2010年12月英语四级真题阅读

2010年12月选词填空

What determines the kind of person you are?

What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map?

All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were raised.

The study of how genes and environment interact to influence psychological activity is known as behavioral genetics.

Behavioral genetics has made important contributions to the biological revolution,

providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.

Any research that suggests that abilities to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial.

Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can achieve based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes?

It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color.

But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how smart they are, or what career they are likely to choose?

A concern of psychological scientists is the extent to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture(养育), by genetic makeup and the environment.

Increasingly, science indicates that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective,

people are born essentially like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it eventually appears can vary based on the development process.

However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.

2010年12月阅读1

It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world,

there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent,

as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists,

however, the attractions of academia outweigh any financial considerations.

Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge.

Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions.

Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial re turn, and Lee’s is o ne of them.

The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career.

Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge,

spent two years working for a pharmaceutical company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher.

He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.

Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant,

the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition to academia more attractive,

according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not,

such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts.

They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee,

perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development.

“Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career.

So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”

2010年12月阅读2

Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life.

Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick,

but the biggest longevity boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship.

The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.

Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a wom an’s.

The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.

Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate.

Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart.

Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke.

There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse’s death,

and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.

Even so, the odds favour marriage.

In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.

So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic factors, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological mechanisms.

For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system,

leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life.

People in supportive relationships may handle stress better.

Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.

A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100.

The ultimate social network is still being mapped out,

but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”

2010年12月完形填空

Over half the world’s people now live in cities.

The latest “Global Report on Human Settlements” says a significant change took place last year.

The report came out this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency.

A century ago, less than five percent of all people lived in cities.

By the middle of this century it could be seventy percent, or almost six and a half billion people.

Already three-fourths of people in developed countries live in cities.

Now most urban population growth is in the developing world.

Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress,

but also put pressure on cities to provide housing and services.

The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move into cities and towns each day.

It says worsening inequalities, driven by social divisions and differences in wealth , could result in violence and crime unless cities plan better.

Another issue is urban sprawl.This is where cities expand quickly into rural areas, sometimes at a much faster rate than urban population growth.

Sprawl is common in the United States. Americans move a lot.

In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the major cities to smaller ones.

He sees a trend toward “de-urbanization” across the nation.

But urban economies still provide many possibilities that rural areas do not.

2010年12月选词填空

Determines 决定factors 因素bold 大胆

intelligent 智能able to 能够influenced 影响interaction 互动genes 基因raised 提高

interact to 互动psychological 心理activity活动

is known as被称为behavior行为genetics 遗传学Behavioral 行为genetics 遗传学contributions 贡献biological 生物revolution 革命providing 提供information 信息extent 程度biology 生物学

mind 头脑brain 大脑research 研究suggests 建议abilities 能力perform 执行certain 一定behaviors 行为controversial 有争议的limitations 限制control 控制genes 基因

accept 接受physical 物理characteristics 特点sex 性race 种族eye color 眼睛的颜色determine 确定divorced 离婚smart 聪明career 事业concern 关注psychological 心理extent to 程度characteristics 特点influenced 影响nature 自然nurture 培养genetic 遗传

make up 组成Increasingly 日益Science 科学indicates 表明lay 躺groundwork 基础human 人类traits 特征perspective 视角essentially 本质上undeveloped 欠发达photographs 照片captured 捕获eventually 最后appears 出现development 发展process 过程basic 基本beginning 开始

2010年12月阅读1

pretty 漂亮one-way 单向common 普通的commercial 商业traffic 交通opposite 相反的direction. 方向Pay 支付Deterrent 威慑afford 负担the drop 下降的salary 工资

moving to 搬到industrial 工业scientists 科学家attractions 景点academia (学术界) outweigh 超过financial 金融considerations 考虑Helen Lee 海伦·李a 70% cut 减少70%的salary 工资senior post高级职位Abbott Laboratories 雅培制药medical department 医疗部门returning to 回到academia 学术界mid-career 中期inquiry 询价prospects 前景commercial 商业i mpact影响

less severe 不那么严重in the early stages of 在早期Guy男人

Grant允许associate 交往Unilever 联合利华Molecular Informatics 分子信息post-doctoral博士后worthwhile很值得intellectual 知识份子opportunities 机会Higher up 更高

the ladder 梯子 a pay cut 减薪significant 显著

demand 需求scientists 科学家 a wealth of 丰富的experience 经验industry 工业forcing 强制的academia 学术界attractive 迷人的Industrial 工业

tend to 倾向于receive training 接受培训academics 学者

such as 比如multidisciplinary多学科manage 管理

budgets 预算negotiate 谈判contracts 合同

placed to 放置extra 额外academic 大学生学术的role 角色experience 经验manufacturing 制造practice 实践product 产品development 开发

a small number of 少量的undergraduates 在校生continue 继续

academic career 学术生涯skills 技能industrial 工业的

lab 实验室potential 潜在narrow 狭窄的有限的research project 调研报告

2010年12月阅读2

sociable 社交add 添加Relationships 关系

Pets 宠物Trick 轨迹boost 提高

marriage 婚姻equivalent 等效relationship 关系

Noted 指出William 威廉widows and widowers鳏夫寡妇higher risk 更高的危险dying 死亡peers 同行

add 添加as much as 尽可能多holds 持有

illness 疾病accident 事故self-harm 自残

Even if 即使the odds 可能性stacked 堆叠

against 攻击marriage 婚姻compensate 补偿

heart disease 心脏病expect to 期望Likewise 同样

a pack a day 一天一包烟的 a divorced man 一个离过婚的男人 a flip side 一个反面

the couple of years 好几年spouse’s death配偶的死亡caring 关怀

spouse 配偶mental精神disorder 混乱

Even so即便如此the odds favour机会青睐Nicholas 尼古拉斯

Harvard Medical School哈佛医学院describes 描述networks 网络

similar 类似complex 复杂socio-economic factors经济因素health-service 卫生健康服务provision 规定emotional 情感

support 支持mechanisms 机制social contact 社会交往boost 提高development 发展brain 大脑

immune system 免疫系统depression 抑郁症supportive 支持relationships 关系handle 处理stress 压力psychological 心里benefits 效益supportive支持的

partner 伙伴ended 结束aim to 目的

ultimate 最终social network 社会网络mapped out 绘制出来Christakis says 克里斯塔基斯说Interconnected 互联

2010年12月完形填空

latest 最新的Settlements 定居点significant 明显的

took place 发生came out 出来U.N 联合国

Habitat 产地United Nations联合国agency机构

percent of 百分比three-fourths 四分之三urban 城市

Urbanization 城市化social 社会economic progress 经济发展pressure 压力迫使provide 提供housing 住房

services 服务worsening 恶化inequalities 不平等

driven 驱动divisions 部门differences in wealth 财富差异result 结果violence 暴力crime 犯罪

unless 除非cities plan better更好地规划城市expand 扩大

rural 农村rate 比率urban 城市

population growth人口增长Sprawl 扩张common 共同

United States 美国 a recent study 一个最近的研究Art Hall 艺术走廊

Kansas 堪萨斯州moving away 离开major cities 主要城市

trend 趋势toward 为了，向urbanization 城市化

across the nation 全国urban 城市economies 经济provide 提供possibilities 可能性rural农村

2009年12月大学英语四级真题及答案解析

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sentences with the information given in the passage. How Do You See Diversity? As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. “It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunde rstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. “I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.” Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive

2015年6月大学英语四级真题(CET4)及答案解析

CET4 2015年6月份英语四级真题（CET4）

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Part II Listening Comprehension (30minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will bear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each questions there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答 1. A) He is pleased to sit on the committee C) He will tell the woman his decision later B) He is willing to offer the woman a hand D) He would like to become a club member 2. A) Their planned trip to Vancouver is obviously overpriced B) They should borrow a guide book instead of buying one C ) The guide books in the library have the latest information D) The library can help order guide books about Vancouver 3. A) He regrets having taken the history course B) He finds little interests in history books

2010年英语四级真题

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2018年12月英语四级真题(第一套)

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大学英语四级真题及完整答案(共两卷).pdf

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2011年12月英语四级真题及答案

2011年12月英语四级真题 Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes) 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上． For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Why Integrity Matters What is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. "But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.

英语四级真题及答案

2017年6月英语四级真题 作文一： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. “Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine.We both miss you and hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest time your computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Mom and Dad.” 作文二： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

2017年6月大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(第3套)

2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(三) Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell some of the course books you used at college. Your advertisement may include a brief description of their content,their condition ,their price and your contact information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) 说明：2017年6月大学英语四级考试全国共考了两套听力.本套的听力内容与第二套相同，因此本套听力部分不再重复给出。 Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but also your eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can stimulate them again. During (26)_______ exercise, our muscles tire as they run out of fuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a (27)_______ called "central fatigue,” in which an imbalance in the