最新研究生新世纪综合英语unit2资料

Unit2

The New Economics Of Oil

Crude-oil prices have been careening like steel balls in a pinball machine this autumn in response to news and r umors from the middle east.In the first few days of Octobe r,the treat of armed conflict between Iran and Irap sent c rud prices soaring from $20 a barrel to almost $23,before singking back down again.

Even as the world is reminded of the vulnerability of its oil supply, consumption is soaring. Americans have fal len in love with gas guzzlers such as the Ford Expedition. In newly p-rosperous deyeloping couties, ordinary people can afford cars for the first time.A recent survey in the China Youth Daily found that 75%of Beijing families planne d to buy a car in the next five years.

Yikes. Are we in for another oil crisis? You might thi nk so. Fort Worth investor Richard.E.rainwater has 30%of h is $1.5billion net worth sunk in oil and gas investments b ecause he expects to rise 50% to 75%in the next 5 to 10yea rs. With free markets fueling economic growth, says rainwa ter,”we should see a tremendous amount of pressure on pr ices.”

Perhaps,but there is another,quite different scenario---namely,that oil prices, adjusted for inflation, won’t r ise at all over the long term. They may even fall. why? Be cause producers in the Mideast and elsewhere need the cash from oil too much to let their supply be interrupted for long, Despite political and military skirmishing. Second,

and more inportant,because demand groeth can’t push pric es upward as long as it is balanced by supply growth. And the supply curve for oil---the amount offered at any given price---is being pushed steadily outward, thanks to techn ology.

PETRO-TREASURE

Thenological advances are slashing the costs of findin g, producing, and reefing oil,creating a new economic calc ulus for the oil industry.The new alchemy runs from three-dimensional seismology to exotic. Wells that sit on the oc ean floor, in some cases eliminating the need for billion-dollar offshore production platforms/Says shell oil chief Executive Philip J.Carroll:”Thecnology always frives down cost.I don’t think its effect in this industry will be a ny different.”

Never mind the latest discord in the Mideast.Short of destroying another country’s oil wells, as Iraq did to Ku wait in 1991,no nation can curtail the world supply of oil and force up its price for very long.Members of the Organ ization od Petroleum Exporting Countries still sit on the world’s biggest and best oil reservoirs.But they can’t r aise prices---because if they do,non-OPEC sources will gra b market share by developing fields where thecnology has m ade production affordable.

Rainwater’s hight price theory notwithstanding, the e nd of the cold war and the spread of global capitalism are n’t just adding to the demand for oil---they are adding t o its supply as well.That’s because more and more countri es, from Venazuala to Kazakhatan,are welcoming the investm ent that’s needed to exploit their petro-treasures.

The progress already achieved through thechnology is mind-boggling. The average cost per barrel of finding prod ucing oil has droped about 60% higher than in 1985.And the se official figures far understate the amount of accessibl

e oil in the ground. Smith Rea Energy Associates Ltd.,a Lo ndon –based researcher, figures that the world’s oil prod ucers could add 350 billion barrels to their proven reserv es i

f they counted all yhe oil that has become affordable to recover because of the latest breakthroughs. The sum is equal to nearly 14 years’ worth of world consumption.

Experts have been underestimating oil reserves since 1 874, when Pennsylvania’s state geolodists direly warned t hat “ the u.s. has enough petroleum to keep its kerosene lamps burning for only 4years.”Later eaperts put the date pf exhaustion in the 1920s,then the 1940s.In 1972,the clu b of rome said the world had only 20 to 31 years of known oil reserves. Yet todad,measured reserves are higher than ever.

Indeed,the very notion of what oil are is changing. R ather than being a fixed number of barrels, the reserve is seen as something that grows and grows as technology find s new sources og oil and extracts more from existing field s. Take the giant Forties field in the British sector of t he North Sea. In 1970, British Petroleum CO. rated it at 1.

8 billion barrels of proven reserves.Y et by 1995,it had p roduced 3.6 billion barrels,and BP said 2.8 billion barrel s in proven reserves remained.

The impact of such progress on crude oil price has bee n dramatic.In 1980,Stanford University brought together 1 0 of the top oil forecaster to run their computer models. The average forecast for this year, among the six made pre ditions for 1997,was$98 a barrel. Even as recently as 1991, experts were predicting the price per barrel in 1997 wou ld be about $45.

研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)

Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

新世纪大学英语系列教程第版综合教程答案

Unit Two Optimism and Positive Thinking Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action ■ Working with Words and Expressions 1. In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: positive startled perspective harden shape address crises curse incredible 10) conversely 11) issue 12) response 13) prior 14) rare 15) accomplish 2. In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: get the hang of have lived through makes a difference have no idea concerned with slipped over ran into in reverse mull over ■ I ncreasing Your Word Power 1. D ecide whether “do ”, “make ”or “take ”is needed to complete each of the following sentences. Change the verb form where necessary. ■ A nswers: does make take do make Take done taken making ))))))))) ))))))))) ))))))))) 10) took

新时代研究生综合英语课后翻译答案

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新世纪英语综合教程答案

The Answers to Unit 1 Enhance Your Language Awareness (I) Working with Words and Expressions 2. (1) obtain (2) confident (3) communicate (4) advantage (5) relevant (6) helpful (7) extreme (8) enjoyable (9) means (10) process (11) particularly (12) characters (13) astonished (14) apparently 3. (1) fond of (2) is...related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid... of (8) cleared up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It's no use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II) Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b (5) b (6) d 2. (1) highly/very (2) quite/very (3) quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3. Adverbs Adjectives efficiently efficient particularly particular fluently fluent quickly quick cheaply cheap continually continual probably probable adventurously adventurous finally final steadily steady slowly slow solemnly solemn really real apparently apparent tentatively tentative exactly exact 4. No Mistake especial→ especially necessarily → necessary frequent → frequently No Mistake easily → easy No Mistake individually → individual much → many high → highly apparently → apparent remarkably → remarkable probable → probably No Mistake (III) Grammar Task 1: (1) would/should (2) should/would (3) might (4) would (5) must (6) can't (7) should would (8) must Task 2: (1) We passed the afternoon very pleasantly, roller-skating in the sun and talking about our childhood under a tree. / The afternoon passed very pleasantly, while we roller-skated in the sun and talked about our childhood under a tree. (2) On entering the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd. / When I entered the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd. (3) When I was only a small boy, my father took me to Beijing and we had a lot of fun together. (4) To write well, a person must read good books. (IV) Cloze

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?

新一代大学英语教材的编写原则

新一代大学英语教材的编写原则 摘要：随着“十一五”国家规划教材工作的开展，一轮新的教材编写高潮出现了。自1961年，大学英语教材已经走过了近半个世纪的历程，出现了不同编写理念的四代教材。尽管20世纪90年代后期出现的第四代教材已经注重语言技能的培养，但无论在教材编写目的、课文选材、原文处理上还是练习设计上，离真实性这一现代外语教材编写重要原则还有距离。随着《大学英语课程教学要求》制定了培养学生应用综合能力的教学目标，《高中英语课程标准》提出了和大学英语几乎相同的能力要求，大学英语教学的发展呼唤第五代教材。新一代教材必须体现实用性、主题化、重内容、立体化、多样化、任务型、以学生为中心等编写原则。 关键词：大学英语教材；第五代：编写原则 根据我国大学英语教材发展的见证人和主要实践者之一董亚芬(1991)的分类，我国大学英语教材发展到20世纪90年代，经历了三个时代。第一代教材从1961年到文革前。这个时代的大学英语教材“采取的教学法模式是五十年代的传统模式，即以课文为中心，以语法为纲的教学法路子”。第二代教材从1979年到1985年，“大体上仍然遵循第一代教材的教学法模式”。第三代教材从1986年到90年代中期大纲修订前。这个时期的大学英语教材开始按《教学大纲》要求，“根据分级教学，各编六册，每级一册”，并分“精读、泛读、快速阅读、听力、语法与练习等五种系列教材”。编写原则是：“一、文理打通，把教学重点放在语言共核上。教材力求做到a．题材、体裁多样，避免内容过专过偏的文章。b．选材应注意趣味性、知识性和可思性。二、语言基础与交际能力并重。三、突出阅读技能的培养。四、博采众长而不是片面求‘新’”。 李荫华(2002)认为“90年代后期陆续出版了数部新教材如《21世纪大学英语》、《新编大学英语》等，《大学英语》、《大学核心英语》等原有教材推出了修订本。它们的问世意味着新一代——第四代——教材的开端。”这个时期出现了许多具有时代特点的优秀教材，如《新视野大学英语》、《体验英语》、《新时代交互英语》、《大学英语全新版》、《必胜英语》等。这些教材开始利用现代化教育技术，配有课件光盘和学习软件系统。尽管如此，教材从编写体例到练习设计还主要是结构主义的，还是体现以教师为中心传统教学模式。一些老师为了培养学生交际能力，在实施教学时不得不抛弃原有的练习，自己设计新的课堂活动。有的虽然是融结构主义和功能主义等教学法为一体(文秋芳，2002)，但全面照顾，练习编得越来越多，课本编得越来越厚，配套教材越来越多，教师学生都不堪负担。因此“虽然近年来我国外语界已经推出了数套教学理念较新、质量较高的大学英语教材，但是高校英语教师仍然有相当多的人对现有教材不满意，对教材很满意的人极少，认为现行教材不适合教学改革的人占两成以上”(刘润清、戴曼纯，2003)。从某种意义上说现在一些教材或多或少地滞后于目前的大学英语教学的发展。为此笔者在2005年召开的“大学英语教材国际研讨会”上作了主题发言，

新世纪大学英语综合教程4课后答案(完整版)

Unit1 Working with words and expressions 1. 2. cloze Translation

Answers to Unit 2 Book 4 Unit Two Man and Technology Words in Action Working with Words and Expressions 1. 1) monitor 2) phenomenon 3) isolation 4) gradual 5) opponent 6) advent 7) genetic 8) consciously 9) extreme 10) nasty 11) boom 12) formal 13) soar 14) survey 15) Similarly 16) modify 17) rough 2. 1) at the same time 2) are stuck with 3) for certain 4) make no difference 5) on average 6) when it comes to 7) depends on 8) built into 9) come to mind 10) at work Increasing Your Word Power 1. Adjectives Nouns Adjectives

Nouns 1) technological technology 6) luxurious luxury 2) eternal eternity 7) leisurely leisure 3) miraculous miracle 8) subjective subject 4) relevant relevance 9) prosperous prosperity 5) analytical Analysis 10) innovative innovation 2. 2) multi-faith 3) multiform 4) multifunction 5) multi-ethnic 6) multilateral 7) multi-lingual 8) multimedia 9) multimillionaire 10) multinational 1) a multi-faith society 2) a multi-lingual secretary 3) a multimillionaire 4) a multinational motor-manufacturing corporation 5) a multifunction video camera

学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案

Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

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