外文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译

软件学院

学

指导教师：

2014 年 6 月

JSP Technology Conspectus And Specialties The JSP (Java Server mix) technology is used by the Sun microsystem issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention, get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced.

The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together.

The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technology, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical

1 JSP the development background and development history

In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions.

Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not

thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multi-layer application.

The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of technical improvements. Static HTML to show relatively static content is right choice, The new challenge is to create the interaction based on Web applications, in these procedures, the content of a Web page is based on the user's request or the state of the system, and are not predefined characters.

For the problem of an early solution is to use a CGI - BIN interface. Developers write to interface with the relevant procedures and separate based on Web applications, the latter through the Web server to invoke the former. This plan has serious problem -- each new extensible CGI requirements in a new process on the server. If multiple concurrent users access to this procedure, these processes will use the Web server of all available resources, and the performance of the system will be reduced to extremely low.

Some Web server providers have to provide for their server by plugins "and" the API to simplify the Web application development. These solutions are associated with certain Web server, cannot solve the span multiple suppliers solutions. For example, Microsoft's Active Server mix (ASP) technology in the Web page to create dynamic content more easily, but also can work in Microsoft on Personal Web Server and IIS.

There are other solutions, but cannot make an ordinary page designers can easily master. For example, such as the Servlet Java technologies can use Java language interaction application server code easier. Developers to write such Servlet to receive signals from the Web browser to generate an HTTP request, a dynamic response (may be inquires the database to finish the request), then send contain HTML or XML documents to the response of the browser.

note: one is based on a Java Servlet Java technical operation in the server program (with different, the latter operating in the Applet browser end). In this book the Servlet chapter 4.

Using this method, the entire page must have made in Java Servlet. If developers or Web managers want to adjust page, you'll have to edit and recompile the Servlet Java, even in logic has been able to run. Using this method, the dynamic content with the application of the page still need to develop skills.

Obviously, what is needed is a industry to create dynamic content within the scope of the pages of the solution. This program will solve the current scheme are limited. As follows:

can on any Web server or applications.

will application page displays and separation.

can rapidly developing and testing.

simplify the interactive development based on Web application process.

The JSP technology is designed to meet such requirements. The JSP specification is a Web server, application server, trading system and develop extensive cooperation between the tool suppliers. From this standard to develop the existing integration and balance of Java programming environment (for example, Java Servlet and JavaBeans) support techniques and tools. The result is a kind of new and developing method based on Web applications, using component-based application logic page designers with powerful functions.

2 Overall Semantics of a JSP Page

A JSP page implementation class defines a _jspService() method mapping from the request to the response object. Some details of this transformation are specific to the scripting langu age used (see Chapter JSP.9, “Scripting”). Most details are not language specific and are described in this chapter.

The content of a JSP page is devoted largely to describing the data that is written into the output stream of the response. (The JSP container usually sends this data back to

the client.) The description is based on a JspWriter object that is exposed through the implicit object out (see Section JSP.1.8.3, “Implicit Objects”). Its value varies: Initially, out is a new JspWriter object. This object may be different from the stream object returned from response.getWriter(), and may be considered to be interposed on the latter in order to implement buffering (see Section JSP.1.10.1, “The page Directive”). This is the initial out object. JSP page authors are prohibited from writing directly to either the PrintWriter or OutputStream associated with the ServletResponse.

The JSP container should not invoke response.getWriter() until the time when the first portion of the content is to be sent to the client. This enables a number of uses of JSP, including using JSP as a language to “glue” actions that deliver binary content, or reliably forwarding to a servlet, or change dynamically the content type of the response before generating content. See Chapter JSP.4, “Internationalization Issues”.

Within the body of some actions, out may be temporarily re-assigned to a different (nested) instance of a JspWriter object. Whether this is the case depends on the details of the action’s semantics. Typically the conte nt of these temporary streams is appended to the stream previously referred to by out, and out is subsequently re-assigned to refer to the previous (nesting) stream. Such nested streams are always buffered, and require explicit flushing to a nesting stream or their contents will be discarded.

If the initial out JspWriter object is buffered, then depending upon the value of the autoFlush attribute of the page directive, the content of that buffer will either be automatically flushed out to the ServletResponse output stream to obviate overflow, or an exception shall be thrown to signal buffer overflow. If the initial out JspWriter is unbuffered, then content written to it will be passed directly through to the ServletResponse output stream.

A JSP page can also describe what should happen when some specific events occur. In JSP 2.1, the only events that can be described are the initialization and the destruction

of the page. These events are described using “well-known method names” in declaration elements..

JavaScript is used for the first kind is browser, the dynamic general purpose of client scripting language. Netscape first proposed in 1995, but its JavaScript LiveScript called. Then quickly Netscape LiveScript renamed JavaScript, Java developers with them from the same issued a statement. A statement Java and JavaScript will complement each other, but they are different, so the technology of the many dismissed the misunderstanding of the two technologies.

JavaScript to create user interface control provides a scripting language. In fact, in the browser into the JavaScript code logic. It can support such effect: when the cursor on the Web page of a mobile user input validation or transform image.

Microsoft also write out their JavaScript version and the JScript called. Microsoft and Netscape support JavaScript and JScript around a core characteristics and European Manufacturers is.md by (ECMA) standards organization, the control standard of scripting language. ECMA its scripting language ECMAScript named.

Servlets and JSPs often include fragments of information that are common to an organization, such as logos, copyrights, trademarks, or navigation bars. The web application uses the include mechanisms to import the information wherever it is needed, since it is easier to change content in one place then to maintain it in every piece of code where it is used. Some of this information is static and either never or rarely changes, such as an organization's logo. In other cases, the information is more dynamic and changes often and unpredictably, such as a textual greeting that must be localized for each user. In both cases, you want to ensure that the servlet or JSP can evolve independently of its included content, and that the implementation of the servlet or JSP properly updates its included content as necessary.

You want to include a resource that does not change very much (such as a page fragment that represents a header or footer) in a JSP. Use the include directive in the including JSP page, and give the included JSP segment a .jspf extension.

You want to include content in a JSP each time it receives a request, rather than when the JSP is converted to a servlet. Use the jsp:include standard action.

You want to include a file dynamically in a JSP, based on a value derived from a configuration file. Use the jsp:include standard action. Provide the value in an external properties file or as a configuration parameter in the deployment descriptor.

You want to include a fragment of an XML file inside of a JSP document, or include a JSP page in XML syntax. Use the jsp:include standard action for the includes that you want to occur with each request of the JSP. Use the jsp:directive.include element if the include action should occur during the translation phase.

You want to include a JSP segment from outside the including file's context. Use the c:import

3 The operation principle and the advantages of JSP tags

In this section of the operating principle of simple introduction JSP and strengths.

For the first time in a JSP documents requested by the engine, JSP Servlet is transformed into a document JSP. This engine is itself a Servlet. The operating process of the JSP shown below:

(1) the JSP engine put the JSP files converting a Java source files (Servlet), if you find the files have any grammar mistake JSP, conversion process will interrupt, and to the server and client output error messages.

(2) if converted, with the engine JSP javac Java source file compiler into a corresponding scale-up files.

(3) to create a the Servlet (JSP page), the transformation of the Servlet jspInit () method was executed, jspInit () method in the life cycle of Servlet executed only once.

(4) jspService () method invocation to the client requests. For each request, JSP engine to create a new thread for processing the request. If you have multiple clients and request the JSP files, JSP engine will create multiple threads. Each client requests a thread. To execute multi-thread can greatly reduce the requirement of system resources, improving the concurrency value and response time. But also should notice the multi-thread programming, due to the limited Servlet always in response to memory, so is very fast.

(5) if the file has been modified. The JSP, server will be set according to the document to decide whether to recompile, if need to recompile, will replace the Servlet compile the memory and continue the process.

(6) although the JSP efficiency is high, but at first when the need to convert and compile and some slight delay. In addition, if at any time due to reasons of system resources, JSP engine will in some way of uncertain Servlet will remove from memory. When this happens jspDestroy () method was first call.

(7) and then Servlet examples were marked with "add" garbage collection. But in jspInit () some initialization work, if establish connection with database, or to establish a network connection, from a configuration file take some parameters, such as, in jspDestory () release of the corresponding resources.

Based on a Java language has many other techniques JSP page dynamic characteristics, technical have embodied in the following aspects:

3.1 simplicity and effectiveness

The JSP dynamic web pages with the compilation of the static HTML pages of writing is very similar. Just in the original HTML page add JSP tags, or some of the proprietary scripting (this is not necessary). So, a familiar with HTML page write design

personnel may be easily performed JSP page development. And the developers can not only, and write script by JSP tags used exclusively others have written parts to realize dynamic pages. So, an unfamiliar with the web developers scripting language, can use the JSP make beautiful dynamic pages. And this in other dynamic web development is impossible.

3.2 the independence of the program

The JSP are part of the family of the API Java, it has the general characteristics of the cross-platform Java program. In other words, is to have the procedure, namely the independence of the platform, 6 Write bided anywhere! .

3.3 procedures compatibility

The dynamic content can various JSP form, so it can show for all kinds of customers, namely from using HTML/DHTML browser to use various handheld wireless equipment WML (for example, mobile phones and pdas), personal digital equipment to use XML applications, all can use B2B JSP dynamic pages.

3.4 program reusability

In the JSP page can not directly, but embedded scripting dynamic interaction will be cited as a component part. So, once such a component to write, it can be repeated several procedures, the program of the reusability. Now, a lot of standard JavaBeans library is a good example.

JSP技术简介及特点

JSP（Java Server Pages）技术是由Sun公司发布的用于开发动态Web应用的一项技术。它以其简单易学、跨平台的特性，在众多动态Web应用程序设计语言中异军突起，在短短几年中已经形成了一套完整的规范，并广泛地应用于电子商务等各个领域中。在国内，JSP现在也得到了比较广泛的重视，得到了很好的发展，越来越多的动态网站开始采用JSP技术。下面就对JSP及其相关技术进行简单的介绍。JSP技术可以以一种简捷而快速的方法生成Web页面。使用JSP技术的Web页面可以很容易地显示动态内容。JSP技术的设计目的是使得构造基于Web的应用程序更加容易和快捷，而这些应用程序能够与各种Web服务器、应用服务器、浏览器和开发工具共同工作。

JSP技术不是惟一的动态网页技术，也不是第一个，在JSP技术出现之前就已经存在几种优秀的动态网页技术，如CGI、ASP等。下面结合这些技术的介绍，讲述动态网页技术的发展和JSP技术的诞生。

1 JSP的开发背景及发展历史

在万维网短暂的历史中，万维网已经从一个大部分显示静态信息的网络演化到对股票进行交易和进行购书操作的一个基础设施。在各种各样的应用程序中，对于可能使用的基于Web的客户端，看上去没有任何限制。

基于浏览器客户端的应用程序比传统的基于客户机/服务器的应用程序有几个好处。这些好处包括几乎没有限制的客户端访问和极其简化的应用程序部署和管理（要更新一个应用程序，管理人员只需要更改一个基于服务器的程序，而不是成千上万的安装在客户端的应用程序）。这样，软件工业正迅速地向建造基于浏览器客户端的多层次应用程序迈进。

这些快速增长的精巧的基于Web的应用程序要求开发技术上的改进。静态HTML对于显示相对静态的内容是不错的选择；新的挑战在于创建交互的基于Web 的应用程序，在这些程序中，页面的内容是基于用户的请求或者系统的状态，而不是预先定义的文字。

对于这个问题的一个早期解决方案是使用CGI-BIN接口。开发人员编写与接

口相关的单独的程序，以及基于Web的应用程序，后者通过Web服务器来调用前者。这个方案有着严重的扩展性问题——每个新的CGI要求在服务器上新增一个进程。如果多个用户并发地访问该程序，这些进程将消耗该Web服务器所有的可用资源，并且系统性能会降低到极其低下的地步。

某些Web服务器供应商已经尝试通过为他们的服务器提供“插件”和API来简化Web应用程序的开发。这些解决方案是与特定的Web服务器相关的，不能解决跨多个供应商的解决方案的问题。例如，微软的Active Server Pages（ASP）技术使得在Web页面上创建动态内容更加容易，但也只能工作在微软的IIS和Personal Web Server上。

还存在其他的解决方案，但都不能使一个普通的页面设计者能够轻易地掌握。例如，像Java Servlet这样的技术就可以使得用Java语言编写交互的应用程序的服务器端的代码变得容易。开发人员能够编写出这样的Servlet，以接收来自Web浏览器的HTTP请求，动态地生成响应（可能要查询数据库来完成这项请求），然后发送包含HTML或XML文档的响应到浏览器。

注意：一个Java Servlet就是一个基于Java技术的运行在服务器端的程序（与Applet不同，后者运行在浏览器端）。Servlet会在本书第4章介绍。

采用这种方法，整个网页必须都在Java Servlet中制作。如果开发人员或者Web 管理人员想要调整页面显示，就不得不编辑并重新编译该Java Servlet，即使在逻辑上已经能够运行了。采用这种方法，生成带有动态内容的页面仍然需要应用程序的开发技巧。

很显然，目前所需要的是一个业界范围内的创建动态内容页面的解决方案。这个方案将解决当前方案所受到的限制。如下：

能够在任何Web或应用程序服务器上运行。

将应用程序逻辑和页面显示分离。

能够快速地开发和测试。

简化开发基于Web的交互式应用程序的过程。

JSP技术就是被设计用来满足这样的要求的。JSP规范是Web服务器、应用服务器、交易系统以及开发工具供应商间广泛合作的结果。Sun开发出这个规范来整

合和平衡已经存在的对Java编程环境（例如，Java Servlet和JavaBeans）进行支持的技术和工具。其结果是产生了一种新的、开发基于Web应用程序的方法，给予使用基于组件应用逻辑的页面设计者以强大的功能。

2 JSP页整体语义

JSP页实施类定义一个_ jspService() 方法映射反应对象的请求。这些变革细节是具体用于脚本语言(参见Chapter JSP.9, “Scripting”)。多数细节不是具体语言，这些细节在这个章节里描述。

JSP页的内容主要致力于描述被写入反应的输出流的数据（JSP容器通常传送返回给客户的数据。）描述是根据JspWriter对象它通过隐含对象暴露。(参见JSP.1.8.3, “Implicit Objects”)。

值的变化:

首先, 定义一个JspWriter 对象，这个对象不同于response.getWriter()返回对象。

并且为了实施中间转换，可以认为是插入到buffering。这是最初外在对象。JSP 页作者对于PrintWriter 或OutputStream 相关的ServletResponse被禁止写直接写入。

JSP容器不响应response.getWriter()直到第一部份内容送到客户。JSP对“glue”动作是一种语言，它是二进制。或于servlet相关, 或在引起内容之前改变反应类型内容。参照JSP.4,“Internationalization Issues”.

在一些动作主体中，输出不同于JspWriter对象实例的再分配，这取决于动作的细节。典型临时数据流添加到先前的输出流，随后输出数据流再分配到先前数据流(嵌套)。Nested streams总被缓冲，并且明确要求缓冲嵌套数据流或被摈除的内容。

如果out JspWriter 对象数据缓冲区满, 则取决于autoFlush属性值，缓冲内容自动输入到ServletResponse output stream ，消除溢出；或抛出缓冲溢出的信号。如果JspWriter不溢出, 写入的内容将被直接送入ServletResponse输出流。

JSP页也能描述一些应该发生的具体事件。在JSP 2.1, 可被描述的唯一事件是初始化和页的损坏。在声明元素“well-known methodnames”中描述。(参见JSP.11.1.1.1, “Protocol Seen by theJSP Page Author”).

JavaScript是用于浏览器的第一种具有通用目的、动态的客户端脚本语言。Netscape于1995年首先提出了JavaScript，但当时将其称为LiveScript。后来Netscape 迅速地将LiveScript改名为JavaScript，Java的开发商Sun与他们在同一年发表了一项声明。声明中指出Java和JavaScript将互相补充，但它们是截然不同的技术，这样才打消了很多人对这两项技术的错误理解。

JavaScript为创建用户界面控件提供了一种脚本语言。事实上，JavaScript在浏览器中插入了代码逻辑。它可以支持这样的效果：当光标在Web页的某个位置移动时验证用户输入或者变换图像。

Microsoft也编写出了自己的JavaScript版本并将其称为JScript。Microsoft和Netscape都支持一种围绕JavaScript和JScript的核心特性并由（European Computer Manufacturers Association，ECMA）标准组织控制的脚本语言标准。ECMA将其脚本语言命名为ECMAScript。

servlet和JSP经常包括一些组织中常见的信息，如logo、版本、商标或导航条。Web应用程序使用导入机制在任何所需的位置导入这些信息，因为这样可以很容易地在一个地方改变内容，然后维持在所有使用它的代码中。有些信息是静态的，永远不会或很少会改变，如组织的logo。在其他情况下，信息是动态的，经常在不可预见的时候改变，如必须针对每个用户的文本欢迎语。在这两种情况下，你可能都希望保证servlet或JSP可以独立于所导入的内容进行开发，servlet或JSP的实现在必要时正确地更新其导入的内容。

希望在JSP中导入不经常改变的资源。在导入JSP页面中使用include指令，并给予被导入的JSP代码段.jsp扩展名。

希望在JSP每次接收请求时，而不是在JSP转换为servlet时导入内容。使用jsp:include标准动作。

希望在JSP中根据从配置文件取得的值，动态地导入文件。使用jsp:include标准动作。在外部特性文件中提供它的值，或作为部署描述文件中的配置参数来提供。

希望在JSP文档中导入一段XML文件，或导入XML语法的JSP页面。要在每次请求时进行导入，使用jsp:include标准动作。如果要在翻译阶段进行导入，使用jsp:directive。include元素。

3 JSP的运行原理与优点

在本节中简单介绍JSP的运行原理与优点。

在一个JSP文件第一次被请求时，JSP引擎把该JSP文件转换成为一个Servlet。而这个引擎本身也是一个Servlet。JSP的运行过程如下所示：

（1）JSP引擎先把该JSP文件转换成一个Java源文件（Servlet），在转换时如果发现JSP文件有任何语法错误，转换过程将中断，并向服务端和客户端输出出错信息。

（2）如果转换成功，JSP引擎用javac把该Java源文件编译成相应的class文件。

（3）创建一个该Servlet（JSP页面的转换结果）的实例，该Servlet的jspInit()方法被执行，jspInit()方法在Servlet的生命周期中只被执行一次。

（4）jspService()方法被调用来处理客户端的请求。对每一个请求，JSP引擎创建一个新的线程来处理该请求。如果有多个客户端同时请求该JSP文件，则JSP引擎会创建多个线程。每个客户端请求对应一个线程。以多线程方式执行可以大大降低对系统的资源需求，提高系统的并发量及响应时间。但不过也应该注意多线程的编程限制，由于该Servlet始终驻于内存，所以响应是非常快的。

（5）如果.jsp文件被修改了，服务器将根据设置决定是否对该文件重新编译，如果需要重新编译，则将编译结果取代内存中的Servlet，并继续上述处理过程。

（6）虽然JSP效率很高，但在第一次调用时由于需要转换和编译而有一些轻微的延迟。此外，在任何时候如果由于系统资源不足的原因，JSP引擎将以某种不确定的方式将Servlet从内存中移去。当这种情况发生时jspDestroy()方法首先被调用。

（7）然后Servlet实例便被标记加入“垃圾收集”处理。可在jspInit()中进行一些初始化工作，如建立与数据库的连接，或建立网络连接，从配置文件中取一些参数等，在jspDestory()中释放相应的资源。

基于Java语言的JSP技术具有很多其他动态网页技术所没有的特点，具体表现在如下方面：

3.1 简便性和有效性

JSP动态网页的编写与一般的静态HTML的网页编写是十分相似的。只是在原来的HTML网页中加入一些JSP专有的标签，或是一些脚本程序（此项不是必需的）。这样，一个熟悉HTML网页编写的设计人员可以很容易进行JSP网页的开发。而且开发人员完全可以不自己编写脚本程序，而只是通过JSP独有的标签使用别人已写好的部件来实现动态网页的编写。这样，一个不熟悉脚本语言的网页开发者，完全可以利用JSP做出漂亮的动态网页。而这在其他的动态网页开发中是不可实现的。

3.2 程序的独立性

JSP是Java API家族的一部分，它拥有一般的Java程序的跨平台的特性。换句话说，就是拥有程序的对平台的独立性，即Write once，Run anywhere!。

3.3 程序的兼容性

JSP中的动态内容可以各种形式进行显示，所以它可以为各种客户提供服务，即从使用HTML/DHTML的浏览器，到使用WML的各种手提无线设备（例如，移动电话和个人数字设备PDA），再到使用XML的B2B应用，都可以使用JSP的动态页面。

3.4 程序的可重用性

在JSP页面中可以不直接将脚本程序嵌入，而只是将动态的交互部分作为一个部件加以引用。这样，一旦这样的一个部件写好，它可以为多个程序重复引用，实现了程序的可重用性。现在，大量的标准JavaBeans程序库就是一个很好的例证。

欲从导入文件的上下文之外导入JSP代码段。使用c:import JSTL核心标记。

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c23728154.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

七年级下册英语短文带中文翻译(1-12单元)

Unit 1 (sectionB 3a) Dear Student, My name is Bob . I live in Toronto , Canada , and I want a pen pal in China . I think China is a interesting country . I’m 14 years old and my brithday is in November . I can sperk English and a littie Frenth . I have a brother , Paul , and a sister , Sarah . They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia . I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports . My favorite subject in school is P.E . It’s fun . But I don’t like math. It’s too difficult! Can you wtite to me soon? Bob 亲爱的同学， 我的名字叫鲍勃，我住在加拿大的多伦多。我想在中国找个笔友。我认为中国是个非常有趣的国家。我十四岁，我的生日在九月。我能说英语和一点法语。我有一个哥哥 Paul, 和一个姐姐Sarah。他们在英国和澳大利亚有笔友。我喜 欢和我的朋友们看电影和做运动。在学校我最喜欢的科目是体育。它很有趣。但我不喜欢数学。它太难了。你能尽快给我写信吗 Bob 3b PEN PAL WANTED My name is Tom King . I’m 14 years old and I’m from Australia . I sperk English . I have a brother , Sam , and a sister , Lisa . I play soccer on weekengs . It’s my favorite sport . I like music at school . It’s fun! My favorite movte is The Long Weekend . Do you know it ? It’s an action movie . Please write and tell me about yoursrlf. 征集笔友 我的名字是汤姆~金。我14岁,我来自澳大利亚。我讲英语。我有一个哥哥, 萨姆,和一个妹妹,莉莎。我在周末踢足球，那是我最喜欢的运动。我喜欢学校的音乐课。它是有趣的!我最喜欢的电影是《这个长周末》。你知道它吗?它是一部动作片。 请写信给我,告诉我有关你的一些情况。 Unit 2 (sectionB 3a) Welcome to the Garden District Turn left on First Avenue and enjoy the city’s quiet streets and smail parks . Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue . Across from the park is an old hotel . Next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden . This is the benginning of the garden tour. 欢迎来到这个花园区 在第一大街左转并享受这个城市的安静街道和小公园。在中心大道上散步穿过这个公园。在公园对面是一个老旅馆。紧靠这个旅馆旁边是一个带着有趣花园的小房子。开始游历这个花园。

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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英语背诵美文30篇(翻译)

生而为赢（中文翻译） ——新东方英语背诵美文30篇 目录： ·第一篇：Y outh 青春 ·第二篇：Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明（节选） ·第三篇：Companionship of Books 以书为伴（节选） ·第四篇：If I Rest, I Rust 如果我休息，我就会生锈 ·第五篇：Ambition 抱负 ·第六篇：What I have Lived for 我为何而生 ·第七篇：When Love Beckons Y ou 爱的召唤 ·第八篇：The Road to Success 成功之道 ·第九篇：On Meeting the Celebrated 论见名人 ·第十篇：The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理论半对半 ·第十一篇What is Y our Recovery Rate? 你的恢复速率是多少？ ·第十二篇：Clear Y our Mental Space 清理心灵的空间 ·第十三篇：Be Happy 快乐 ·第十四篇：The Goodness of life 生命的美好 ·第十五篇：Facing the Enemies Within 直面内在的敌人 ·第十六篇：Abundance is a Life Style 富足的生活方式 ·第十七篇：Human Life a Poem 人生如诗 ·第十八篇：Solitude 独处 ·第十九篇：Giving Life Meaning 给生命以意义 ·第二十篇：Relish the Moment 品位现在 ·第二十一篇：The Love of Beauty 爱美 ·第二十二篇：The Happy Door 快乐之门 ·第二十三篇：Born to Win 生而为赢 ·第二十四篇：W ork and Pleasure 工作和娱乐 ·第二十五篇：Mirror, Mirror--What do I see镜子,镜子,告诉我 ·第二十六篇：On Motes and Beams 微尘与栋梁 ·第二十七篇：An October Sunrise 十月的日出 ·第二十八篇：To Be or Not to Be 生存还是毁灭 ·第二十九篇：Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 ·第三十篇：First Inaugural Address(Excerpts) 就职演讲（节选） 1．青春-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境；青春不是指粉红的面颊、鲜艳的嘴唇、富有弹性的膝盖，而是指坚定的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感；青春，它是清新的生命之泉。 青春是一种气质，勇敢胜过怯弱，渴求冒险而不贪图安逸。这样的气息60老者常常有，20青年恰恰无。年岁增添，未必使人垂老；理想不再，终于步入暮年。 岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂。忧烦、惶恐、自卑，使人心灵扭曲，心灰意冷。 无论60还是16岁，人人心中都怀着对新奇事物的向往，象孩童般对未来充满憧憬，此情永不消退，在生活的游戏中汲取快乐。在你我的内心深处都有一座无线电台，只要它接收到人间和上帝发出的美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就会青春永驻。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译

韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced

英语短文中英文翻译

my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不