201103中科院博士英语真题及答案

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMY

OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE

EXAMINATION

FOR

DOCTORAL CANDIDATES

March 2011

PAPER ONE

PART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)

Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.

A. promoted

B. activated

C. oriented

D. functioned

2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.

A. appreciation

B. recognition

C. gratitude

D. tolerance

3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.

A. contributed

B. devoted

C. revered

D. scared

4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.

A. adhere

B. lend

C. expose

D. commit

5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.

A. legible

B. legendary

C. lenient

D. legitimate

6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.

A. boil down to

B. look forward to

C. live up to

D. catch on to

7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.

A. out of the way

B. on order

C. out of order

D. in no way

8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.

A. inclined

B. accustomed

C. vulnerable

D. sensitive

9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.

A. at no time

B. in no time

C. at any time

D. at some time

10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.

A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession

11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.

A. extent

B. scope

C. scale

D. range

12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.

A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate

13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.

A. harmony

B. turmoil

C. distortion

D. accord

14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.

A. leaving

B. levering

C. lacking

D. lagging

15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.

A. slashed

B. slammed

C. slipped

D. slapped

16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.

A. intimacy

B. proximity

C. discrepancy

D. diversity

17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.

A. interfere

B. intervene

C. interrupt

D. interact

18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”

A. indifferent

B. innocent

C. inquisitive

D. instinctive

19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.

A. alleviate

B. boost

C. capture

D. ravage

20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.

A. on the ground of

B. on the top of

C. in the light of

D. on the verge of

PART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)

Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for Valentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.

On Valentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.

This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.

But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the National

Confectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented Valentine’s Day.

It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.

21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief

22. A. because B. as C. so D. why

23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues

24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than

25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare

26. A. given B. if C. but D. though

27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch

28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling

29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up to

D. came along with

30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation

31. A. via B. as C. with D. for

32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held

33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled

34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsored

D. obliged

35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equal

PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSION

Section A(60 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

At many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.

Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.

Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to

limited outdoor areas.

One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.

The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”

Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.

36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .

A. its extended scope of no-smoking places

B. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campus

C. its penalty for bringing tobacco to school

D. its ban on smoke when people are driving

37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .

A. protecting students against passive smoking

B. modeling itself on many other universities

C. promoting the students’ health awareness

D. punishing those who dare smoke on campus

38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .

A. limiting the smoke-free areas

B. tracing smokers on campus

C. forcing smokers to give up smoking

D. providing alternative ways for smokers

39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means

_________ .

A. impose

B. avoid

C. deserve

D. receive

40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .

A. a tobacco shop

B. a school cafeteria

C. an organic food store

D. an unhealthy food chain

41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .

A. radical

B. optimistic

C. objective

D. critical

Passage Two

The familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.

The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.

Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.

On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.

The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.

42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .

A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentioned

B. it has been debated if children should b given exams

C. few parents approve of the exam systems in England

D. each year children have to face up to some new exams

43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .

A. whether their children have passed the exams

B. what knowledge their children have acquired

C. what educators say about curriculum planning

D. whether their children’s school scores are stable

44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .

A. dreary

B. routine

C. outmoded

D. arduous

45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .

A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good grades

B. teachers show much concern for students’ future

C. parents help little with their children’s coursework

D. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge

46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .

A. no authorities have ever made a comment

B. no one has ever tried to give them a definition

C. no effective ways have been taken to apply them

D. no consistent yardstick has ever been used

47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .

A. inflexible

B. irresponsible

C. unsuccessful

D. unforgivable

Passage Three

Suzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”

Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”

The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.

According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.

Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.

In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.

Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.

In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”

48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .

A. evaluated

B. imagined

C. understood

D. praised

49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for

_________ .

A. the president to have a rest

B. visitors to stay overnight

C. storing Victorian furnishings

D. exhibiting classic objects

50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .

A. decorating houses

B. respecting the past

C. protecting the classic

D. encouraging thrift

51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .

A. putting some roses on the table

B. omitting some European antiques

C. adding to it some Federal styles

D. giving it the look of a strong America

52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .

A. its durability

B. its simplicity

C. its price

D. its color

53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look

_________ .

A. tranquil

B. luxurious

C. hospitable

D. fascinating

Passage Four

Laurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.

His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New York Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.

Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New York and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.

Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.

His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.

Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.

Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.

54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .

A. full of social responsibility

B. famous but short-lived

C. successful in many fields

D. zealous in social activities

55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .

A. cold-hearted

B. close-fisted

C. far-sighted

D. half-witted

56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .

A. often relied on himself

B. rarely appeared in public

C. rarely voiced his opinions

D. often worried about his wealth

57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”

A. generous

B. strategic

C. resolute

D. important

58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .

A. the building of national parks

B. the enlargement of urban areas

C. the perfection of his hometown

D. the popularization of horse riding

59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .

A. a contribution to public good

B. a talent of making money

C. a passion for wilderness

D. a bias against political affairs

Passage Five

The first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.

No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of

the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.

When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.

60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .

A. the reason for its occurrence

B. the significance of the battle

C. the place where it broke out

D. the bloodiness of the battle

61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .

A. reasonable

B. meaningful

C. necessary

D. impressive

62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .

A. has regained their popularity since 1913

B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil War

C. more often than not lost than gained money

D. had been popular before movies came in

63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .

A. before 1900

B. after 1913

C. in 2003

D. at its birth

64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .

A. time consuming

B. fruitless

C. destructive

D. a waste of money

65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?

A. It is illusory in depiction.

B. It is a perfect restoration.

C. It is a modified version.

D. It is incredibly lifelike.

Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the

original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Advertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69

Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.

A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.

B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.

C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.

D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.

E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.

F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.

Passage Two

Few numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medicine,

that figure is now 75 for men and 80 for women. 71

So it is both alarming and surprising when life expectancy falls, even for a small part of the population. Yet that is what some researchers at Harvard have found. They looked at death rates by county, having corrected for migration and merged sparsely populated ones so that America’s 3, 141 counties became 2, 068 “county units. ”

72 But between 1983 and 1999, it fell significantly(by about a year)for women in 180 county units, and stagnated in another 783. Men fared less poorly: their life expectancy fell significantly in only 11county units, and stagnated in another 48.

Put differently, life expectancy appears to have either stagnated or fallen slightly for some 4% of American men and 19% of women. The main culprits are diseases linked to smoking or obesity, such as lung cancer and diabetes. 73

Majid Ezzati, one of the study’s authors, says it is too soon to say. An optimist would point out that women took up smoking later than men. It was not until after the Second World War that they started puffing at anything like the male rate. The increase of poor women now dying of lung cancer may be a hangover from the end of the taboo on female smoking. 74

A pessimist would reply that the other big killer, obesity, keeps spreading, especially among the poor. “We’ve been saying for ages that it must have peaked, but it keeps going up, ”says Dr Ezzati. Two decades ago, no state had an obesity rate above 15%. Now, 22 have passed the 25% mark. 75 Neither is getting any smaller.

A. For most Americans, life expectancy continues merrily to rise.

B. And the poorest Americans have gained the most：blacks, for example, live more more than twice as long now as they did a century ago.

C. Even though smoking takes an average of 14. 5 years off women’s lives, almost one in five American women age 18 and older smokes.

D. The counties where life expectancy has fallen are nearly all in the South or Appalachia, where huge deep-fried portions are the norm and waistlines are among America’s widest.

E. But both sexes have quit in large numbers since the 1970s, so the death toll may fall in the future,

F. The crucial question is whether this represents a pause or the start of a trend.

PAPER TWO

PART IV TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet.

Steve Jobs is an entrepreneur. And that is how history will long remember him. Not primarily as a fiduciary or an institution builder or an administrator, but rather as an individual who relentlessly pursued new opportunities. (1)From the first Apple computers to the breakthrough innovations of the past eight years, he has chased new possibilities without being discouraged by whatever obstacle he encountered. Over and over again he has turned his eye and his energy-and at times, it has seemed, his entire being-to what might be gained by creating a new offering or taking an unorthodox strategic path.

(2)That puts him in the company of great entrepreneurs of the past two centuries, each of whom-and especially Steve Jobs has been defined by the intense drive, tireless curiosity, and keen commercial imagination. That has allowed them to see products and industries and possibilities that might be . (3)Each of these individuals has also been extremely hardworking, demanding of

themselves and others. All have been compelled more by the significance of their own vision than by their doubts.

(4)Jobs came of age in a moment of far-reaching economic, social, and technological change that we now call the Information Revolution. He has had a sense-analytic and intuitive-that in a time of great transformation, a lot is up for grabs. Imbued with a perception of his own importance on a stage where everything from telephony to music distribution to consumers’ relationships with technology is being disrupted, Jobs felt there was simply no time to lose.

(5)This understanding has fueled the rapid-fire pace of his actions and his obsession with “What's nest?”in products, which may have also fed his often harsh, dictatorial, and somehow still-inspiring management style.

PART ⅤWRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)

Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

TOPIC

“To get success, you need friends; to get huge success, you need enemies. ”Do you agree with this saying or not? Why or why not?

2011年3月试题精解

第一部分词汇

1. 答案：C

本题考查过去分词的含义。A晋升的，促销的；B激活的；C以……为导向的；D有……功能的，运行的。句子的意思是：我父亲是位核工程工程师，一心扑在学术上，获得了多个名校的多个学位。

2. 答案：A

本题考查名词含义。A欣赏，感激；B识别，承认；C感激，感谢；D容忍。句子的意思是：公众对于低成本、高质量电影的欣赏促进了独立电影事业的繁荣发展。

3. 答案：B

本题考查形容词组含义。A贡献的，造成的；B忠实的，投入的；C崇敬的，尊重的；D害怕的。句子的意思是：《探索频道》播放的《干尽苦差事》，本不被看好，却取得了惊人的成功，拥有了一群忠实的观众。

4. 答案：A

本题考查动词含义和动词与介词的搭配。A遵循，坚持；B借出；C暴露，置身于；D 做（坏事、傻事），致力于。句子的意思是：大众文化不遵循教条，很花哨、经常出人预料甚至混乱无序。

5. 答案：D

本题考查形容词的含义。A字迹可辨的，可以认出的；B传说中的；C仁慈的，开恩的；

D 合法的，正当的。句子的意思是：知识产权是种正当的垄断行为，应该恰当地使用，否则就会扰乱健康的竞争秩序。

6. 答案：C

本题考查动词词组。A归结为；B期待；C达到（期望值），不辜负（期望）；D跟上。句子的意思是：感谢公司给我这么一个机会，我真诚地希望达到大家的期望值。

7. 答案：C

本题考查介词短语。A使不妨碍；B订购；C出故障；D绝对不。句子的意思是：因为电梯出了故障居民要爬20层楼的现象现在已经很普遍了。

8. 答案：B

本题考查形容词的含义。A倾向于；B习惯；C脆弱；D敏感。句子的意思是：我的眼睛已经适应了这种半黑暗，可以辨别75码以内的东西。

9. 答案：A

本题考查介词词组。A从来，在任何时候都不；B立即，马上；C随时；D有时，有朝一日。句子的意思是：尽管听到了很多当地人对待生人的态度如何如何，我从来都没有碰到不礼貌的待遇。

10. 答案：D

本题考查名词的含义。A撤退；B回想；C减少，降低；D衰退。句子的意思是：经济极度不景气的时候，公司经常不得不大批裁员来生存。

11. 答案：A

本题考查副词词组的含义。只有“A在一定程度上”可以构成搭配。句子的意思是：体育是全国性和地方性的报纸、电视以及一定程度上广播中的必不可少的一部分。

12. 答案：C

本题考查形容词的含义。A私生的，非法的；B非法的；C难以辩认的；D文盲、不识字的。句子的意思是：除非你的字迹难以辩认，或者表格特别要求打印，否则表格应该工整填写。

13. 答案：B

本题考查名词的含义。A和谐；B动乱，混乱；C扭曲，歪曲；D和谐，一致。句子的意思是：这个行业乱了：有些物理学家坚持现有的理论，另外一些搞出了个大爆炸理论。

14. 答案：D

本题考查动词与介词（behind）的搭配。A留下；B杠杆；C缺乏；D落后。句子的意思是：许多中产阶级家庭购买力落后于生活成本，信贷要求变得迫切。

15. 答案：B

本题考查动词的含义。A严厉斥责，乱砍；B猛摔；C溜走，滑倒；D抽嘴巴。句子的意思是：弗兰克冲进屋子，摔上门，但想封住杰克的嘴不太容易。

16. 答案：A

本题考查名词含义。A亲昵行为；B接近，临近；C异议，差异；D多样性。兔子的意思是：我们在爱德华家一起吃饭的时候，我能察觉到你们俩挺亲密的。

17. 答案：B

本题考查动词的含义。A干涉；B干涉，介入；C打断；D互动。句子的意思是：拉尔夫和他兄弟吵得没完没了，我决定介入来劝阻他们。

18. 答案：C

本题考查形容词的含义。A冷漠的；B无辜的；C好奇的；D本能的。句子的意思是：我的意思是说基尔达斯和卢登思都很睿智、老练、通情达理；但自然地他们也很好奇，什么都想知道，还要指手画脚。

19. 答案：D

本题考查动词的含义。A减轻；B促进；C抓住；D摧残，蹂躏。句子的意思是：在非洲艾滋病病毒和艾滋病继续蹂躏着那里的居民，近60%的感染者是女性。

20. 答案：D

本题考查介词短语的含义。A以……为理由；B在……之上；C鉴于；D将近，即将。句子的意思是：春秋末期奴隶社会将近解体。

第二部分完型填空

21. 答案：B

本题考查名词词义辨析。A复制品；B概念；C选择；D信念。原文是说：白色情人节是一个新的概念，它是人们出于商业目的制造的一个节日，用于补偿女人在情人节的付出。

22. 答案：A

本题考查副词的词义辨析和上下文语义理解。从语义上讲，这里需要一个表示原因的副词，来表示为什么会有这么一个节日。故可以淘汰C和D。A和B选项的意思都是“因为”，但because的语气比as强，并且because表示直接原因，一般放在主句之后，也可独立存在。通常用于回答why的提问。

23. 答案：C

本题考查名词语义辨析。A顾客；B朋友；C人物；D同事。这句的意思是说，在情人节那一天，女性要为她生活中的每一个重要男性购买一个象征性礼物。

24. 答案：A

本题考查连接词用法。A. but, “not just…but…”是“not only …，but also …”的一个变体形式，表示，“不仅……而且……”；B. and，是表示并列的连接词；C. instead of，强调的是代替，表示“不是……而是……”；D. rather than 是一个并列连词，它表示“是……而不是……”。根据句意，“这些男性不仅只限于她们的配偶，还包括她们的老板或者其他年长的亲戚，”只有A选项符合。

25. 答案：C

本题考查形容词词义辨析。A怪异；B好的；C公平的；D少见的。本句的意思是说，给生活中的男性一年买一次纪念性的礼物看似很公平。

26. 答案：A

本题考查介词词义辨析。A考虑到；B如果；C但是；D尽管。本句的意思是：考虑到男人一年当中的其他时间要给女人送花等因素，女人偶尔纵容一下男人也看似合理。

27. 答案：C

本题考查动词词义辨析。A吸引；B使……沮丧；C使……惊喜；D触动。本句是说：男性要用香水或者珍珠等礼物使女人感到惊喜。

28. 答案：B

本题考查动名词的词义辨析和用法区分。A支持；B宠爱；C安慰；D愚弄。这句的意思是：女人去娇惯宠爱男人的这种想法让人感觉很不自在。

29. 答案：A

本题考查动词词组的语义辨析。A想出；B从……出来；C拜访；D与……一起来。这句的意思是：在1978年，全国糖果业协会想出了一个好办法来解决这个问题。

30. 答案：D

本题考查名词的词义辨析。A陪伴；B妥协；C能力；D补偿，赔偿，指对他人的损失给予价值相当的货币，或其他等价物，以使受损一方当事人回复其原有状况。本句的意思是：他们向男性推销白色巧克力，让他们在3月14号的时候送白色巧克力给女性，从而补偿女性在情人节那天的付出。

31. 答案：B

本题考查介词词义辨析。A通过；B作为；C与……一起；D为了。这句是说：在开始时，男性在白色情人节送给女性一些白色的巧克力作为节日礼物。

32. 答案：A

本题考查动词词义辨析。A吸引；B使……开心；C偏爱；D保持；本句意思是说，这个节日很快就捕获了公众的心。

33. 答案：B

本题考查过去分词转换形容词的词义辨析。A记录的；B认可的；C阐明的；D安排的。

本句意思是：现在白色情人节已经是全国上下普遍认可的一个节日。

34. 答案：D

本题考查动词词义辨析。A自愿；B尴尬；C赞助；D被迫，不得不。这句是说：白色情人节已经成为一个男人不得不去刷卡消费的日子。

35. 答案：A

本题考查形容词词义辨析以及对下文内容的把握。A三倍的；B两倍的；C四倍的；D 相同的。这句是说：男性送给女性的礼物价值是他们情人节所收到礼物价值的三倍。

第三部分阅读理解

第一节阅读理解A

第一篇：

36. 答案：A

本题是细节题，考查对第一段最后一句话的理解。

37. 答案：C

本题是推理题，考查对第二段大意的归纳总结，并且提干中的“mainly”是答题的关键。

38. 答案：B

本题是细节题，考查对第四段中直接引语部分的理解。

39. 答案：A

本题是词汇题，这道题的关键是运用语法与搭配的知识，猜测出“levy”在短语“to give tickets or levy punishments”中的意思。

40. 答案：D

本题是推理题，文中讲到“get rid of all our Taco Bells”, 可见Taco Bells 与吸烟一样，都是不健康的。

41. 答案：C

本题是文体题，本文属于客观性的新闻报道。

第二篇：

42. 答案：A

本题是判断对错题，考查对第一段的理解。

43. 答案：B

本题是细节题，考查对第二段倒数第二句的理解。

44. 答案：A

本题是细节题。考查第三段的第一句与下文的联系。

45. 答案：A

本题是细节题，考点是第四段的第一句。

46. 答案：D

本题是细节题，考点是第五段第一句。

47. 答案：C

本题是细节题，考查对最后一段倒数第二句中“a national insecurity”的理解。

第三篇：

48. 答案：D

本题是推理题，需看完第一段才能做出正确的推测，尤其要了解“to have a hard time with”这一短语的含义。

49. 答案：B

本题是细节题，考点是第一段第一句话中的“guest quarters named for President Lincoln”。

50. 答案：D

本题是细节题，考查对第五段第一句话的理解。

51. 答案：C

本题是细节题，考查对第六段最后一句的理解。

52. 答案：A

本题是细节题，考点是第七段第一句中的“longevity”。

53. 答案：B

本题是推理题，考查对最后一段最后一句话的理解。

第四篇：

54. 答案：A

本题是推理题，答案在第一段中提到的“his own particular generosity on…”。

55. 答案：C

本题是细节题，考查对第二段最后一句的理解。

56. 答案：B

本题是推理题。考点在第三段中的“less sociable”和“more reserved and private”等表述上。

57. 答案：D

本题是词汇题，考查根据上下文猜测词汇的意思的能力。

58. 答案：A

本题是推理题，考查对第五段段首和后面几句话之间的语义理解能力。

59. 答案：B

本题是细节题，考点是最后一段的最后一句。

第五篇：

60. 答案：B

本题为推理题，考查对第一段中“the bloodiest”, “the turning point of the war”的理解。

61. 答案：A

本题是推理题，考点是第二段段首中提到的“No surprise”。

62. 答案：D

本题属细节题，考点是第二段第三句话“before the movie displaced them in the public’s affection”。

63. 答案：B

本题是推理题，考查对第二段后半部分关于该画颠沛流离经历的理解。

64. 答案：C

本题是细节题，考点是第二段的倒数第三句。

65. 答案：D

本题是推理题，考点是最后一段的最后一句。

第二节阅读理解B

第一篇：

66. 答案：D

本题的答题关键是下一句中的关联词“Thus”。另外，下一句中的“the ultimate objective of advertising”在语义上与选项D中的“the primary goal of advertising”相呼应。

67. 答案：B

本题的前一句中介绍了各种不同性质的广告，继而接下来介绍的是广告的形式多样化。

68. 答案：E

本题的答题关键是把握原文中第三段的主旨大意——广告无孔不入。选项E中的“also”

一词的作用不可忽视。

69. 答案：F

本题所在的位置是第三段的最后一句话，很有可能是对整段内容的归纳总结。选项F恰好符合这一要求。

70. 答案：A

本题的答题要点是了解最后一段主要介绍了广告的三个功能。表示序列关系的词，例如，an important function, another function, the third function是本题的解题突破口。

第二篇：

71. 答案：B

本题的答题关键是读懂第一段——用数字和事实说明美国人的寿命已经大幅度延长了。

72. 答案：A

本题的答题要点是下一句的“But”一词，提示这两句话之间的转折关系。

73. 答案：F

本题的答题关键是把握第四段和第五段之间的关系。第五段的段首讲到“it is too soon to say so ”呼应的是第四段最后一句话的内容。

74. 答案：E

本题的答题要点是了解第五段中主要介绍了乐观者的看法，他们认为随着戒烟人数的大幅度增加，美国人的寿命还将延长。

75. 答案：D

本题的下一句中提到“Neither”, 这个词提示了空格中必定谈及了两个方面的情况。

第四部分翻译

1）译文：

从第一台苹果牌计算机问世到过去八年间各项突破性创新，乔布斯不畏任何艰难，捕捉新的机遇。

解析：对这句话中he的处理：翻译时可以译成“他”，或“乔布斯”。

2）译文：

这就使他得以跻身于过去两个世纪伟大创业者的行列，他们——尤其是斯蒂夫·乔布斯——个个都因充沛的精力、持久的好奇心和旺盛的商业想象力而著称。

解析：

puts him in the company of 是翻译这句话的难点。很多考生把它理解成了“使他进入了……公司”，其实为“与……在一起”，引申为“跻身于”。

3）译文

这些人全都格外勤奋，对已对人一丝不苟。不断激励他们的是高瞻远瞩，而不是迟疑不决。

解析：

在这句话中有两个词要重点理解：demanding和vision。Demanding意为：苛求的，高要求的。Vision意为：洞察力，想象力。

4）译文：

乔布斯青年时代，恰逢经济、社会和技术都在发生深远的变化，即我们所谓的信息革命时代。他有一种分析与直觉方面的天分，懂得在大变革时期有无数的机会可抓。

解析：

up for grabs是这句话的理解重点。如果不认识这个短语，也别轻易放弃，至少你认识grab：抓住。所以围绕着“抓住”理解这个短语不会有什么偏差。根据常理，在一个变革的年代，一个具有远见卓识，又极具创造力的人能抓住什么？所以a lot 当然意指“机会”。

5）译文：

这种悟性促使他急如星火地行动起来，一心想的是产品“今后会怎样？”，这也促成了他那种常常是严厉、霸道但至今仍能给人以启发的管理风格。

解析：

请重点理解fueled 意为刺激某种行为；the rapid-fire pace意为快得像火一样的步伐；obsession with意为迷恋；fed意为滋养。

第五部分写作

题目解析：这个题目比较有挑战性，乍看之下，两个分句自相矛盾。但是，既然有这种说法，就有它存在的理由，我们首先要找到人们这么说的理由是什么。找到了之后，才能够决定自己的立场，是赞成还是反对，理由分别又是什么。

首先审题发现，题目本身分成两个部分，一是“To get success, you need friends”，一是“to get huge success, you need enemies”。看起来像是一句似非而是的隽语，即看似矛盾而实际却可能成立的说法。对于题目中这两部分，考生可以分别表明态度，只支持其中一句而反对另一句；也可以全部赞成或反对，只要自己的立论站得住脚。一般而言，人们对第一句话没有太多异议，而第二句话才是争论的焦点。因此，题目中隐藏的重点是第二句话。此时，考生要细加思考的是：人们为什么会有第二句话这种说法？他们的理由是什么？这种观点真的可以成立吗?在什么样的条件下可以成立？在他们的逻辑中，有没有漏洞？……这样一步步追问下去，文章脉络就自然清晰了。提起笔来，也自然胸有成竹。

范文：

I agree that we need friends to get success, but I don’t agree that we need enemies to get huge success. The reasons can be listed as follows. Friends have a positive influence on people’s lives. It’s friends who give us courage, love and support when we are at a low tide. By contrast, enemies only set barriers in our ways to success and make us suffer from painful losses. Imagine when you are in a cold weather, which one would you embrace, a fire or cold water?

It’s true that sometimes we are subdued by our enemies, while sometimes we are defeated by ourselves. We easily become so proud and arrogant after we have achieved a little success that we can’t accept others’ unflattering advice; pride and prejudices have blinded our eyes with ease. At this time, the threat from an enemy may possibly keep us awake from the laziness and self-indulgence accompanied success, and work harder to achieve the next success. In this sense, an enemy can be said to contribute to our success a little bit.

But can an enemy bring us huge success? Certainly not. A nation, as well as a person, gets huge success only from their hard work, ingenious minds and sometimes the help of chances. Enemies are always enemies. They may stimulate you to work hard, but it’s unwise to expect an enemy to give you a hand when hardship arrives. During the difficult times, it’s your friends who stand behind you and make strenuous attempts to help you. Success is hard to win, and huge success is even harder to secure. We can safely say that huge success can only come with your continuous efforts and generous help from your friends, family and associates; it will never be handed to you from an enemy, unless he or she purposely employs this as a strategy to confuse you. Besides, if you are strong enough in character, enemies can evoke your anger to fight against them hardly. But if your mind is not so strongly constituted, powerful enemies will destroy you effortlessly and utterly, leaving you little chance to bob up like a cork again. The contest between you and your enemies is often ruthless. Imagine you are in a battlefield now, do you believe that your enemies would make you win the battle? Definitely not. In this sense, enemies bring us not huge success, but desperation and destruction.

So we can change the above mentioned words into this: “to get success, you need friends; to get huge success, you need more friends and few enemies. ”

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Bear on 涉及关于对…施加压力；与??有关；对…有影响；瞄准 Bear out 证明证实支持 Be boiled cbwn to 被归结为 Obsession with 着迷 Observation 观察 Obsolete 废弃废除 Obsce ne 淫秽的；猥亵的；可憎的 Obvious 明显的 Oblique 倾斜不正 Oblige 被迫做 裁判 Arbitrate进行仲裁 In terve ning 干涉斡旋 Referee 担任裁判 Mediate 调停调节斡旋居中 Media 传媒 Coordi nate 协调

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