1995年同等学力英语阅读真题解析及译文(阅读手册)学苑教育

阅读分册补充内容

阅读理解部分做题方法要领

一、概述

阅读理解部分主要测试考生的阅读能力，要求考生能综合运用英语知识和阅读技能来理解英语书面材料。考生在阅读过程中应做到：

1.抓住所读短文的中心大意，领会作者的基本观点和态度；

2.理解关键词、短语和单个句子的意思；

3.掌握文中重要的事实、数字等细节；

4.理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；

5.根据短文内容作出一定的判断、推理和引申。

根据《同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试大纲》的要求，阅读理解部分共有5-6篇短文，每篇300-400词，共设25-30题，每题1分。考试时间为45-50分钟。

大纲并未讲到这部分短文的内容。根据1999、2000年两年的阅读材料分析，12篇短文的内容主要分布在社会生活、科普知识、媒体和环保等方面。具体情况是：

内容方面篇数具体内容

科普知识 5 迂回思维、睡眠、科学的性质、航空研究、网上购物

社会生活 3 交通、教育、死刑

媒体 2 媒体影响、媒体公司的收购

环保 2 全球气候变暖、空气污染

二、阅读理解应试技巧

阅读理解的主要目的是测试考生在词语、句子和语篇三个层次上运用语言知识理解英语文章的能力。短文中也许会有超纲词，但每篇一般不超过3个。这就要求考生掌握大纲上的词汇、动词词组、习惯搭配和常见前缀、后缀。考生还应具备较扎实的英语语法知识、较宽的知识面和较强的逻辑思维能力。

阅读理解部分的题目大致可分两类：一类是局部性问题，主要测试考生对某个句子或词语的理解。从以往的考题看，这类问题居多。回答这类问题，关键是找到有关的段落、句子和词语，并能懂其意思。另一类是综合性问题。这是整篇的综合问题，如问文章的主题，或作者写本文的目的，或问文章是关于哪一方面的，或选择一个合适的标题。有一类综合性问题是在4句话中选择哪一句是对的或错的，这种题目或测试对某一段内容的理解，或测试对分散在各段的4句话的理解。综合性题目可放在最后做，因做这一类题需要对全文的内容有较好的把握。做完局部性问题后，对大多数段落的内容比较清楚了，这时再来做综合性问题，重读全文时可以读得较快，也可以更好地领会文章意思。

答题前先以较快的速度浏览全文。阅读时不要在某个词或短语上费时过多，只要了解文章的题材和大意即可。但要特别注意各段的主题句和具体的数字、地点等。然后对照题目有针对性地阅读，以选出最佳答案。如对选项把握不大，也可采取淘汰法，将错误的选项逐个排除，剩下的一个即为正确答案。

阅读真题解析与导读

文章中标①②③④⑤的句子对应题目1、2、3、4、5正确选项。

1995年阅读真题

. Passage Two

本文着重介绍了爱斯基摩人的住房特点，房屋所使用的建筑材料和应用的建筑工艺以及他们如何利用有限的材料搭建帐篷，度过漫长的冬天。

In the Arctic Circle, it is not that Eskimos lack ability or industry, but the surroundings restrict constructive effort to the barest necessities of existence.① This retards progress to higher development.

Agriculture is impossible all along the thousands of miles of the north shore. The only wood is such as drifts in. other than this driftwood, the only available building materials are snow, ice, stone, and bones of animals. All of these have been used for habitations and storage, places, differing in various tribes according to the requirements and skill of the workers.②

The lack of necessary timbers to build walls and span wide spaces is probably one reason why they construct their houses at least partly beneath the surface of the ground. ③This device also makers the houses more impervious (不能渗透的) to the cold.

Most of us are inclined to think that the Eskimo lives always in an igloo or snow house. This is not entirely true.④After the long cold winter, the family is very likely to move, when the weather permits, into a tent of sealskin. The actual construction of such a tent is similar to that used by other, more southerly tribes and will be described later.

The snow house, however, is an interesting and unique habitation.⑤Our summer campers will

not build, with snow, but the delicate art is worth recording and some of our winter camps mountains might try to make snow houses.

①在北极圈，不是爱斯基摩人缺乏能力或不够勤劳，而是环境限制了他们建造房屋的努力，使

所建房屋仅能满足最基本生存需要。

②所有这些材料都被用来建造住房和储藏室，而这些建筑物又根据不同需要和建造者的技术水

平被建造，使得各个部落的房屋彼此不同。

③缺乏必要的木材建造墙壁和搭建出宽阔的空间可能是这些部落至少部分地把房屋建在底下

的原因之一，这种设计使房子更能防寒。

④我们中的大多人倾向于认为爱斯基摩人总是生活在圆顶冰屋或雪屋当中，这不完全正确。

⑤然而，雪屋是一个有趣而独特的住所。

41. Eskimos’ efforts to build houses ___________.

A. result in various building

B. are limited by a hostile environment

C. are restricted by their ability

D. retard progress to higher development

42. Which of the following about the construction of houses is true?

A. Building materials differ from tribe to tribe.

B. Building materials are the same for all the houses.

C. Building materials are selected according to weather.

D. Building materials are decided by skilled workers.

43. Why do Eskimos build their houses partly under the ground?

A. They like to live under the ground.

B. They are short of essential materials for walls and roofs.

C. They want their houses less affected by the cold.

D. Both B and C.

44. In the long winter Eskimos commonly live in _________.

A. a snow house

B. a stone house

C. a storage place

D. a tent of sealskin

45. What does the author think of snow houses?

A. Interesting

B. Artistic

C. Unique

D. All of the above

.

答案41-45 B A D A D

译文

Passage Two

在北极圈，不是爱斯基摩人缺乏能力或不勤劳，而是环境将其建设的努力限制到仅满足最低生存需要的水平。这极大地阻碍了向前发展的步伐。

沿北部海岸数千英里长的地方不可能发展农业。唯一的木材是浮木。除了浮木，其他可用的建筑材料只有雪、冰、石头和动物的骨架。所有这些用来建住房和储藏室，而这些建筑物又根据不同需要和建筑者的技术水平在不同部落有所不同。

缺乏必要的木材建墙壁和铺设出宽阔的空间可能是这些部落至少部分地把房屋建在地下的原因之一，这种设计使得房子更能防寒。

我们大多数人倾向于认为爱斯基摩人总生活在圆顶冰屋或雪屋中，这不完全正确。漫长的寒冬后，如果天气允许，他们很可能迁居到海豹皮制作的帐篷里。这种帐篷的具体制作方法同其它更朝南部落所使用的制作方法相似，这一点稍后将作说明。

然而雪屋是—个有趣而独特的住所。夏日野营者不会用雪建造，但是，山里的冬日野营者也许会造—些雪屋。因此，这门精美的艺术值得记述下来。

Passage Three

本文介绍了欧洲各国在连续4年降雨低于正常值后，当前正经受一场大规模的旱灾，它对农业生产造成破坏。为此，各国纷纷制定和推广节约用水的措施。

If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa, they know better now. ①After four years of below-normal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average), vast areas of France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Ireland are dry and barren. ②Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends. Oyster growers in Brittany report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breeding. In southeastern England, the rolling green hills of Kent

have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from Wales.③ In Purtugal, farmers in southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain-so far, in vain.

Governments in drought-plagued countries are taking drastic measures. Authorities in hard-hit areas of France have banned washing cars and watering lawns. In Britain, water will soon be metered like gas and electricity. “The English have always taken water for granted”, says Graham Warren, a spokesman of Britain’s National Rivers Authority. “Now they’re putting a price on it.” Even a sudden end to the drought would not end the misery in some areas. It will take several years of unusually heavy winter rain, the experts say, just to bring existing water reserves up to their normal levels.④

Notes：

①如果欧洲人认为干旱只发生在非洲，那么现在他们对干旱会增加了解。

②在降水连续4年低于正常水平（在一些情况下，只有年平均降水量的10%），法国、西班

牙、葡萄牙、比利时、英国和爱尔兰的大面积地区正变得干燥和荒芜。

③在英国东南部，蜿蜒起伏的绿色肯特山脉现已变成棕色，政府官员正考虑从威尔士用管道调

水。

④专家们说，需要连续下几年特别大的冬雨，才能让目前的储水量恢复到正常的水位。

46. What does the author mean by saying “they know better now”?

A. They know more about the causes.

B. They have a better understanding of the drought in Africa.

C. They have realized that the drought in Europe is the most serious one.

D. They have realized that droughts hit not only Africa but also Europe.

47. The drought in Europe has brought about all the following problems EXCEPT ___.

A. below-normal rainfall

B. difficult navigation

C. a sharp drop in oyster harvest

D. bone-dry hills

48. The British government intends to _________.

A. forbid the car-washing service

B. increase the price of the water used

C. end the misery caused by the drought

D. pipe in water

49. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. Germany is the only country free from the drought.

B. Water reserves are at their lowest level in years due to the drought.

C. The drought is more serious in Britain than in Franc.

D. Europe will not have heavy rain until several years later.

50. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

A. Europe in Misery

B. Drought Attacks Europe

C. Be Economical with Water

D. Europe, a Would-be Africa

答案46-50 D A D B B

译文

Passage Three

如果欧洲人认为干旱只会在非洲发生的话，他们现在该明白得多了。连续四年低于正常水平的降雨后(在一些情况下，只有年平均降水量的10％)，法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利时、英国和爱尔兰的大面积地区变得干燥而荒芜。由于法国北部运河水位太低，除周末外不得不禁航。布列塔尼的牡蛎养殖者说，由于当地河流缺少牡蛎养殖所需的淡水，使牲蛎的产量下降了30％。在英国东南部，蜿蜒起伏的绿色的肯特山脉现已变成棕色，政府官员正考虑从威尔士用管道调水。在葡萄牙南部阿伦特尤地区的农民已做了好几次求雨祈祷——至今为止却是徒劳的。

遭受旱灾国家的政府正采取果断措施。法国一些灾情严重的地区当局已禁止洗车和给草坪喷水。在英国，像气和电—样，用水很快就要装水表。英国国家河道管理局的发言人格雷汉姆·沃伦说，“英国人一直不把水当回事，现在他们也对水定价收费了”。即使干旱突然结束，某些地

区灾情也不会结束。专家们说，需要连续下几年特别大的冬雨，才能让目前的储水恢复到正常水位。

Passage Four

本文主题是求职者如何准备面试。作者向求职者建议：首先要了解申请工作的性质，其次收集相关信息，最后在面试前要对衣着服饰精心选择。

In some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive speech because the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade the employer (interviewer) to employ him or her.①

A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First, the applicant knows what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company.② Second, the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company.③Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans fro expansion, and company philosophy, information about most major corporations available in reference books and periodicals.

After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is ready for the interview. The interviewer’s first impression comes form the interviewee’s appearance. For most interviews, appropriate dress for man is a conservative (保守的) dark colored suit with a long sleeve white or light blue shirt.④For women a conservative, tailored suit or dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, conservative length of hair.

Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics.⑤ For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager considered this young man’s long hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual manner unsuited for this particular position.

Notes：

①从某些方面来说，求职面试就像一次说服式演讲，因为求职者（被面试者）力求劝说雇主（面

试者）雇佣他。

②求职者能清楚地说明他为什么要选择在某一公司工作的理由是很重要的。

③其次，求职者应尽可能多到收集与求职公司有关的信息。

④对于大多数面试而言，男士得体的衣着是传统的深色西服配以长袖的白色或浅蓝色衬衣。

⑤虽然发型和服装属于个人爱好和品位之类的事情，但许多人事主管就是从这些特征来形成

对被面试者的第一印象的。

51. For whom is the passage most likely written?

A. An employee

B. An employer

C. An interviewee

D. An interviewer

52. As the author suggests, what the applicant should know before the interview is _____.

A. the type of work and his career expectation

B. his career objective a particular company will decide

C. the reasons a particular company has to employ him

D. All of the above.

53. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain some information about ____.

A. most major corporations

B. the company he wants to work for

C. reference books and periodicals

D. business and philosophy

54. What the applicant wears, as the author suggest, can make him look _______.

informative D.

conservative personal B.

A.

persuasive C.

55. What is the author trying to tell us through the example in the last paragraph?

A. The importance of personal taste

B. The importance of public relations

C. The importance of self-confidence

D. The importance of first impression

.

答案51-55 C A B D D

译文

Passage Four

从某些方面来讲，求职面试就像一次说服式演讲，因为求职者(被面试者)力求劝说雇主面试者雇用他(她)。下面的—些建议或许对求职者有些帮助，因为这是专为真正的面试准备的。

求职者应试前有责任弄清—些特定的信息。首先，求职者应知道他想要申请的工作性质是什么，以及该工作与他的职业生涯的总体目标有何联系。求职者能清楚地说出他为什么要选择在某一公司工作的理由是很重要的。其次，求职者应尽可能多的收集与求职公司有关的信息。求职者要寻找的有关信息包括诸如此类的内容：公司总部及分支机构的地点，公司的财务状况，公司的发展规划以及经营哲学，有关大多数大公司的信息可以在—些参考书和期刊上找到。

收集好有关信息后，求职者就准备面试。面试人的第一印象源于应聘者的外表。对大数面试而言，男士得体的衣着是传统的深色西服配以长袖的白色或浅蓝色村衣；对女士来说合适的衣着是传统的量身订做的正式西装或连衣裙。男女性的头发都应整洁，长度要适中。

虽然发型与服装属于个人的爱好和品味之类的事情，但许多人事主管就是从这些特征形成第一印象的。比如，—名刚毕业的大学生参加了—份公共关系工作的面试，他觉得自己有资格做这份工作。然而人事经理觉得他长长的头发、邋遏的服装以及过于随便的举止不适合这项特殊职位。

Passage Five

本文是一篇家庭防火知识手册。讲述在卧室如何安全使用家用电器以防火灾发生以及一旦被火阻断逃生之路时，如何自救。

IN THE BEDROOM

1)Don’t smoke in bed—it causes 1,000 fires a year, many with fatal results.①

2)Don’t overload your electrical points: the ideal is “One appliance, one socket”.

3)Don’t use an electric under-blanket over you or an over-blanket under you.② And

under-blanket unless of the low-voltage type, MUST be switched off before you get into bed.

4)Never let furniture or clothing get close to a lighted fire.③Make sure that there is a suitable

guard for the room heater.

5)Keep aerosol-type containers (喷雾器) away from heat and NEVER burn or puncture (刺) them.

6)Don’t dim a table by covering it: buy a low-wattage bulb.

7)Pajamas and nightdresses, especially for children and elderly people, should be made from

flame-resistant material.

IF CUT OFF BY FIRE

8)Close the door of the room and any fanlight or other opening and block up any cracks with

bedding, etc.④

9)Go to the window and try to attract attention.

10)If the room fills with smoke, lean out of the window unless prevented by smoke and flame

coming from a room below or nearby. If you cannot lean out of the window, lie close to the floor where the air is clearer until you hear the fire brigade.

11)If you have to escape before the fire brigade arrives, make a rope by knotting together sheets or

similar materials and tie it to a bed or another heavy piece of furniture.⑤

12)If you cannot make a rope and situation becomes intolerable. Drop cushions or bedding from the

window to break your fall, get through the window feet first, lower yourself to the full extent of your arms and drop.

13)If possible drop from a position above soft earth. If above the first floor, drop only as a last

resort.

Notes：

①不能在床上吸烟，因为每年有1000起火灾由此而发。

②不能把电褥子盖在身上或把电热毯铺在身子下面。

③要使家具和衣服远离明火。

④关闭屋门和天窗并用床单、被褥等堵住缝隙。

⑤如果你在消防队到来之前不得不逃走，把床单等物结成一根绳子并把它绑在床上或其他重的

家具上。

56. According to the instructions, fires in the bedroom can be caused by _______.

A. one appliance, one socket

B. smoking in bed

C. under-blankets of the low-voltage type

D. all of the above-mentioned points

57. In the bedroom, you are told _________.

A. not to use an electric under-blanket or an electric over-blanket

B. to use an under-blanket of the low-voltage type

C. to switch off an under-blanket of the low-voltage type

D. not to use an electric under-blanket over you.

58. You should keep furniture or clothes away from a lighted fire because _______.

A. the fire is too low.

B. furniture or clothes block light

C. there is no guard in the room

D. furniture or clothes catch fire easily

59. If you are cut off by fire, you should first ____________.

A. try to stop smoke from coming into the room

B. lie down and wait for the fire brigade

C. escape by jumping immediately out of the window

D. close the window and call for help

60. You can escape a fire by _________.

A. tying a rope to sheets and throwing it out of the window

B. tying a sheet to a heavy piece of furniture and throwing it out of the window

C. tying a rope to a bed and throwing it out of the window

D. dropping with cushions and bedding from the window

答案56-60 B D D A D

译文

略

Passage Six

本文教导我们如何建立自信。只有建立起了信心，我们才有可能挖掘自身的潜能，去完成别人认为我们没有能力完成的工作，成就别人认为我们不可能成就的事业。

A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work. He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person’s mistake estimate of his ability.① Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. ②He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had and experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, “Isn’t it too bad that Alfred can’t do arithmetic?” He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.③

One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence.④He rejected the idea that he couldn’t do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have,

⑤and that lack of success is an often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one’s ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it the result of lack ability.

① mental faculties智能。一个小孩可能认为自己很笨，因为他不懂得如何最大限度地发挥他

的智能，或者他接受别人对他的能力所做的错误估计。

②一个认为自己无能的人不可能尽力去做事情，因为他觉得那是徒劳无功的。

③mistaken estimate of his ability对他的能力的错误估计。他接受了老师们对他的能力的错误

估计，觉得努力也没有用，因而算术成绩很差，结果正如他们所预料的那样。

④一天Adler 成功地解出了一道班上其他人都解不出来的难题。这给了他信心。

⑤这段经历使他认识到许多人的能力比他们自己认为的要强……。

61. According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?

A. A child may accept another person’s underestimate of his ability.

B. He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.

C. A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D. Some old people don’t believe that they are capable of learning anything new.

62. A person who believes in his incompetence will ________.

A. make no real efforts

B. fail to go at a job

C. show a complete lack of confidence

D. all of the above

63. As a boy, Alfred Adler was poor at arithmetic because __________.

A he lost his self-confidence

B. he was mentally retarded

C. his teacher had no confidence in herself

D. his parents expected too much of him

64. Which of the following is the most important factor to Adler’s success?

A. Spirit and experience

B. Interest

C. Confidence and determination

D. Purpose and knowledge

65. Adler’s experience made him realize that ________.

A. people are not as capable as they think

B. people can be more capable than they think

C. lack of knowledge leads to failure

D. lack of ability results in lack of determination

答案61-65 B D A C B

译文

Passage Six

—个人对自己的认识也许会阻碍他做好工作。他也许认为自己不能胜任。一个小孩可能认为自己很笨，因为他不懂如何最大限度地发挥他的智能；或者他可能接受了别人对自己能力的错误评价。年龄偏大的人可能受挫，因为他错误地认为自己的年龄大了，无力再学新东西了。

—个认为自己无能的人不可能尽力去做事，因为他觉得那将是徒劳的。于是，他就不会有信心地去工作，而信心又是成功所必需的。因此他可能失败，而失败又将加深他对自己能力缺乏的错误认识。

阿尔弗雷德·爱德勒，一名著名的医生，曾有段经历可说明这一点。他小时候刚开始算术很差，他的老师认为他没有算术能力，并将她的想法告诉了他父母，以便他们不要对他期望太高。这样，他们也产生了同样的看法，“阿尔弗雷德不会算术，这难道不是太糟糕的事吗?”他接受了他们对他的错误估计，觉得努力也没有用，因而算术成绩很差，结果正如他们所料。

—天，爱德勒成功地解出了—道全班没人能解出的难题，这给了他信心，他从此不再相信自己没有算术能力并决心做给他们看。他重新找到的信心激励他以新的热忱去学习算术。现在他饶有兴趣、满怀信心、目的明确地学习。不久，他的算术成绩相当好了。

这段经历使他认识到许多人的能力比他们自己认为的要强。他们之所以成功机会少是因为他们常常不知道如何运用自己的能力，缺乏信心和决心，这无异于缺乏能力。

.

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