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Food Quality

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Task One: Food Additives (1)

Food additives are widely used in many countries. However, the discovery a number of years

ago that the food additive Sudan Red was harmful to human health led to a backlash against all food additives.

For example, the milk we drink in the morning has calcium added to it; numerous beverages contain calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and other minerals; store bought salt contains iodine, zinc and silica; and potato chips have as many as 10 types of food additives, such as spices, edible pigments, citric acid, flavor additives, sweetening agents and silica.

MSG and condiments are considered food additives. Yeast powder is also a food additive too

and is usually added to steamed breads. Even sodium carbonate is a food additive, too, and is often added to make congee.

To better understand the functions of food additives, Nature & Science did two interesting experiments at a bakery.

Flour, eggs, sugar, salt and soda are the basic materials used in baking cakes.

First, let’s make a cake without any additives. Mixing egg yolks and whites evenly, we then

add some sugar into it. When the egg and sugar are (done) being mixed, we immediately add flour, water, soda and bulking agents into the mixture and rapidly mix them to make the batter .All this must be done within 10 to 30 seconds after which the batter must be immediately placed into the oven to bake.

Now, let’s make some cakes with additives. When the eggs and sugar are being m ixed, we

add some cake oil to the mixture. The cake oil is composed of acidity regulators, antioxidants, vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate. It can make the egg-sugar mixture rapidly inflate. After flour, water and soda are poured into the egg-sugar mixture, the cake oil can form compound membranes with proteins in the cake batter. This can significantly improve the strength and stability of bubbles in the batter and make sure that all of the ingredients are evenly distributed. Even after the batter is left for some time, the bubbles will not disappear.

After the cakes are taken out of the oven we can see that the cakes that had the oil added to them are much nicer to look at and are more flexible than those without the additives. Even the insides of the cakes are remarkably different. The internal structure of the cake without additives

is uneven and brittle. But the internal structure of the cake with additives is even, soft and flexible

and tastes delicious and moist.

The benefits of food additives do not just apply to cakes but also to many other foods.

Emulsifiers are what give ice cream its delicious taste. The sweeteners lead to low-calorie,

low-sugar products.

Without edible pigments, there wouldn’t be various colorful candies.

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Without preservatives, can ned foods couldn’t be preserved for months on end, making it difficult to get them to consumers’ hands before they go bad. Preservatives can prevent the growth of bacteria and ensure the freshness of nutrition in the food for a short period of time. From this aspect, food additives are very important to our health. Without them, we can hardly imagine what life would be like. Food additives can keep and improve the color and flavor of foods. They can even increase the nutritional value of certain foods and improve the quality of our life. With the rapid development of the food industry, the type and usage of food additives have increased dramatically, and they have been applied more widely and become an indispensable aspect of modern food processing. Task Two: Food Additives (2)

Food additives are widely used in many countries. Several years ago, the discovery that something called Sudan Red was harmful to human health led to a backlash against all food additives. In toxicology, the dosage decides the toxicity.

If the intake of a substance is below its acceptable intake level, damage to the human health is within an acceptable scope. After evaluating the safety of a food additive, scientists put forth its acceptable daily intake (ADI) per kilogram of an average person’s body weight as the basis for governments to stipulate the applications and maximum dosages of food additives.

The Food Safety and Toxicology Evaluation Procedures issued by the Chinese Ministry of Health require that every food additive must undergo oral acute toxicity tests, genetic toxicity tests, teratogenic tests, 90-day feeding trials and carcinogenic tests in animals.

According to their toxicological data, food additives are divided into 3 categories: very safe, safe and unsafe. The first category of food additives have no restrictions related to their usage in food processing. They do not need ADI values but simply reference dosages.

For example, after a large number of biochemical and toxicological researches, the international Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) announced that it planned to cancel the acceptable daily intake restriction of monosodium glutamate (MSG).

This shows that MSG is a very safe food additive. China’s standards stipulate that MSG can be used in various types of food according to the practical needs of food production. For example, the maximum reference dosage of MSG is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram in candy, 190 milligrams per kilogram in condiments and 4,300 milligrams per kilogram in soups.

The second category of food additives is food additives deemed safe. JECFA has established ADI values for each of them.

Their uses in food processing are restricted. For instance, long-term animal experiments show that lemon yellow has the weakest toxicity of synthetic pigments and is a safe food additive. Its ADI is 0―7.5 milligrams per kilogram. In China, it is stipulated that its maximum dosage is0.1 grams per kilogram in fruit juices, drinks, candies and shrimps and 0.02 grams per kilogram in ice cream.

The third category of food additives is unsafe. According to toxicological data, such additives are considered to be unsafe for use in food. In 2002, the Chinese Ministry of Health announced the prohibition of 59 types of natural raw materials in food, They are unsafe and if they are found in any food product, the company in question would be subject to legal action.

Now that there are so many toxicological regulations overseeing the safety of food additives,

3 why do so many consumers think food additives are a food safety issue? This perception is in part caused by the bad behavior of a very small minority of food processing companies who violate the state’s health standards through the use of illegal food additives. They increase the dosage of food additives or add some things that are not food additives into food. Consumers should stand up and safeguard their rights.

They have the right to know what additives are in the food they are buying. For example, soy sauce usually has preservatives added. When a consumer buys a bottle of soy sauce in the supermarket, he can read the specific name of the preservative, say sodium benzoate or potassium sorbate, on the label of the bottle. Similarly, the specific names of sweeteners, such as xylitol and acesulfame potassium, added to soy sauce should also be marked on the label.

When a type of food is added with more than 2 coloring agents, their specific names, such as Fancy Red and Bright Blue, should be clearly marked on the label. So when consumers buy food at the market, they can read the instructions on food packages to know what additives are in them. This red liquid is called Carmine. It’s a synthetic edible pigment. Its acceptable daily intake (ADI) is up to 4 milligrams per kilogram. Its maximum dosage is no more than 0.1 grams per kilogram in candy and no more than 0.025 grams per kilogram in soy milk and sausage casing. It is important that we correctly understand food additives and what they are. We shouldn’t regard them as harmful, nor should we be misguided by attempts to exaggerate their benefits. Task Three: Sanlu Milk

Investigation Continues into Sanlu Milk Powder

Chinese authorities are launching an investigation, following reports of kidney stones in infants, after they were fed powdered milk made by Sanlu Company in Hebei Province. Sanlu has already admitted to contamination of the product.

Friday saw investigators from the Ministry of Health, the quality watchdog and relevant departments visiting affected children in hospitals. They then visited Sanlu’s headquarters in Shijiazhuang city, to take samples, and check on how the local government was dealing with the incident.

An initial investigation shows milk powder containing melamine, which is used in making plastics, fertilizers and cleaning products.

The quality regulator has launched a nationwide probe into all baby milk powders. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Health is sharing relevant information with the World Health Organization.

Food Safety to Be Resolved in China

Well, The recent series of food safety scandals to hit China has prompted calls for a revamp to supervision practices. During the 3rd China Food Safety Forum, participants committed to implement stricter law enforcement to assure food safety in China.

To buy or not to buy, it is a question many have to ponder now, as a wave of food safety scares has renewed fears in China over continued problems. Shoppers told us they hope food safety

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violations will be resolved in a more effective and timely manner.

(A Beijing resident)

“I often buy food and other products that are popular and have a good reputation.”

During the 3rd China Food Safety Forum, about 10 governmental departments related to food safety vowed to implement (more) stricter enforcement to assure the quality of food. (Yu Jun, vice director general of Department of Food Safety of State Council of China)

“We will improve our monitoring system. We are urging the local governments to standard enterprises. Companies and individuals will be handed severe penalties if they break food safety or other laws pertaining to the quality of food.”

In China, there are about 500 thousand food production companies. But for many of them, a weak food value chain is the main problem. When a scandal emerges, the public interrogates not only supervisory agencies, but also blames the food company at the center of the controversy. (Huang Qitai, chief scientist of Synutra International, Inc)

“I think the food safety pr oblem depends on the people in the company. We should raise our company’s culture to a new level in order to win the respect of consumers, so we do not see the illegal additives in our food today.”

A publicity week on China Food Safety is also beginning around the country. The aim is to make people know more about the State’s standard of food safety and the knowledge of additives in food.

Tainted food scandals have caused nationwide concern. As, it is urgent for related departments to more strictly enforce laws and regulations to resolve the country’s food safety problems, which concern everyone’s health. 练习答案

Unit One Food Quality

Task One

1. 1) D 2) B 3) A 4) C 5) D

2. 1) materials 2) additives 3) sugar 4) mixture 5) oven 6) composed

7) inflate 8) stability

9) Even after the batter is left for some time, the bubbles won’t disappear.

10) But the internal structure of the cake with additives is even, soft and flexible and tastes delicious and moist.

Task Two

1. 1) A 2) B 3) D 4) B 5) D

Task Three

1. 1) B 2) A 3) A 4) D 5) B

2. 1) investigation 2) kidney stones 3) contamination 4) investigators

5) quality watchdog 6) affected 7) headquarters 8) samples

9) how the local government was dealing with the incident

10) which is used in making plastics, fertilizers and cleaning products

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