1995英国民事证据法

Civil Evidence Act 1995 (c. 38)

1995年英国民事证据法

An Act to provide for the admissibility of hearsay evidence, the proof of certain documentary evidence and the admissibility and proof of official actuarial tables in civil proceedings; and for connected

purposes.

[8th November 1995]

Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the

Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this

present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

Admissibility of hearsay evidence

Admissibility of hearsay evidence.1.—(1) In civil proceedings evidence shall not be excluded on the ground that it is hearsay.

(2) In this Act—

(a) "hearsay" means a statement made otherwise

than by a person while giving oral evidence in

the proceedings which is tendered as evidence

of the matters stated; and

(b) references to hearsay include hearsay of

whatever degree.

(3) Nothing in this Act affects the admissibility of evidence admissible apart from this section.

(4) The provisions of sections 2 to 6 (safeguards and supplementary provisions relating to hearsay evidence) do not apply in relation to hearsay evidence admissible apart from this section, notwithstanding that it may also be admissible by virtue of this section.

Safeguards in relation to hearsay evidence

Notice of proposal to adduce hearsay evidence. 2.—(1) A party proposing to adduce hearsay evidence in civil proceedings shall, subject to the following provisions of this section, give to the other party or parties to the proceedings —

(a) such notice (if any) of that fact, and

(b) on request, such particulars of or

relating to the evidence,

as is reasonable and practicable in the circumstances

for the purpose of enabling him or them to deal with

any matters arising from its being hearsay.

(2) Provision may be made by rules of court —

(a) specifying classes of proceedings or

evidence in relation to which subsection (1)

does not apply, and

(b) as to the manner in which (including the

time within which) the duties imposed by that

subsection are to be complied with in the cases

where it does apply.

(3) Subsection (1) may also be excluded by

agreement of the parties; and compliance with the duty

to give notice may in any case be waived by the person

to whom notice is required to be given.

(4) A failure to comply with subsection (1), or

with rules under subsection (2)(b), does not affect

the admissibility of the evidence but may be taken into

account by the court —

(a) in considering the exercise of its powers

with respect to the course of proceedings and

costs, and

(b) as a matter adversely affecting the weight

to be given to the evidence in accordance with

section 4.

Power to call witness for cross-examination on hearsay statement. 3. Rules of court may provide that where a party to civil proceedings adduces hearsay evidence of a statement made by a person and does not call that person as a witness, any other party to the proceedings may, with the leave of the court, call that person as a witness and cross-examine him on the statement as

if he had been called by the first-mentioned party and

as if the hearsay statement were his evidence in chief.

Considerations relevant to weighing of hearsay evidence.4.—(1) In estimating the weight (if any) to be given to hearsay evidence in civil proceedings the court shall have regard to any circumstances from which any inference can reasonably be drawn as to the reliability or otherwise of the evidence.

(2) Regard may be had, in particular, to the following—

(a) whether it would have been reasonable and

practicable for the party by whom the evidence

was adduced to have produced the maker of the

original statement as a witness;

(b) whether the original statement was made

contemporaneously with the occurrence or

existence of the matters stated;

(c) whether the evidence involves multiple

hearsay;

(d) whether any person involved had any motive

to conceal or misrepresent matters;

(e) whether the original statement was an

edited account, or was made in collaboration

with another or for a particular purpose;

(f) whether the circumstances in which the

evidence is adduced as hearsay are such as to

suggest an attempt to prevent proper evaluation

of its weight.

Supplementary provisions as to hearsay

evidence

Competence and credibility.5.—(1) Hearsay evidence shall not be admitted in civil proceedings if or to the extent that it is shown to consist of, or to be proved by means of, a statement made by a person who at the time he made the statement was not competent as a witness.

For this purpose "not competent as a witness"

means suffering from such mental or physical

infirmity, or lack of understanding, as would

render a person incompetent as a witness in

civil proceedings; but a child shall be treated

as competent as a witness if he satisfies the

requirements of section 96(2)(a) and (b) of the

[1989 c. 41.] Children Act 1989 (conditions for

reception of unsworn evidence of child).

(2) Where in civil proceedings hearsay evidence is adduced and the maker of the original statement, or of any statement relied upon to prove another statement, is not called as a witness—

(a) evidence which if he had been so called

would be admissible for the purpose of attacking

or supporting his credibility as a witness is

admissible for that purpose in the proceedings;

and

(b) evidence tending to prove that, whether

before or after he made the statement, he made

any other statement inconsistent with it is

admissible for the purpose of showing that he

had contradicted himself.

Provided that evidence may not be given

of any matter of which, if he had been

called as a witness and had denied that

matter in cross-examination, evidence

could not have been adduced by the

cross-examining party.

Previous statements of witnesses.6.—(1) Subject as follows, the provisions of this Act as to hearsay evidence in civil proceedings apply equally (but with any necessary modifications) in relation to a previous statement made by a person called as a witness in the proceedings.

(2) A party who has called or intends to call a person as a witness in civil proceedings may not in those proceedings adduce evidence of a previous statement made by that person, except—

(a) with the leave of the court, or

(b) for the purpose of rebutting a suggestion

that his evidence has been fabricated.

This shall not be construed as preventing a

witness statement (that is, a written statement

of oral evidence which a party to the

proceedings intends to lead) from being adopted

by a witness in giving evidence or treated as

his evidence.

(3) Where in the case of civil proceedings section 3, 4 or 5 of the [1865 c. 18.] Criminal Procedure Act 1865 applies, which make provision as to—

(a) how far a witness may be discredited by the

party producing him,

(b) the proof of contradictory statements made

by a witness, and

(c) cross-examination as to previous

statements in writing,

this Act does not authorise the adducing of evidence

of a previous inconsistent or contradictory statement

otherwise than in accordance with those sections.

This is without prejudice to any provision made

by rules of court under section 3 above (power

to call witness for cross-examination on

hearsay statement).

(4) Nothing in this Act affects any of the rules

of law as to the circumstances in which, where a

person called as a witness in civil proceedings

is cross-examined on a document used by him to

refresh his memory, that document may be made

evidence in the proceedings.

(5) Nothing in this section shall be construed as

preventing a statement of any description

referred to above from being admissible by virtue

of section 1 as evidence of the matters stated.

Evidence formerly admissible at common law. 7.—(1) The common law rule effectively preserved by section 9(1) and (2)(a) of the [1968 c. 64.] Civil Evidence Act 1968 (admissibility of admissions adverse to a party) is superseded by the provisions

of this Act.

(2) The common law rules effectively preserved by

section 9(1) and (2)(b) to (d) of the [1968 c. 64.]

Civil Evidence Act 1968, that is, any rule of law

whereby in civil proceedings —

(a) published works dealing with matters of a

public nature (for example, histories,

scientific works, dictionaries and maps) are

admissible as evidence of facts of a public

nature stated in them,

(b) public documents (for example, public

registers, and returns made under public

authority with respect to matters of public

interest) are admissible as evidence of facts

stated in them, or

(c) records (for example, the records of

certain courts, treaties, Crown grants, pardons

and commissions) are admissible as evidence of

facts stated in them,

shall continue to have effect.

(3) The common law rules effectively preserved by section 9(3) and (4) of the Civil Evidence Act 1968, that is, any rule of law whereby in civil proceedings—

(a) evidence of a person's reputation is

admissible for the purpose of proving his good

or bad character, or

(b) evidence of reputation or family tradition

is admissible—

(i) for the purpose of proving or

disproving pedigree or the existence of

a marriage, or

(ii) for the purpose of proving or

disproving the existence of any public or

general right or of identifying any

person or thing,

shall continue to have effect in so far as they

authorise the court to treat such evidence as

proving or disproving that matter.

Where any such rule applies, reputation or

family tradition shall be treated for the

purposes of this Act as a fact and not as a

statement or multiplicity of statements about

the matter in question.

(4) The words in which a rule of law mentioned in this section is described are intended only to identify the rule and shall not be construed as altering it in any way.

Other matters

Proof of statements contained in documents.8.—(1) Where a statement contained in a document is admissible as evidence in civil proceedings, it may be proved—

(a) by the production of that document, or

(b) whether or not that document is still in

existence, by the production of a copy of that

document or of the material part of it,

authenticated in such manner as the court may approve.

(2) It is immaterial for this purpose how many removes there are between a copy and the original.

Proof of records of business or public authority.9.—(1) A document which is shown to form part of the records of a business or public authority may be received in evidence in civil proceedings without further proof.

(2) A document shall be taken to form part of the records of a business or public authority if there is produced to the court a certificate to that effect signed by an officer of the business or authority to which the records belong.

For this purpose—

(a) a document purporting to be a

certificate signed by an officer of a

business or public authority shall be

deemed to have been duly given by such an

officer and signed by him; and

(b) a certificate shall be treated as

signed by a person if it purports to bear

a facsimile of his signature.

(3) The absence of an entry in the records of a business or public authority may be proved in civil proceedings by affidavit of an officer of the business or authority to which the records belong.

(4) In this section—

"records" means records in whatever form;

"business" includes any activity regularly

carried on over a period of time, whether for

profit or not, by any body (whether corporate

or not) or by an individual;

"officer" includes any person occupying a

responsible position in relation to the

relevant activities of the business or public

authority or in relation to its records; and

"public authority" includes any public or

statutory undertaking, any government

department and any person holding office under

Her Majesty.

(5) The court may, having regard to the circumstances of the case, direct that all or any of

the above provisions of this section do not apply in

relation to a particular document or record, or

description of documents or records.

Admissibility and proof of Ogden Tables. 10.—(1) The actuarial tables (together with explanatory notes) for use in personal injury and fatal accident cases issued from time to time by the Government Actuary's Department are admissible in

evidence for the purpose of assessing, in an action

for personal injury, the sum to be awarded as general

damages for future pecuniary loss.

(2) They may be proved by the production of a copy

published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

(3) For the purposes of this section —

(a) "personal injury" includes any disease and

any impairment of a person's physical or mental

condition; and

(b) "action for personal injury" includes an

action brought by virtue of the [1934 c. 41.]

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934

or the [1976 c. 30.] Fatal Accidents Act 1976.

General Meaning of "civil proceedings". 11. In this Act "civil proceedings" means civil proceedings, before any tribunal, in relation to which the strict rules of evidence apply, whether as a matter

of law or by agreement of the parties.References to

"the court" and "rules of court" shall be construed

accordingly.

Provisions as to rules of court. 12.—(1) Any power to make rules of court regulating the practice or procedure of the court in relation to civil proceedings includes power to make such

provision as may be necessary or expedient for

carrying into effect the provisions of this Act.

(2) Any rules of court made for the purposes of

this Act as it applies in relation to proceedings in

the High Court apply, except in so far as their

operation is excluded by agreement, to arbitration

proceedings to which this Act applies, subject to such

modifications as may be appropriate.

Any question arising as to what modifications

are appropriate shall be determined, in default of agreement, by the arbitrator or umpire, as the case may be.

Interpretation.13. In this Act—

"civil proceedings" has the meaning given by

section 11 and "court" and "rules of court"

shall be construed in accordance with that

section;

"document" means anything in which information

of any description is recorded, and "copy" , in

relation to a document, means anything onto

which information recorded in the document has

been copied, by whatever means and whether

directly or indirectly;

"hearsay" shall be construed in accordance with

section 1(2);

"oral evidence" includes evidence which, by

reason of a defect of speech or hearing, a person

called as a witness gives in writing or by signs;

"the original statement", in relation to

hearsay evidence, means the underlying

statement (if any) by—

(a) in the case of evidence of fact, a

person having personal knowledge of that

fact, or

(b) in the case of evidence of opinion,

the person whose opinion it is; and "statement" means any representation of fact or

opinion, however made.

Savings.14.—(1) Nothing in this Act affects the exclusion of evidence on grounds other than that it is hearsay.

This applies whether the evidence falls to be

excluded in pursuance of any enactment or rule

of law, for failure to comply with rules of court

or an order of the court, or otherwise.

(2) Nothing in this Act affects the proof of

documents by means other than those specified in

section 8 or 9.

(3) Nothing in this Act affects the operation of

the following enactments—

(a) section 2 of the [1868 c. 37.] Documentary

Evidence Act 1868 (mode of proving certain official documents);

(b) section 2 of the [1882 c. 9.] Documentary Evidence Act 1882 (documents printed under the superintendence of Stationery Office);

(c) section 1 of the [1907 c. 16.] Evidence (Colonial Statutes) Act 1907 (proof of statutes of certain legislatures);

(d) section 1 of the [1933 c. 4.] Evidence (Foreign, Dominion and Colonial Documents) Act 1933 (proof and effect of registers and official certificates of certain countries);

(e) section 5 of the [1963 c. 27.] Oaths and Evidence (Overseas Authorities and Countries) Act 1963 (provision in respect of public registers of other countries).

Consequential amendments and repeals.15.—(1) The enactments specified in Schedule 1 are amended in accordance with that Schedule, the amendments being consequential on the provisions of this Act.

(2) The enactments specified in Schedule 2 are repealed to the extent specified.

Short title, commencement and extent.16.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Civil Evidence Act 1995.

(2) The provisions of this Act come into force on such day as the Lord Chancellor may appoint by order made by statutory instrument, and different days may be appointed for different provisions and for different purposes.

(3) An order under subsection (2) may contain such transitional provisions as appear to the Lord Chancellor to be appropriate; and subject to any such provision, the provisions of this Act shall not apply in relation to proceedings begun before commencement.

(4) This Act extends to England and Wales.

(5) Section 10 (admissibility and proof of Ogden Tables) also extends to Northern Ireland.

As it extends to Northern Ireland, the following

shall be substituted for subsection (3)(b)—

" (b) "action for personal injury"

includes an action brought by virtue of

the [1937 c. 9 (N.I.)] Law Reform

(Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern

Ireland) Act 1937 or the [S. I. 1977/1251

(N.I. 18).] Fatal Accidents (Northern

Ireland) Order 1977."

(6) The provisions of Schedules 1 and 2 (consequential amendments and repeals) have the same extent as the enactments respectively amended or repealed.

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