1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记

1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记

编委：雪中茉莉

审委：Fional

1. Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements of

argument____ that thought, language, and reality are interrelated.

(A) based on the belief

(B) on the belief based

(C) belief based on the

(D) the based belief on

Key：A

分析：考点是定语成分。空格前面句子结构完整，空间应该填修饰argument的部分。答案A，过去分词短语结构做后置定语，修饰argument。

（B）that 引导的是同位语从句，前面必然有一个名词，所以B错

（C）明显的名词重叠，顺序混乱

（D）这个选项进入句子无法修饰argument，同样是明显错误。

参考译文：经典的逻辑是以注重论证的结构和元素为特征的，其论证基于思想、语言和现实是相互关联的信念。

2. Adult fleas_____ only blood and are external parasites of mammals and birds.

(A) eat

(B) having eaten

(C) that eat

(D) to eat

Key：A

分析：考点是主谓结构。由and并列关系，可知此处缺谓语。答案A，主语复数，这里动词原形。

（B）这个选项是一个分词结构形式不能做谓语

（C）如果选这个则，that引导定语从句，那么缺和and引导的动词并列的谓语。

（D）to do 在这里可以做补语，但是出现问题和C相同

参考译文：成年的跳蚤只是吸血，是哺乳动物和鸟类的外寄生虫。

3. Heat energy may be absorbed or released when_____ while work is done on or by the

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system.

(A) changes in the internal energy of a system

(B) by changing the internal energy of a system.

(C) the internal energy of a system that changes

(D) the internal energy of a system changes

Key：D

分析：考点是状语成分。When后面是时间状语从句（change 可以作名词也可以作动词）答案D。做when引导的时间状语从句，结构完整

(A) when引导时间状语从句，A入选则从句结构不完整，缺谓语

(B) when和by不共存

(C) that多余，造成一个新的定语从句，且两个部分都不完整

参考译文：当外部做功或者系统做功时，系统内部能量变化，热能会被吸收或者释放。

4. Metheods of measuring mass, time ,and distance are _____ of human culture.

(A) among the oldest skills

(B) they are among the oldest skills

(C) what among the oldest skills

(D) the skills that among the oldest

Key：A

分析：考点是表语成分。Are 后面应该是表语或者是过分，答案A，介词短语作表语。

（B）两个are，谓语重叠

（C）what如果做宾语从句引导词则宾语从句缺谓语

（D）of前面应该有一个中心名词，D缺少一个这样的名词

参考译文：度量质量、时间和距离的方法是人类文化中最古老的技能。

5. ______ they sometimes swim alone, dolphins usually congregate in large groups, often

numbering in the hundreds.

(A) Why

(B) Although

(C) Even

(D) Nevertheless

Key：B

分析：考点是连词用法。由句意可知，表转折（*** alone***,***large***hundreds）答案C。even 表示的是递进关系，没有转折。

(A) why 如果填入，本句逗号前面就成了完整的一个疑问句了，后面的必须单独成句，所以不对。

(B) 虽然。。做为让步状语从句连词，转接

(D) nevertheless＝however，但是表示的语气弱些，这里需要的是“虽然”含义的词，不是它

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参考译文：虽然有时候会单独出游，海豚通常是聚集成一大群，总是数以百计。

6. ______ plays an important in commercial art , illustrating advertisements, textbooks，

brochures, and articles in magazines and periodicals.

(A) Drawing and

(B) Because drawing

(C) Drawing, which

(D) Drawing

Key：D

分析：考点是主谓结构。空格后面是谓语宾语，全句缺主语。答案D。动名词做主语，主谓完整。

（A）and后面没有和drawing并列的成分

（B）because引导原因状语从句，这样主句还是主谓不完整

（C）which做为非限定定语从句连词使得整个句子缺乏全句谓语

参考译文：在广告艺术、图片广告、教科书、宣传册和杂志期刊的文章中，图画起到了很重要的作用。

7. Goldfinches build compact _______ nests, which they line with soft vegetable down.

(A) shaped like a cup

(B) cup—shaped

(C) cup shapes

(D) shape of a cup

Key：B

分析：考点是定语成分。此处修饰nests，应该是个形容词。答案B。cup-shaped是形容词符合要求。

(A) 此处应该是和compact并列的修饰成分修饰nest，这里的谓语结构显然不对

(C)这个选项是一个名词短语

(D) 语义错误，cup nest是错误表达

参考译文：金翅雀结构严密的杯状巢穴，它们在其底部放置柔软的植物。

8. Louisa May Alcott published her first book, Flower Fables ，_____ of fairy tales, in 1854.

(A) which a collection

(B) a collection was

(C) a collection

(D) in which a collection

Key：C

分析：考点是同位语。前面句子结构完整，空格应该是状语或者定语，同位语。答案C。同位

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语。

（A）定语从句缺谓语

（B）was和前面的publish 谓语重复

（D）定语从句结构不完整

参考译文：Louisa May Alcott 1854年出版了她第一本书，花之传奇是一个神话故事。

9. ______ understanding of weather and its variability, it has been difficult to prove that

weather can be controlled

(A) Since incomplete

(B) Because of incomplete

(C) Incomplete

(D) Why is incomplete

Key：B

分析：考点是状语成分。逗号后面是各完整的句子，前面应该是状语从句。答案B，because+n 表原因。understanding为中心词的名词短语做because of的宾语。

（A）Since引导一个状语从句，这里从句缺谓语

（C）逗号前面部分缺少和后面主句进行连接的连词成分或者介词

（D）why is…即可单独构成原因疑问句，那么和逗号后面的主句不能合成单句了。

参考译文：因为对于天气及其变化性的了解不够完全，证明天气可控一直是件困难的事情。

10. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Program included ______ designed to provide relief and

counteract the effects of the economic depression that had begun in 1929.

(A) measures were temporary

(B) in temporary measures

(C) temporary and measures

(D) temporary measures

Key：D

分析：考点是宾语结构。空格在及物动词included后面，应该是其宾语。答案D，名词短语作宾语，designed引导的分词短语做其后置定语。

（A）were 和include谓语重叠

（B）include是及物动词，不用加in

（C）temporary 和measures不是并列成分不能用and连接

参考译文：富兰克林罗斯福的新政包括专为缓解和抵制1929年开始的经济萧条带来的影响而设计的政策。

11. Current health guidelines recommend that people restrict their consumption_______.

(A) foods of high in fat

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(B) of foods in fat high

(C) of foods high in fat

(D) in foods high of fat

Key：C

分析：考点是定语成分。空格前面句子结构完整，而且没有逗号分隔，应该是定语成分。答案C，介词短语作后置定语。而high in fat，又是作foods的后置定语。

（A）如果是consuming 构成分词短语就可以了，但是consumption是名词

（B）high in fat固定搭配，in fat high顺序错误

（D）in 和of与名词的搭配颠倒

参考译文：先行的健康指导推荐人们控制对那些高脂肪食品的消费。

12. Walt Whitman originated a distinctive form of free verse that sets his work apart

from_____ of all other poets.

(A) what

(B) that

(C) how

(D) it

Key：B

分析：考点是宾语结构。空格在介词from后面，应该是其宾语，答案B。that指代form，作宾语。

（A）from后面要跟一个可以代替form的代词，what 不是特指

（C）how同样不能起到特殊指代的作用

（D）it 后面不能接of短语

参考译文：Walt Whitman创造了他三篇散文一种突出的风格，使得他的作品显得异于其他诗人的。

13. _____ economic change by investigating the fluctuations in the relationship between

workers’ wages and their buying power.

(A) Economists gauging

(B) Economists gauge how

(C) Economists gauge

(D) Whenever economists gauge

Key：C

分析：考点是主谓结构。全句缺主语和谓语，答案C，gauge做谓语，主句宾语change。（A）gauging是分词状态不能做谓语

（B）how如果引导一个宾语从句，而change此处是名词，从句缺谓语

（D）whenever引到了状语从句，那么就没有主句主谓成分了。

参考译文：经济学家通过调查工人薪水和他们的支付能力之间关系的波动来衡量经济变动。

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14. Although the many hours of summer sunshine in Canada’s Klondike region produce

good vegetable crops, the long winters rarely permit ______.

(A) grain crops ripen

(B) grain crops are ripe

(C) the ripening of grain crops

(D) to ripen grain crops

Key：C

分析：考点是宾语成分。Permit及物动词，后接宾语。答案C，ripening做动名词，和of形成名词短语。

（A）permit 及物动词，后面跟doing，ripen错

（B）解释同上

（D）permit sb to do，这里没有sb。

参考译文：虽然加拿大Klondike地区夏天的长时间日照使其盛产优良的蔬菜作物，但其漫长的冬季却很少能让谷物成熟。

15. Tools, a workshop, and some storage space were ______ for early experiments in

aviation.

(A) required all that

(B) all that was required

(C) all the requirements that

(D) such that all the requirements

Key：B

分析：考点是表语成分。空格在系动词之后是，表语成分。答案B，all做主句表语，that引导定语从句。

（A）be required是被动式和整句的逻辑、语义不符；

（C）that定语从句后面主谓不完整，不能构成从句；

（D）such在这里是形容词后面。

参考译文：工具，一个作坊，一些储存空间就是早期的航空试验所需要的所有条件。

16. A major railroad junction in Illinois, Decatur has became an important commercial hub for

A B

the regi on’s farm products and livestock.

C D

Key：A

分析：考点是分词结构。has done完成式。

改正：became become

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参考译文：Decatur 是Illinos的一个主要铁路中转站，它成为了该地区农产品和畜产品重要的交易中心。

17. People use muscles to make various movements, such as walk, jumping, or throwing.

A B C D Key：C

分析：考点是介词用法。such as 后面并列的成分都是名词。

改正：walk →walking

参考译文：人们用肌肉去做各种运动，比如走、跳、投。

18. Emily Dickinson unmistakenly fixed her own highly individually and revolutionary

A B

personality in her elliptical and provocative poems.

C D

Key：B

分析：考点是平行结构。and 连接的和revolutionary并列的词应该是形容词。

改正：individually →individual

参考译文：Emily Dickinson非常正确地将她自己高度个性化革命性的人格融入她简约而激动人心的诗之中。

19. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones of difference size and shapes.

A B C D

Key：C

分析：考点是词性的误用。size and shapes 是名词，前面需要形容词来修饰

改正：differnce →different

参考译文：人的骨骼由206块大小形状不同的骨头组成。

20. One of earliest strike in United States history occurred in 1740 when bakers refused to

A B C

work until their wages were increased.

D

Key：A

分析：考点是one of + noun pl.。one of +noun pl. 这是托福语法常考的，

改正：strike →strikes

参考译文：美国历史上最早的罢工在1740年发生，那时候面包师们拒绝工作直到他们的薪水提高。

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21. Count Basie’s distinctive piano style and band arrangements of the late 1930’s earned

A B

his an important place in jazz history.

C D

Key：C

分析：考点是代词用法。这里是做earn的宾语，用宾格，

改正：his →him

参考译文：二十世纪30年代晚期Count Basie具有特色的钢琴风格和乐队安排，为他赢得了爵士历史上重要的地位。

22. The wide range of elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains allows for the great

A B

diverse of plant life found there.

C D

Key：C

分析：考点是词性的误用。of前面应该用名词

改正：diverse →diversity

参考译文：阿巴拉乞亚山脉的海拔的范围很宽，是那里发现的植物种类繁多的原因。

23. Four huge shield volcanoes have been observed on Mars, as well as a great number of

A B

small ones like found those on the Earth.

C D

Key：D

分析：考点是分词结构。those 指代volcanoes，found短语做它的后置定语。

改正：found those →those found

参考译文：在火星发现了四个巨大的盾形火山，还有大量的同地球上发现的小火山相似的火山。

24. The 1897 discover of gold in the Klondike hastened the commercial development of

A B

Washington State, as did the increasing trade with Pacific Islands.

C D

Key：A

分析：考点是词性误用。Discover是动词，不能作主语。

改正：discover →discovery

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参考译文：1897年在Klondike发现了黄金，加速了华盛顿州的商业发展和太平洋诸岛的贸易增长。

25. The Saint Lawrence River is young relatively by geological standards, as it was founded

A B C D during the last ice age.

Key：B

分析：考点语序。修饰成分和中心词顺序颠倒，这也是托福中常考的。

改正：young relatively →relatively young

参考译文：Saint Lawrence河从地质标准来看是相对年轻的，因为它是在上个冰河纪中形成的。

26. With the ability produce and control fire, early humans could make heat and light and

A B

could cook foods that were difficult to eat raw.

C D

Key：A

分析：考点是固定搭配。ability后面+ to do表示目的，

改正：produce →to produce

参考译文：早期的人类具有发生和控制火的能力，能够制造热和光，烹煮那些不能生吃的食品。

27. Only the female and the worker wasps are equipped with a sting, which they use it to

A B C

attack their prey or to protect themselves against enemies.

D

Key：C

分析：考点是成分多余。it在这里多余，因为which引导的定语从句，which已经替代了sting 做use的宾语。

改正：use it →use

参考译文：只有雌性黄蜂和工蜂有针刺，用来攻击它们的猎物或者保护它们免受敌人攻击。

28. Compared with another breeds, quarter horses can start more quickly, turn more sharply,

A B

and run faster over short courses.

C D

Key：B

分析：考点是词的误用。这种形近词的用法，托福中经常出现。Other多个中的其他，another

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两个中其他;

改正：another →other

参考译文：和其他品种相比，夸特马（四分之一哩的竞赛马）能更快速地启动，转弯更敏捷，在短距离内跑得更快。

29. Stars emit radio waves, which they may be detected and studied using radio telescopes.

A B C D

Key：B

分析：考点是定语从句。非限定定语从句主谓已经完整，所以which前面一定应该有一个介词构成从句的状语。

改正：which →by which

参考译文：星体发射无线电波，无线电望远镜通过这些射线可能观测到和研究它们。

30. A glider is a type of aircraft resembling an airplane but often having not means of

A B C D

propulsion at all.

Key：D

分析：考点是词的误用。means：“方法、工具”，可数名词，所以前面应该有限定词a或者some等，no能表示not+限定词的含义。*Toefl考试中经常有此考点no<->not

改正：not →no

参考译文：滑翔机是一种类似飞机但是通常根本没有推进设备的飞行器。

31. A patrilineal extended family consists of core group of males, their wives, and their

A B C D unmarried daughters.

Key：B

分析：考点是冠词用法。group是可数名词，在句中单数形式出现且未划线，

改正：of core →of a core .

参考译文：沿着父系延伸的家族，包括男性核心成员，他们的妻子及其未婚女儿。

32. Herons inhabit marshy areas of the shores along fresh or water, which they find fishes,

A B C

frogs, crustaceans, and other aquatic animals to eat.

D

Key：C

分析：考点是关系词的误用。定语从句关连词在从句中做地点状语，应该用where。

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改正：which →where

参考译文：苍鹭生活在在水域或者滩涂等潮湿地带的岸边，它们能够在那里捕食鱼类、蛙类、牡蛎及其他水生动物。

33. A computer program that communicates with the user solely by choices providing from

A B C

interlinked menus is said to be menu-driven.

D

Key：C

分析：考点是分词结构。choice和provide之间是被动关系，所以应该用过去分词，

改正：providing →provided.

参考译文：和用户之间的交流仅仅通过选择既定的联结起来的菜单，这种计算机程序称为菜单驱动的。

34. In the 1930’s few major orchestras in the United States hired woman, so many chose to

A B

perform in amateur musical groups as an alternative.

C D

Key：B

分析：考点是名词单复数。woman为可数名词，由后面的so many知道，其应该用复数。

改正：woman →women

参考译文：在20世纪30年代很少有大的管弦乐队雇佣女性，她们很多选择在业余乐队做替补演奏。

35. Complex spacecraft are characterized by a various of supporting systems, including

A B

communications, guidance and navigation, altitude control, and, in some cases, life-support

C D

systems.

Key：A

分析：考点是固定搭配。a variety of + noun, various +noun

改正：various →variety ;

参考译文：复杂的宇宙飞船以各种各样的支持系统为特征，包括通信、指导、导航、高度控制等，有时候还包括生命支持系统。

36. When a piano keyboard is substituted for buttons on right side of an accordion, the

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A B

instrument is known as a piano accordion.

C D

Key：B

分析：考点是固定搭配。on the right side固定搭配，表示方位左右的都要有the

改正：on right →on the right

参考译文：钢琴的键如果被风琴右边的按钮取代，这种乐器就叫做钢琴式风琴。

37. Today’s lunar and solar eclipses can be predicted to within seconds of its occurrences,

A B C

and interest in them is scientific as well as aesthetic.

D

Key：C

分析：考点是代词用法。因为月食日食是两个主体，中间用and连接，代词应该是复数;也可由后面的them判断出。

改正：its →their

参考译文：现在的日月食都能被准确预测到它们发生的几秒中内，其中的乐趣既是科学的又是美学的。

38. The windowless inner rooms of the Pueblo Bontio in New Mexico served for the storage

A

of supplies, while the brighter outer rooms were using for living quarters.

B C D

Key：D

分析：考点是固定搭配。be used to用来。

改正：Using →used

参考译文：新墨西哥的Pueblo Bontio那些没有窗户的内部房间使用来储藏每年的收成的，而外面有光的房间是用来居住的。

39. Ultrasonic is concerned with sound vibrates or waves of a frequency above 20,000

A B

cycles per second, the upper range audible to the human ear.

C D

Key：A

分析：考点是词性的误用。由or 的并列关系可知，这里vibrate应该变成名词做sound的中心词，

改正：vibrates →vibration

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参考译文：超声波涉及振动频率在20，000次/秒以上的声音或者波，这是人类耳朵可听见的上限。

40. Freesia plants reach a height of two and one-half feet and thrive best at temperature of

A B C D

50 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Key：D

分析：考点是冠词用法。temperature后面有50－60做限定定语，前面应该有冠词a，

改正：temperature a temperature

参考译文：苍兰属植物能长到2.5英尺左右的高度，在华氏50－60度生长的最繁茂。

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2005年01月老托福语法全真题及答案

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