卡通产业成为推进资产增值的“资本孵化器”。2003年4月至2004年3月,日本的动漫市场销售额(动漫电影票房、动漫电影以及动漫电视录像带、电视专门频道等的营业收入总额) 达3739 亿日元,增幅高达75.1% 以上。以动画片形象制成的相关衍生产品的授权收入则更拥有2 万亿日元的市场。

创意韩国

韩国政府在1997年对创意产业进行大力扶持,特别在电子游戏、音乐和电子网络等新产业投入巨大。2003年电影电视、音乐、手机及电子游戏四个产业都有两位数的增长,出口额首次超过钢铁。韩国自称已经是世界上五个文化产业中心之一。当年世界第三大钢铁企业——韩国波哈公司大门上的标语是“资源有限,创意无限”。亚洲金融危机让韩国深受打击,为了摆脱危机,韩国实施经济改革,于1998年提出“韩国创意设计”战略。经过多年的实施之后,设计和创新在韩国取得了成功,韩国已经拥有三星、LG等全球著名品牌,韩国也从制造国家向设计创新国家成功转型。

政府为推动文化创意产业设立了“文化产业局”,同时设置十二个附属机构,其中,“文化产业扶植院”是为了协助将创意文化内容形成成文化产品的一个辅助机制,扶植院界定的产业项目有:动画、音乐、卡通、电玩等,以提供设备租借、投资、技术教育训练、协助发展国际营销的策略、进行产业中长期规划、并与其它国家、地区单位发展策略联盟的伙伴关系。

世界其他国家

丹麦政府选定了电影、音乐、新兴媒体的内容生产作为其文化产业发展的四个重点领域,采取各种措施促进艺术与产业的联系、融合。

在澳大利亚,1999年创意产业已占GDP 的3.3%,就业人数34.5万人,占就业人口总数的3.7%。澳大利亚政府从20世纪90年代后期明确提出将文化产业与创意产业结合起来的概念。将艺术、歌剧、音乐剧、电影、电视制作、互动游戏经济及数字内容等视为文化创意产业的重要内容。

2004年9月香港推出研究报告全面梳理了香港创意产业的现状,香港贸易发展局公布了首份题为《香港的创意产业》的研究报告,介绍香港的创意产业,评估创意产业对香港经济的贡献。根据资料显示,至2003年3月为止,香港创意产业聘用的员工超过9万人,占香港总就业人口的3.7%;创意产业在2003年的出口总值达100亿港元,占香港服务业出口总额的3.1%;同年,创意产业产值为250亿港元,约占香港本地GDP的2%。2009年6月1日,香港正式成立创意香港小组,加快香港创意产业发展的资源集中起来,更加有效地回应业界,提供便捷的一站式服务,是香港作为区域创意之都的重要里程碑。

在新加坡,早在1998年就将创意产业定为21世纪的战略产业,出台了《创意新加坡》计划,又在2002年9月全面规划了创意产业的发展战略,称要树立“新亚洲创意中心”的声誉,要成为“一个文艺复兴城市”、“一个全球的文化和设计业的中心”、“一个全球的媒体中心”。

哪里有创意,哪里就必定会有技术创新与经济增长,所以今天竞争力的核心,在于一个国家动员、吸引和留住创造性人才的能力。这种留住人才的能力,和独特的社会地理环境、生活氛围、政府政策之间有密切关系。英国在总结10年来的“创意经济”建设时指出,由政府和社会投入巨资扶持文化创意产业。但这种巨大的投入,并不可仅仅看重一种经济性回报,而是一种社会性回报,更是人文和谐发展的的回报。

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外文文献及翻译

外文文献及翻译 题目:利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清

利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词:过氧化氢酶的固定化,酶稳定,过氧化氢,纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联,在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性,温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44%,pH值11(30?C),对照组是活性为90%,pH值7(80?C),过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时(pH12,60?C)。用过氧化氢漂白织物后,洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理,可以用于再次印染时,记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台,从生态经济的角度来看(Dickinson1984年),对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题,必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂,广泛应用于工业纺织工艺(Spiro & Griffith1997年)。在去除H2O2时,会消耗大量的水和能源(Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995),以避免对氧气敏感的染料(Jensen 2000)产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量(Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996),从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前,我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物(Paar et al. 2001)或使用不同的酶稳定剂(Costa et al. 2001)来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用(Tzanov et al. 2001a, b)表明,可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中,我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂,这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学,及其稳定性和工艺条件,这将使我们能够应用此系统,以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox(EC1.11.1.6),50L以上,由AQUITEX- Maia提供,葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片(Aldrich),直径分别为3和7毫米,在45摄氏度下,先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化,再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后,放入浓度为2%戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时(Aldrich),重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体,室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中(Costa et al. 2001)。得出,每克Al2O3

英文文献译文word版

资产重估或减值准备:了解占固定资产在Release 12 布赖恩·刘易斯 eprentise 介绍 显著的变化在财务报告的要求已经改变的固定资产核算框架公司。国际财务报告准则(IFRS)要求的固定资产进行初步按成本入账,但有两种会计模式-成本模式计量的重估模式。那么,有什么区别,当你应该考虑升值与减值?没有R12带给固定资产哪些重要变化? 国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则报告的甲骨文?电子商务套件但很显然,美国证券交易委员会(SEC)将不会要求美国公司使用国际财务报告准则在不久的将来,大多数玩家在资本市场倾向于认为它是不可避免的,将国际财务报告准则最终成为美国的财务报告环境的更显著的部分。这实际上是对发生的程度,超过400基于在美国以外的全球企业都被允许提交美国证券交易所(SEC)的财务报告(10K和10Q -通常被称为年度/季度财务报告)。为海外谁也不在美国的证券交易委员会提交的公司,国际财务报告准则正在成为金融世界标准报 告。对于谁住在多个资本市场运作的公司,有可能实际上是一个双重报告要求国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计原则(公认会计原则)的财务报表。与11i版,随后与12版时,Ora cle?电子商务套件(EBS)添加功能让用户生活在两个国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则的世界。这两个报告之间的差异框架是广泛的,但对于本白皮书的目的,我们将专注于固定资产中核算EBS -特别是资产重估或减值。

根据美国公认会计准则,固定资产乃按历史成本,然后以折旧出售或剩余价值。如果有某些迹象表明固定资产的变现价值造成负面改变,则该资产写下来,损失记录。这被称为减值。根据国际财务报告准则,财务报表发行人有权选择成本模式(这是大多数方面的选项类似美国公认会计原则机型)或重估模式(其中有没有下的并行报告美国公认会计原则)。根据重估模式,固定资产可定期写入,以反映公平市场价值- 这是专门美国公认会计原则和美国证券交易委员会的权威所禁止的东西。本白皮书的平衡都将与美国公认会计原则下,专注于固定资产重估及减值国际财务报告准则。在此之前潜水深入到这个问题,它通过R12的与固定的新特性列表来运行是非常有用的资产。 在12版的新功能和变更功能的固定资产 神谕 ? 电子商务套件(EBS)R12有许多有用的新功能,其中许多以固定发了言资产,包括: ? 明细分类账会计(SLA)的体系结构- Oracle资产管理系统完全与SLA 集成,允许 为一个单一的交易或商业活动的多个会计交涉。

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院:专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

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