初中英语完形填空解题技巧

初中英语完形填空解题策略

一、完型填空之概述分析

“完型填空”是初中英语必考的一道题型。完型填空通常是同学们较难把握的题型之一，且失分率较高。它是对学生阅读能力，语法知识，逻辑推理以及分析归纳等综合能力的考查。因此，要做好完型填空，不仅要具备一定的词法、句法和惯用法等语法知识，而且还要具备阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和运用语言知识的实践能力。

中考完型填空从基本设计上来看，原则都是一致的，都是从短文中抽去若干词，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案(其中包括一个正确答案)，让考生选出正确的答案；“抽词法”可以是有针对性地抽，也可以是随机地抽。但目前主要考查的是学生在具体语言环境中对文章的篇章结构、中心思想、推理判断、词语辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配等方面的能力要求，及对所学英语的综合运用能力、快速阅读理解能力及逻辑推理判断能力等，而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。

二、完型填空之命题趋势剖析

完型填空要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单句，理解语义，还要处理好单句之间以及单句完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词

和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。

1.题材：中考选文以叙事性文章为主，如：幽默故事、科普知识、童话、简短新闻、名人轶事、社会热点问题等。读这类文章，要大体上了解故事所涉及的时间、地点、人物、事件及前因后果。

2.体裁：完形填空选文的体裁也值得一提，以记叙文居多，同样在近年中考考试中记叙文比例超过50%。其他还有说明文应用文、议论文等。

3.命题形式：完型填空题的两空之间一般相隔7—10个词，短文首尾句一般不设填空题，每句中只有一个空。

4.试题特点分析：分析近几年完型填空题可以发现以下一些规律：1)本题型设空以考查文意为主，也就是我们所说的“实词”——名词、动词、形容词和副词等，比重极大，且有逐年增加的趋势。2)降低对单词本身词意的考查要求，以突出本题的主要测试目的：理解全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，注重关联。3)增加了考查连词的题，涉及考生对于行文逻辑的掌握及文句之间关联的理解。4)注意结合文意考查对词语用法的掌握。主要涉及两个方面：词义辨析与惯用搭配。同义与近义词的比较分辨应当放到一定的语境之中才有意义。如果只是一一对应地背记单词的中文意思，不注意具体语境中单词的确切含意，是难以分辨一些词汇的细微差异的。

5.题目的类型可分为：1)语言知识型，如各种语法规则、句型、句式等；还包括词汇型，测试单词在一定语境下的基本用法、习惯用法、常用搭配以及对其词义的记忆或其特定意义的理解和灵活运用。

2)判断推理型，考查对篇章的整体理解、上下文段落的衔接、逻辑思维与判断推理能力。3)综合型，即对知识和能力综合运用的考查。

三、完型填空之解题策略

考试犹如打仗，方可谓“知己知彼，百战不殆。”在了解了出题的原则和规律后，明白题目的考查点，再配以好的解题方法和思路，做完型填空题就不会再是学生们过不去的槛。那么，做完型填空的解题秘笈和步骤是什么呢？

在做完型填空题时，通常先弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能作出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：

1.通览全文，掌握大意。做题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好完形填空题的关键。因为完型填空的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们如果把短文比作环环相扣的链条，那么由于空格的设置，“链条”从第二句起有些地方就脱节了。有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达。由于完形填空属障碍性阅读，所以抓住文章的首句(段)和尾句(段)，对把握文章的主旨和大意很有帮助，因为文章的首句是观察全文的“窗口”，尾句是文章的总结、结论或点睛之笔，会带给我们有益的启示，因此首先看一下文章的首句和尾句，使自己心中大概有个印象，我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。然后再去通读全文，不失为一个窍门。通读全文的方式也可因文而异，对较易把握大意的文章可采用粗读、速读的方式；而对理解

稍有吃力的文章不妨放慢读速、慎读，但不管怎样读，注意力都应集中在文章的主线(或中心词)、了解文章内容，从而确定进行推断、选择的基本思路。如果一开始就忙于见一空填一空，势必无法从整体上把握全文概要，造成顾此失彼，既影响准确率，也影响做题速度。

2.先易后难，完成各项。通览全文后，对文章有了整体印象，在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。本着先易后难的原则，先根据上下文和自己的语感，推测部分空格的可能答案。然后，再结合选项逐一敲定。现来讲解以下三种解题技法：（1）词语搭配

a. 因搭配关系而产生的一般性词汇。如：see a film

b. 词序和意义皆以固定的复合词和动词短语。如：take off有“脱下(衣服)，(飞机)起飞

c. 因词组而构成的常见的句式：It feels+形容词+不定式，

在搭配判断时，注意：要区别外形相近而意义不同的搭配。如：look for, look over, look out, look after, look up等。要区别形不相似而意义相近的搭配。如：I paid 12 pounds for the dictionary. The book cost me a lot. It took three men to lift the box.句中都有“付出、花费、需要”的意

思。译成汉语时似乎相通。但更要注意它们之间的搭配变化；要注意单个词组的多义性。如：take off有“脱下(衣服)，(飞机)起飞，匆匆离开，取下，休假等多种含意。

（2）语法判定

1）要注意出现频率较高的词类题，依次为动词、介词、代词、连词、形容词、副词。选择各类词时，要注意以下几个方面：

a. 名词的选择，应联系文章主题及空格前后出现的有关词，注意其性和数的一致。

b. 动词的选用，要注意词义和惯用搭配，还要区分近义词之间的用法差异及所给词的形式。

c. 选择介词，应注意其惯用法，特别是与动词或其他词组成的固定搭配。

d. 选择代词，要注意性、数、格是否准确。

e. 选择连词，要注意分析前后句或上下文的逻辑关系。

f. 选择形容词和副词，要注意词义的区别，用于比较时，还要注意词形变化。

2）要注意句法题，搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装

a. 句子的种类包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。一般以考查疑问句、感叹句的词序为多见，其次是祈使句的零时态等。

b.句子的类型有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。中考考查要点是在复合句里的状语从句、宾语从句和直接/间接引语，也考查简单的定语从句。

c. 句子的省略与倒装很少考查，却要看懂，不能引起对文章的曲解。3）在语法适用方面，可以用择优法和排除法

a. 择优法是把各选项代入短文中，选出在词义上符合要求，且在语法上又没有语病的答案。

b. 排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对，或词与词搭配不妥，或存在语法错误，或与上下文有矛盾，则迅速排除不合适的选项，剩下的就是正确答案。

（3）结构

此类题目考查的是：1）文章中间句子与句子之间。2）.段落与段落之间。3）.上文与下文之间的逻辑关系。从设空的类型看可分为三个层次：1）句子层次2）句组层次3）全层次。设空的难度：从句子层次到句组层次，再到全篇层次，依次增加。分析近几年陕西省的完形填空题，我们可以看出陕西省完形填空题的设空主要以句子层次为主，以句组层次为辅，几乎没有全篇层次题目。因此，总体难度较低。

综合考虑指的是根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则，把上下文的意思、句法结构、词类和语法功能、惯用法、逻辑推理常识等各种因素加在一起综合考虑，仔细推敲。要准确判断出题目的类型，语法知识类较多地表现为动词时态、语态的选用或句子成分的辨识；词语知识方面的题目要从词性、词形区分，同义词语辨析、习惯搭配、习惯用语、结构词选择等方面考虑；情景推理题要注重跳出句子层次，注意句间的结构、意义上的连接和照应关系，有时还应在段与段之间、

情节与情节之间或更大范围内上下文照应，因此对短文作“全景式”的总体把握对每一空的正确解答非常重要。注意句型、语法、词语搭配和习惯用法。

3.复读全文，消除疏漏。完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，除此之外，复读时对全篇文章的理解，检查全文是否前后贯通，再次将不合题意的答案调整或修改；如果实在无法确定，可以作推理性猜测。

2017年6月29日

初中英语完形填空解题策略

王卫平

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