金融学英文文献翻译

译文

商业银行信贷风险管理研究

在我国商业银行的业务中，资产通常包括贷款、证券投资、现金存款以及其他四种类型的资产，比如贸易，在这些资产中，信用贷款业务是一种业务，是我国商业银行的主要的业务种类，在商业银行的所有业务中，信用贷款占据了信用资产中很大一部分比例。在西方商业银行中，信用资产通常占据40%到50%，而在我们国家，商业银行的这一比例要更高一些，大约在50%到50%。信用风险是银行的主要的操作风险之一，也是银行管理过程中最主要的一个挑战，因此，银行对于信用风险的管理，通过设立特殊的机构去处理，采取多种手段来解决，但是，因为银行贷款业务中的大部分信用风险是多种多样的贷款业务，是最主要的资产，所以在信用管理方面，商业银行的贷款业务是相当宽松的，而且，其他的管理也是不平衡的，这是由于贷款企业无形资产的过度集中增加了银行的信用风险。因此，加强信用资产的风险管理对于商业银行的发展也是非常重要的。

首先，对当前商业银行的信贷风险环境进行分析。

（1）过时的信贷风险识别和度量技术

我们国家的商业银行的发展历程更短一些，数据样本相对较小，不能够有效提取信息和原因，潜在的数据库需要长期的积累才会更加完善，在短期内不能形成一个完全的客户信息系统。而且，我国商业银行大体上并没有对建立信用数据库产生足够的重视，再加上一系列管理的的方法口径不一致，以及数据库的不一致。在一些已经建立的

信用数据库中，一些数据的真实性和完整性值得怀疑，这些问题直接影响商业银行的信贷风险的客观和公正的评价。与此同时，我国商业银行的信贷风险管理的方法和技术仍不完善，国外已经采用许多先进的信贷风险管理工具，尤其是信贷风险评估和信贷风险防范技术等等。

（2）信贷风险处理手段较少

信贷风险管理是指将信贷风险降低到最小的一个过程，信贷风险是客观存在的，这意味着银行是一定会承担一定的信用风险的。在我国，信贷风险控制和处理机制是相当弱的，方法手段很单一，仅仅抵押贷款有着第三方的保证，而且信贷资产的证券化和其他信贷风险的控制方法并没有被有效的使用，信贷资产的全面管理没有真正的落实。在中国，商业银行的信贷业务的操作也有着很大的惯性，信贷扩张机制容易形成，这就造成了很多金融腐败行为和权力寻租行为的发生，最直接的表现就是大量的贷款和金钱的腐败行为。与此同时，它也造成了债权股额被银行的体制所限制，贷款增量很难按照效率原则进行最优配置；贷款担保机制是不完美的，贷款的安全性得不到保证，即使是在强制执行的情况下，仍然有很多企业不能正常处理。最终导致了银行更多的不履约贷款的产生，使得商业银行的贷款风险最大化。

（3）内部管理机制不健全

大多数商业银行对于内部工作规定的实施是比较松散的，需要加强信贷风险体系的管理，内部监管体系也是不健全的，商业银行需要重新定义每个部门的责任。信贷管理体系中存在漏洞，忽视了管理者的管理，主管法律的人是不充分的，一些贷款失去了法律保护。信贷

的每个环节都需要加强水平制衡和垂直限制，一些基层水平的主管有着太多的权力，管理目标评估方法不科学，监管和限制机制没有真正发挥作用，再加上主管对企业业务规划准备的不充分，导致了一些基层主管人员任意发放贷款、投资和担保。销售信贷的过程也同样需要完善和加强，中国的商业银行需要走向世界，变为世界性的银行，因此特别要积极地适应现代银行业的迅速发展。

第二，形成我国商业银行在信贷风险管理过程中的对策

（1）提高信贷风险预警和预防技术的效率

要提高商业银行的风险管理水平，引进国际上先进的风险管理技术和方法。使用计量经济学模型能够显著地提高商业银行信贷决策的效率，该模型可通过以下步骤来实施：

首先，在一段期间内测量企业贷款的预期违约概率。

其次，计算银行贷款的损失率标准差。

第三，在预期违约概率和一定期间内贷款数量的基础上，计算个人贷款业务的流失率和标准差，从而计算出个人银行贷款的预期损失和意外损失。

（2）完善审批分离制度

首先，建立特别的组织，对贷款信用审核委员会负责，而贷款信用审批委员会负责信用风险评估。

其次，减少审批委员会的人数，加强信贷决策支持系统。

第三，设立审批人员，并提供信息由第三方调查机构评估借款人，对贷款材料进行验证，确认提交。

（3）加强商业银行的内部管理机制

首先，在操作风险控制方面，商业银行首先应该建立操作风险分类和评分标准，统一银行的评价和测量标准。梳理控制风险，开展银行卡，电子银行渠道，在一些领域如风险评估领域采用信息科学技术，使用风险识别技术，采用操作风险控制的自我评估技术、数据分析方法和工具，如定性定量判断风险和风险损失，并建立整改验收机制。

第二，注意引入信贷风险信息管理系统，信贷管理信息系统对于银行的信贷决策和信贷风险管理有着举足轻重的作用。而且，对于风险测量和监管来说，信息系统要依靠电脑，能够有效提高管理的效率。

结论

因为银行的坏账和坏账的持续增加，银行的信贷风险管理已经变成了一个很重要的问题，我国商业银行的信贷风险预防和控制是最紧要的问题，必须引起足够的重视，并且采取有效的措施及早预防。尽管在目前，大多数银行都把谨慎、分离、分立的行业编制体系作为信贷政策审批的基础，但贷款项目个性化突出，差异很大。项目预算，还款来源不确定等高风险的因素的存在。因此，中国的商业银行需要加强信贷风险的研究，完善相关管理机制。

英文原文

Commercial bank credit risk management research

U wei-quan Zhao

Assets of the business of commercial banks in our country, generally including loans, securities investment, cash deposit and four types of assets, such as trade, among them, the credit loans business is business, is the main business types of commercial banks in china, in all the business of commercial bank, a large proportion of credit assets. In western commercial banks, credit assets generally around 40% to 50%, the proportion of commercial banks in our country , this ratio is higher, at 50% to 50%. Credit risk is to point to a bank in one of the main risk of operation, is also the main challenges facing the bank management in the process of, therefore, the management of credit risk on bank, through set up specialized agencies to deal with, taking various measures to deal with, but because most of the credit risk of bank’s loan business, is a variety of bank loan business, the main assets, so in terms of credit risk management, the loan business of commercial bank is relatively loose, and other management is not balanced, this is due to the excessive concentration of loan business enterprise intangible assets to increase the bank’s credit risk. Therefore, to strengthen the risk management of credit business is also very important for the development of commercial banks.

First, the current situation of commercial bank credit risk analysis

(1)The credit risk identification and measurement of outdated technology

Our country commercial bank development time is shorter, the relatively small data samples, and cannot effectively extract the information of reason, the underlying database need long-term accumulation will be more perfect, in a short period of time can’t form a complete system of customer data. And our country’s commercial banks generally do not attach importance to establish credit database, coupled with the commercial bank also has a variety of management of the medium caliber inconsistent, inconsistent data, and in some credit database has been established, data doubt the authenticity and integrity of the system, these problems directly cause the bank credit risk objectively and fair evaluation. At the same time, our country commercial bank credit risk management is still very poor means and technology, many foreign advanced credit risk management tools have been used, especially the credit risk evaluation and the credit risk prevention technology, etc.

(2) The lack of credit risk treatment means

Credit risk management is the need to will be down to the lower management process of credit risk, credit risk is objective existence, which means that the bank will take a certain amount of credit risk. In our country, credit risk control and processing mechanism is relatively weak, means and methods are very single, only mortgage loan guarantees with a third party, and the securitization of credit assets and other control methods of credit risk is not effective use, the overall management of credit assets are truly carried out. Because in the operation of the credit business of commercial banks in china has a system of inertia, and credit expansion mechanism is

relatively easy to form, this creates a lot of financial corruption and rent-seeking behavior occurs, the most direct performance is massive loans, lending and money corruption violations; at the same time it also caused the loan stock is restricted by the structure of the bank, loan increment is difficult to optimize configuration in accordance with the principle of efficient, the safety of the loans not guaranteed, even in the existence of enforcement of a large number of enterprise cannot cope with, and finally caused the formation of more banks non-performing loans, the maximum loan risk of commercial banks.

(3) Of the internal management is not sound

Most of the commercial banks to lax enforcement of the regulations for the internal work, need to improve the credit risk system, internal supervision mechanism is not sound, commercial banks need to redefine the responsibilities of each department, loopholes in the credit management system, ignore the management of the managers, the person in charge of legal knowledge is insufficient, some loans loan loss of legal protection. Credit on each link of the need to strengthen horizontal checks and balances, vertical restrictions, some president too much power at the grass-roots level, the governor of the management goal assessment method is not scientific, supervision and restraint mechanism is not really play a role, add to the governor on business planning is not enough, cause some grass-roots governors indiscriminate batch of loan, investment, guarantee. Selling credit process also need to improve, especially to actively adapt to the rapid development of modern banking, for commercial banks in china to the world, become a bank in the world.

Second, consummates our country the development of commercial banks in credit risk management countermeasures

(1) Improve the efficiency of credit risk warning and prevention technology

To strengthen the commercial bank risk management level, the introduction of the international advanced risk management techniques and methods, using the econometric model can greatly improve the efficiency of the bank’s credit decisions. The model can be through the following steps to set up:

First of all, within a certain period of time measurement of the expected default probability of loan enterprise;

Secondly, calculate the bank loans, the loss ratio of standard deviation,

Third, attrition rate and standard deviation of personal loan business on the basis of the expected default probability and loans within a certain time, counting from the individual bank loans expected loss and unexpected loss.

(2) Perfect the system of separation of approving

First of all, set up special organizations, responsible for the performance loan credit audit committee is responsible for credit risk assessment. Second, reduce the number of the members of the committee for examination and approval, to strengthen the credit decision support system. Three , designed for examination and approval by staff, and provide information by a third party survey to evaluate borrowers, lending material for validation, and verify the submitted.

(3) Improve the internal management system of commercial banks

First of all, in terms of operational risk control, commercial banks should first

develop operational risk classification and grading standard, unified risk assessment and measurement standard of the bank. Carding control risks, to carry out the bank card, electronic banking channels, information science and technology in areas such as risk assessment, using risk identification, operation risk and control self-assessment, loss of data analysis methods and tools such as qualitative quantitative judgment risks and risk level, and establish the mechanism of rectification acceptance.

Second, pay attention to the introduction of information management system of credit risk. Credit management information system (CMSI) to bank credit decision-making and bank credit risk management has the vital significance, and information systems rely on computer for risk measurement and supervision, can greatly improve the efficiency of management.

Conclusion

Because the bank bad debt and bad debt continues to increase, the bank’s credit management has become a very important problem, our country commercial bank credit risk prevention and control is the most pressing problem, must cause enough attention and take effective measures to prevent early. Although at present, most banks have done careful, separation, divisions compiling system of industry as the basis for examination and approval of the credit policy. But loan project personalized prominent, difference is very big, project budget, source of repayment uncertainty of higher risk factors. Therefore, china’s commercial banks is necessary to strengthen the research of the credit risk, perfecting its corresponding management mechanism.

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设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

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金融专业英语及翻译

Opposite指“位置、方向、地位、性质、意义等对立的、相反的”, 如: 如: “True” and “ false ” have opposite meanings. “真”与“假”有着相反的意思。 Contrary指“两物朝相反的方向发展”, 含有“互相冲突, 不一致”的意思, 如: Your plan is contrary to mine. 你的计划与我的相反。 Inverse 颠倒的；倒数的 Evil is the inverse of good. Reverse 反过来，翻转 He reversed the car. 他倒车. 教育类 素质教育 education for all-round development 应试教育 the examination-oriented education 义务教育 compulsory education 片面追求升学率 place undue emphasis on the proportion of students' entering school of a higher level 高分低能 good scores but low qualities 扩招 expand enrollment 教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 提高身心素质 improve the health and psychological quality 大学生创业 the university students' innovative undertaking 社会实践 social practice 文凭 diplomas and certificates 复合型人才 interdisciplinary talents 文化底蕴 the rich cultural deposits 适应社会的改变 adjust to the social changes 满足社会的急需 meet the urgent needs the society 工作类 人才流动和双向选择 talent flow and a dual-way selection 试用期 probationary period 跳槽 job-hopping 自由职业 freelance work 拜金主义 money worship 获得名利 achieve fame and wealth 充分发挥个人的潜力 develop fully one's potential and creativity 工作出色 excel in one's work 社会和个人的尊重 social and personal esteem 生计问题 a bread and butter issue 人才交流 talents exchange 培养人才 cultivate talents 人才外流 brain drain 失业问题 unemployment problems 下岗职工 the laid-off workers 自谋生路 be self-employed 劳动力短缺 shortage of manpower 医药卫生类 卫生环境 sanitary environment 营养不良 malnutrition

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常见职位职务英文翻译 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员 Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员／接待员 Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理 Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理 Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export Sales Manager外销部经理 Export Sales Staff外销部职员 Financial Controller财务主任 Financial Reporter财务报告人 F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员 F.X.Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员 Fund Manager财务经理 General Auditor审计长 General Manager/President总经理

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6715942461.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

金融学考研专业英语词汇列表(经济类)

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中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;