美国文化期末论文
宁波大学考核答题纸
（2016—2017学年第一学期）
课号：054TS1AH7 课程名称：美国文化改卷教师：
学号：144173248 姓名：周耀龙得分：
美国教育制度分析及启示
摘要教育制度的好坏直接决定了一个国家的综合实力高低。美国经过多年的教育改革，建立了举世瞩目的教育体系，并且得到了世界各地人民的一致好评。本文将概要性地多方面地讲述美国的教育制度，包括美国的学前教育制度、中小学教育制度、高校道德教育制度、校车制度等等，还以哈佛大学作为个例，具体地分析其成功原因。
关键词教育；校车；哈佛；中小学
“如果爱他就送他去美国……”，套用这句经典的台词来形容想去美国受教育人的心情，再贴切不过了。美国的教育在很多人心目中，就是轻松、自由、平等、能力、素质……
斯坦福大学的马立平博士曾经做过一个对比研究，发现23名随机调查的美国小学教师，只有9个人正确做出14除以2的答案；而72名中国小学教师，全部都做对。另外，对于“除以二分之一”的数学概念，没有任何一个参与研究的美国小学教师知道是什么意思；但是所有的中国小学教师都正确答对。教师如此，学生的水平可想而知。①
有数据表明，中国学生一年有8个多月是上课时间，每天的在校时间超过10个小时。而美国学生每年只有1000个小时左右的上课时间。可见，我国学生在学业上投入更多的时间与精力。
那么一个个问题接踵而来：第一，既然美国中小学教育显得如此不堪一击，那为何到了大学美国人一下子就傲视群雄了呢？第二，为何以我国如此苛刻的教育制度作用下，依旧在各个领域落后于美国？第三，为何历年的诺贝尔奖都与国人擦肩而过？这三个问题都值得我们深入研究。
下面我将围绕上述疑问，分别通过美国学前教育制度、美国中小学教育制度、美国高校道德教育制度以及美国校车制度等方面，逐步深入地探讨产生上述现象的根源。并将以哈佛大学作为个例，分析其本科教育模式、通识教育制度、人才培养战略等方面的经验，最后对比我国高校教育制度，得到启示与借鉴方案。
一、 美国教育制度的形成、发展与现状概述
1492年，哥伦布发现美洲。16世纪后期，美洲建立殖民地。17世纪初，北美洲被分为13个殖①李蕾红：《中美教育差距始于高中》,《青年教师》,2015 年,第61-62 页。
民州。1635年，美国的第一所公立学校波士顿拉丁学校成立。1870年，全国实施公立小学制度。19世纪末，34州实施小学义务教育。1918年，50州实施小学义务教育。20世纪前，高中大学实施精英教育或“贵族教育”。20世纪上半年，实施“渐进改革”，提供“义务教育”。②美国教育制度庞大且杂乱，规模之大、程度之深是美国留给我最为深刻的印象，但也正是由于这种错综、扑朔与多样，使其历史观、文化观、价值观等一系列思想观念跃然纸上，其中更是反映了美国教育思潮的更新换代过程。广义而言，美国教育体系的特点也清晰可见，那就是规模庞大、组织结构细致、权力分散明显以及多元发展。
二、 美国学前教育制度
(一)概要
学前教育作为新生儿入学所受的第一次系统全面的教育，对孩童今后的发展具有不可磨灭的巨大影响。此外，此时孩童步入学堂，都处于同一起跑线上，是一个崭新的开始。正是因为上述原因，学前教育受到了各国政府部门的极度关注。美国也不例外，学前教育教师培养已形成一个起点高、体制完备、操作性强的有机体系。
(二)启发
他山之石，可以攻玉。我国学前教育虽说近十年来，历经剧烈变革，但整个教师教育体系还是逐步走向开放的正途。
幼师培训机构走向多元化，也导致了目前学前教师质量参差不齐、良莠并存。因此，加强学前教育师资队伍建设刻不容缓。
美国的学前教育师资培养体系，在如何保全我国优质幼儿教师教育资源、提高学前教育师资质量等方面，值得我们借鉴与学习。
首先，应以“实践”指导教师行动，其次，应以“标准”保证教师质量。最后，应以“政策”引领教师专业发展。
三、 美国中小学教育制度
(一)概要
20世纪80年代开始，美国兴起一股对统一的公立中小学校体制的批判热潮。人们认为，传统单一的公立学校体制缺乏灵活性，不能满足学生多样化的教育需求，学校效率不高。在此背景下，美国教育界以“学校重建”之名发起中小学校多样化的改革。这一改革引发了美国公立学校体制深刻的变化，也对世界基础教育改革产生了广泛的影响，值得认真研究和借鉴。
(二)启发
②滕大春:《美国教育史》, 人民教育出版社,2001 年。
美国中小学校多样化改革的实践探索丰富和创新了方兴未艾的学校改革研究，对世界许多国家的基础教育改革也带来了深刻的影响。面对复杂的学校改革问题，多样化是一种有意义的价值追求。借鉴美国学校多样化改革的思路，我们可以得出以下一些有益的启示：
在教育公平理念方面，应提倡有差异的平等；在教育评价机制方面，应提倡多样化的教育质量观；在学校改革策略方面，应尝试多样化的学校改进路径。
四、 美国高校道德教育制度
(一)概要
美国高校强调道德教育的多元化发展，无统一道德教育课程或教材，政府只是通过高等教育相关政策对高校道德教育的目标作出规定。高校道德教育可结合实际自主实施，要求也不尽相同。总之，各高校有一套自己的道德教育目标和体系。
另外，美国高校道德教育强调学生个性发展，重视个人道德品质能力的培养，注重主动意识，不主张死记硬背，而是以启发引导和问题讨论为主。
并且，在美国高校，各种各样的文化体育活动非常频繁，各类协会、学会和俱乐部等学生组织应有尽有。
(二)启发
我们不能完全照抄照搬美国高校的做法，但从中汲取一些成功经验，对于提升我国高校道德教育水平，促进大学生全面发展具有积极的借鉴意义。
我们首先应当洞察并顺应社会形势的变化，不断更新高校道德教育理念、创新道德教育方法。并以学生身心特点和现状为依据，加之思想、社会实际，改善课程内容、多样化教学手段，从而调动大学生的学习兴趣。
其次，高校与社会应当合力建设校园文化，潜移默化地传达校园文化，美化校园环境，树立良好的校风、学风、班风，引导学生自觉养成良好道德习惯。
再次，政府教育部门、高校、社会乃至家庭，多方应共同探索、建立联系沟通机制、形成道德教育合力，共营良好环境，促进大学生健康成长。
最后，我国高校还当加强道德教育理论研究，针对思想道德教育新形势、新情况、新问题，针对大学生思想道德教育的难点问题和重点问题，加大支持力度，鼓励教师开展相关研究。
五、 美国校车制度
(一)概要
2006年，美国印第安纳州首府发生一起车祸，一辆悍马撞上了一辆校车的尾部，悍马迎头粉碎，
而校车尾部却无大恙。悍马在车辆中以坚固著称，最早仅供军队和政府使用，美国校车的坚固和安全程度可见一斑。
据统计，在美国，校车的安全系数是家庭轿车和公共汽车的40倍。校车事故发生率是所有交通工具中最低的，百万公里事故发生率仅为0.01，火车是0.04，飞机是0.06，其他公路车辆是0.96。③历经近两百年的发展，美国的校车运行已形成一套完备的机制：完善严格的校车制作标准，“苛刻”全面的校车特权，多维度、高层次的驾驶员筛选标准，权责分明、公私共济的管理模式，全方位的安全教育宣传等等。反观我国，校车运行中立法滞后，违规惩戒不力，“黑校车”为主力，驾驶员素质良莠不齐等问题突出。
(二)启发
如何让孩子上下学的道路变得更安全，是当前政府、学校和家长关心的一个焦点。从发达国家的经验看，他们都选择了同一种交通工具——校车。虽然各国校车的外观设计、安全标准、管理方式各不相同，并没有一种“最好”的模式，但是“孩子的生命安全超过一切最有价值的财富”，可以说是各国校车运营的核心准则。美国校车安全系数之高、立法之严，值得我国教育与立法部门的研究和学习。借鉴美国的校车运行制度，加强我国校车工作应从以下几方面入手：
1.加紧立法，严格执法，为校车安全运行提供保障；
2.落实4%的教育经费投入，鼓励市场运营；
3.提高驾驶员审核标准，加强安全教育；
4.加强安全宣传，创造良好环境；
5.政府、市场、公益相结合，满足校车费用需求。
六、 哈佛大学个例分析
在国内高校普遍扩招的情况下，精英教育日渐转型为大众教育。然而高校如何将有限的教育资源加以优化配置以提升大学核心竞争力、如何提升人才培养质量等问题已成当务之急。哈佛大学作为世界顶尖高校，其人才培养战略极具代表性，引领着国际高等教育的发展潮流。哈佛历次课程改革和人才培养模式的战略调整，在崇尚学术自由的前提下，形成通识教育优先、教学方法创新、学术研究导向、培养模式务实等一系列人才培养经验，值得国内高校深入研究与发展借鉴。
(一)发展概要
哈佛大学1636年初创时第一届学生共9名，教师仅1名，如今哈佛大学已发展为拥有10个研究生院和专业学院、40多个系科、100多个专业的大型院校。正式注册学生有18000多名，以研究生为主，其中研究生与本科生比例约为2：1。它先后培养出巴拉克?奥巴马等8名美国总统，培养③黄金鲁克：《国外校车如何实现“最安全”》,《中国减灾》,2012 年,第40-41 页。
出肯尼思?阿罗等40位诺贝尔奖得主和30多名普利策奖获得者。而哈佛商学院被誉为培养企业管理人才的西点军校，美国排名前500强公司的高层管理人员中，有1/5毕业于哈佛商学院。④
(二)人才战略分析
1.通识教育优先
哈佛大学培养出大量杰出人才绝非偶然，这与其独到的人才培养战略和通识教育理念休戚相关。正是基于对人才培养目标的科学认识，哈佛大学才有了由最初的自由选修制到注重通识教育的核心课程改革。
2.教学方法创新
哈佛大学的课程教学方法改革，始于医学院和法学院，成于商学院。其中举世闻名的案例教学法是其典型代表，哈佛大学把它作为主要教学方法，广泛应用于全校各学院的专业课程教学。
3.学术研究导向
哈佛大学人才培养模式的层次和途径很多，以世界一流的学术研究带动教学和人才培养是重要特点，而高质量科研论文的发表及其被引情况作为一个重要指标可以从核心层面折射一所大学的学术影响力。
4.培养模式务实
哈佛大学自身定位为不要培养世界的旁观者、生活的观众或对他人劳动十分挑剔的批评家，而是向来以培养优秀的实干家和能做出成就的人为目标。
(三)启发
我国高校对于教师过分强调其科研业绩和社会服务导向，教师的学术研究和学生的培养往往无法有效接轨，在这种志不同的畸形发展潮流的推动下，学生往往被异化为廉价劳动力。传授应用性、技术性、工具性的知识或能力是教授们的第一要务，这样便有利于提高大学生的社会适应力和就业竞争力。
1.教育理念层面
应当融合贯通自然、科技、人文、经济和社会等知识，培养具有基础扎实、文理渗透、兼容并蓄、专业面宽、适应性强的可塑之才。这些天之骄子学有所成之人，往往具备高度灵活性，并且视野开阔、认识新颖，再怎么不济，也好歹瘦死的骆驼比马大。学习方面更是积极主动，对新生事物的感悟能力强、实践能力强，同时勇于直面挑战与挫折。在恰当的时机亮一手好牌，创造性地完成任务。
2.发展战略层面
应当善于战略性地提出决策方案。高水平大学要求具备人才培养、科学研究和服务社会三大战④郭健：《哈佛大学发展史研究》,河北教育出版社,2000 年,第32-35 页。
略职能。哈佛大学这所世界顶尖研究型大学，科研创新实力名列世界前茅，成为美国的重要智囊库。最重要的是，其在三大职能中，首要坚持以学生为本，将人才培养职能置于主导地位。
3.政策措施层面
欲善其事，必先利其器。哈佛大学对于学生录取和教师选聘非常严格，面向全球遴选第一流人才。面对全球一流学生，哈佛大学全面迎合，并相应地提供诚意满满的全球一流教学，软硬兼施为学生创造最优综合条件。硬件方面，实验室、图书馆、博物馆、教学设施为世界第一流水准。软件方面，严格保障教育质量和科研水平在全球顶尖高校中的地位。此外，哈佛雄厚的财政资金更是富可敌国，其优厚的薪水待遇和优越的科研环境对于吸纳全球顶尖人才极具竞争力。
七、 总结
中华民族一向重视教育，而目前很多国人对教育意见颇大，因此向国外寻求改变模版，美国也就成了追求的重要对象。通过以上对美国教育制度的多层面分析，我想针对前言中提出的疑问：“既然美国中小学教育显得如此不堪一击，那为何到了大学美国人一下子就傲视群雄了呢？”，答案其实只有一句话：美国人相信“不落后于终点”，中国人相信“不落后于起点”。
中国跟美国在教育上的差距，始于高中，到了大学，更加大踏步拉开距离。我们不难理解，为什么美国的诺贝尔奖得主那么多，为什么美国是世界科技龙头，为什么美国那么发达：从高中开始，美国人就已经远远领先中国人，因为美国人相信：笑到最后的人，才会一马领先过终点。
美国的强大绝非偶然，我认为完善的教育制度是其强大的主要原因之一。美国近乎完美又不断突破的教育制度，成功培养了一代又一代美国人，为美国的发展注入强大火力。同时，我认为政策的支持也功不可没，正是因为美国政府在教育方面的极大投入，使得美国的教育赶超英美等欧洲强国，又一次位居世界首位。
对于美国的教育体系，如何探索出既能适应中国社会又能汲取世界教育精华的教育模式，是教育研究的重要内容。教育又是一种文化现象，不同的教育反映的是不同的社会文化内涵，适宜美国今日社会的教育方法或教育体制并不一定适应于中国现在的社会。正是由于社会环境与文化传统的差异，构成了不同国家、不同社会的教育差异。
美国的教育传统是与美国的文化传统相一致的，同样，中国的教育传统也必然根植于中国的文化传统。我国应当取其精华，去其糟粕。不能盲目地照搬照抄，而应当针对我国国情，有目的地选择适合自己的制度体系。此外，我国也不应全盘否认现有制度，应当保留并延续现有优秀的教育制度。
虽然我国与美国所代表的世界最优秀的教育制度相比，差距显而易见。但是，我相信只要我们保持开放的态度，吸取全球世界各地值得借鉴的制度体系，并虚心学习。不断改革创新，突破自己，完善自己，步步紧逼美国，甚至成为全球各国竞相效仿的对象！
美国文化论文
北京邮电大学世纪学院 学期论文 题目美国总统选举制度分析论文学号 13010401 学生姓名刘昊 专业名称通信工程 所在系通信与信息工程 2016年 6月 1 日
题目:美国总统选举制度分析论文 摘要： 随着我国民主法治建设的不断推进，以及我国社会主义法律体系的不断完善，目前我国在推动民主化进程中取得了举世瞩目的成就，这是结合中国特色的社会主义道路所取得的民主化进程，同时也符合党的十八大报告中所提出的“走中国特色的民主化道路”的基本要求。但对于西方国家在选举过程中的有益经验，我们也同样要加以借鉴和吸取，美国作为世界上最大的民主化国家，其选举制度拥有二百多年的历史，其取得了成就同样值得我们借鉴，我们在民主化进程中要吸引和借鉴世界所有其他国家的先进经验和有益做法。 本文通过运用文献资料法、历史研究法以及对比分析等研究方法，对美国的总统选举制度的发展史进行了探讨和分析，尤其是对其变迁进行了深入和细致的探讨，希望从中能够找到为中国特色社会主义民主化道路所借鉴的有益做法。 关键词：总统选举；制度，发展史；弊端 Abstract： With the advancement of democratic rule of law construction in China, as well as the continuous improvement of the socialist legal system in our country, at present our country in the process of promoting democratization has made remarkable achievements, which is the combination of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics of the democratization process, but also in line with the party's eighteen big report proposed "democratization road with Chinese characteristics" of the basic requirements. But for the western countries the beneficial experience in the process of the election, we also want to draw lessons from and absorbing, the United States as the world's largest democracy,
中美在饮食文化方面的差异 英语论文
淮阴工学院课程论文（2010-2011学年第二学期） 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称：跨文化交际英语任课老师：余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325
跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要：饮食是一种文化，而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化，中国饮食以食表意，其博大精深不可言喻，而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天，美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方，同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承，本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较，从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词：饮食文化，中国饮食，美国饮食，文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久，文明源远流长，具有上下五千年的文化，因此饮食文化也比较丰富，它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主，远古时期以部落为单位，后来一直演变，直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位，团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望，中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜，并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主，一家人围在一起，表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则，三者缺一不可，为使食物色美，通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配，也就是选用适当的荤素菜料，包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷，可以激发食欲，其方法即为加入适当的香料，如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等，使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时，必须注重鲜味与原味的保留，尽量去除腥膻味；譬如烹调海鲜时，中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品，可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性，所以，只有在菜上面花功夫，因此，中国的菜大都比较注重口味，
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
美国国家文化概况论文
Cultural differences between China and America The Culture of the United States is a Western culture originally influenced by European cultures. It has been developing since long before the United States became a country with its own unique social and cultural characteristics .Today, the United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as a result of large-scale immigration from many different countries throughout its history. Chinese culture is the respect of East land. Chinese culture have a long history ,and it is very different from American . The part of social different. If you are in China , it is not rare to see that a crowded of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in China do line up the scholar said in a humorous tone , but they prefer to line up at a horizontal way. In contrast , in western countries , say in American ,people always line up ,no matter in a big bank or a small store .And they take it for granted. Lining up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or grow impatient while doing it. The food different .Most Chinese families are used to buying fresh food every day while Americans like to buy from supermarket a large bag onetime then eat cold food everyday. Chinese people use chopsticks to eat while American people use folks and knives. when the guest come ,Chinese will make a cup of hot tea, tea can reduce blood cholesterol.on the contrary, American people like drinking coffee, but it is possible to increase blood fat and stimulation to the heart.American breakfast food mainly includes Bread, milk or dairy products, meat, vegetables and fruits. Chinese breakfast Consists of vegetables, steamed buns, pancakes, congee , eggs milk, bean products .After dinner, Chinese people love to eat fruit,while Americans often add a s weetmeat. The difference in education. China's education pays great attention to the accumulating knowledge infusion, raise students' knowledge and authority to the knowledge of the respect and inheriting and knowledge system construction. Americans are paying more attention to train students to use the knowledge, pay attention to cultivating students' practical ability of knowledge and authoritative question, the critical spirit and to expand and create knowledge. These two kinds of education expressed the different attitudes: treat knowledge of Chinese education is static and dynamic differences between the United States, this move a static reflecting differences of two countries knowledge view.
浅论跨文化交际中的中美文化差异论文
浅论跨文化交际中的中美文化差异 时间:2014-05-23 来源:未知作者:8029 点击: 8875 次 摘要：随着中国改革开放的不断深入，有着不同的中西文化背景的人们在进行跨文化交际中，文化冲突的事例层出不穷，严重影响了交往的顺利进行，这大多是由于不同文化之间的差异所造成的。因此，我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因，避免文化冲突，使交流能顺利进行。本文论述了中美文化的主要差异，分析了导致中美文化差异的渊源。旨在说明：了解中美两种文化不仅有助于加深理解东西方文化，更有助于东西方文化的交流。 关键词：跨文化交际文化差异儒家思想 随着我国改革开放的石投资副总经理王玲：迎来更可靠的5000点 我们对2016年股市充满了信心，牛市将再现。不仅如此，曾经给人们带来伤痛的5000点，或许会再次被突破，只是这次，我们迎来的可能是更加牢靠的5000点，而不是危机四伏的5000点。 首先，2016年经济不会出现硬着陆，整体来说经济会有一个企稳复苏的迹象；其次，资金面和政策面。目前政府还是把股市像10年前的房市一样提到非常高的地位。政府的工作重点就是供给侧改革，需要资本市场强有力支持，种种中央的信号表明对资本市场的支持力度2016年还是非常大的。 我们建议围绕供给侧改革或者十三五掘金，其中梳理三条主线，就是智能制造、节能环保、消费。 重阳投资总裁王庆：2016年结构化明显 整个的市场风险已经得到相当的释放，从机会上来讲，支持市场的一些重要基本面的因素本质上没有发生变化。前瞻性的看，2016年可能这个市场将会表现出愈益明显的结构性特征，因为系统性的机会，短期内不大可能再发生，市场将更多的表现出这种慢牛行情的可能性更大。 尚雅投资董事长石波：资产荒的时代还会延续 资产荒的时代还会延续，因为利率在降低，对收益率优良的资产越来越稀缺，2016年股市仍然是一个平衡，区间在3000点到4000点。从布局来看，2016年要关注新股热和并购热，行业方面，新兴产业的市值我们认为2020年会超越传统产业，其中看好教育、科技、文化、卫生、医疗、体育、美丽产业。 菁英时代副总裁罗志鹏：2016年市场更为理性
英语文学文化及影视赏析
《英语文学文化及影视赏析》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1、课程名称（中英文）：英语文学文化及影视赏析/English Literature and Culture & Appreciation of English movies 2、学时学分：75学时理论教学，2学分 3、适用专业：非英语专业研究生 4、开课学院：外国语学院 5、课程负责人：姜萌萌 二、课程描述： 本课程拟对英语经典文学与相关文化概况进行简要介绍，并遴选英美国家的经典作家和作品，对其文学特色、文化背景进行分析。课程重视文学作品与时代背景、西方历史文化的联系，在教学中将理论与实践相结合，做到寓教于乐。在课内，不仅有作家作品、相关文化背景和信息的介绍、经典作品片段的解读，并通过课堂讨论以及影视作品的欣赏帮助学生最直观地理解西方文化与文学作品的文本意义。在课外，学生需要查阅相关资料，完成相关问题的回答与读书报告，以一种轻松愉悦并且多方面切入的方式学习、了解和体验英语文学文化。该课程目的在于通过英语文学文化的学习，提高学生对英语语言的掌握能力、增强对英语文学经典的理解力和对西方文化的审美能力，进一步养成对英语的敏感性，培养人文素质和文学涵养。 三、教材： 王守仁主编，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 陶洁主编，《美国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 秦秀白，《英美国家概况》，北京：高等教育出版社。 王佐良，《欧洲文化入门》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 自编讲义 四、教学方式： 理论与实践相结合。 五、考核方式： 提交一篇与所学课程相关的课程论文，用英语完成。 总成绩=期末考试成绩70%+平时成绩30%（考勤占10%）
美国文学期末考试重点
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.