英语专业语言学

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/809314627.html,nguage is unique to humans. But animals also communicate with one another.

2.Arbitrariness：There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Eg. different

sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. (tree, arbre, shu) But language is not entirely arbitrary, eg. Onomatopoeic words, compound words (rumble, crash, bang; glitter, photocopy,…)The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.

3.Duality of structure：Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two

levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless; at the higher level these sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as words.

4.significance of duality feature：A communication system with duality is considerably flexible

than one without it, because a far greater number of messages can be sent. This feature enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.

5.Productivity / Creativity：Humans have the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely

large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences we have never heard before. This creativity is rule-bound.

6.Displacement：Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real

or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places. It can be used to talk about language itself. This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e., in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stop.

7.Cultural transmission：Language is not genetically transmitted from generation to generation.

The details of the language system must be learned anew by each speaker (though human capacity for language has a genetic basis). Animal call systems are genetically transmitted,

i.e. animals are born with the ability to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.

8.Saussure and Modern Linguistics：Humans have been interested in language and grammar

since ancient times. Modern linguistics started in the 1920s. Ferdinand Saussure is regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern linguistics

9.Scope of Linguistics：

Phonetics (语音学）-the study of human speech sounds

Phonology（音位学）-the study of the system of speech sounds of a language

Morphology（形态学）-the formation of words

Syntax（句法学）-the arrangements of words in sentences

Semantics（语义学）-the study of the meaning of language

Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）-the relationship between language and the mind

Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）-the relationship between language and society

10.Prescriptive vs descriptive 规定与描写：Descriptive linguistics aims to describe and analyse

the language people actually use. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ―correct and standard‖ behavior in using language.

11.Synchronic vs diachronic 共时与历时：Synchronic linguistics studies a language at some

point of time in history. Diachronic linguistics describes a language as it changes through time.

12.Speech and writing 口语与书面语

Speech: spoken language Writing: written language

13.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of

human language.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/809314627.html,ngue and parole 语言与言语：Langue—the abstract linguistic system shared by all

members of a speech community. Parole—the realization of langue in actual use.

15.Important Distinctions in Linguistics 重要的概念区分

Prescriptive vs descriptive 规定与描写

Synchronic vs diachronic 共时与历时

Speech and writing 口语与书面语

Langue and parole 语言与言语

16.Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive (语言学是描写性的，不是规定性的）A linguist is

interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of ―correctness‖.

17.Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written 语言学认为口语是第一

性的，书面语是第二性的

18.Spoken language is primary. Spoken language precedes the written

language everywhere in the world. Most writing systems are derived from vocal sounds. 19.Why was written language overemphasized: The permanence of written language; Classical

education; Difficulty in studying spoken language.

20.Linguistics does not force language into a Latin-based framework.（不是所有的语言都可以

纳入拉丁语法的框架）Modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework: Every language has a system of its own and should have its own system of grammar. e.g. word order in Chinese is very important while Latin has inflection. Some languages have complex gender rules while other languages don‘t.

21.Process of speech production and perception: Articulatory phonetics 发音语言学

Acoustic phonectics 声学语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学

22.Speech Organs:Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔--Glottis 声门,V ocal cords 声带

Oral cavity 口腔--Lips, teeth, palate颚, tongue

Nasal cavity 鼻腔

23.Narrow and broad transcriptions: The phonetic transcription with diacritics（变音符号）is

called narrow transcription.（严式标音) The phonetic transcription without diacritics is called broad transcription, which is used generally in dictionaries and language textbooks. (宽式标音)

24.Difference between vowels and consonants: V owels: in the production of vowels, the

airstream meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth; Consonants: in the production of consonants, the airstream is somehow obstructed.

25.Classification of English consonants:Place of articulation 发音部位

Manner of articulation发音方法V oicing 是否浊音

26.Manner of Articulation 发音方法

Stops/plosives （塞音/爆破音）Fricatives （擦音）

Affricates （塞擦音）Liquids （流音）

Nasals （鼻音）Glides （音渡）

27.Classification of vowels

?The tongue position front; central; back (前，中，后）

?The shape of the lips rounded; unrounded（圆唇，非圆唇）

?The openness of the mouth （开，闭）open; close; semi-open and semi-close ?The length of the vowels long; short （长，短）

28.Diphthongs (双元音）Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another.

[ei] [?u] [ai] [au] [?i] [i?] [ε?] [u?]

29.A minimal pair is two words that differ in only one sound in the same position.（cot-cat,

sap-tap, seat-seed）

30.Do we count /p/ and/ph/ as one consonant or two consonants in the language? We count them

as the same consonant, because the replacement of one for the other does not make any difference in meaning.

31.What is a phoneme (音位)? A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of

distinctive value (有区别意义的功能）. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone(音素) in a certain phonetic context.

The phoneme /p/ is represented differently in /pit/, /tip/ and /spit/.

32.Allophone (音位变体）The phones that can represent a phoneme are called its allophones. So

[p], [ph], [p?] are the allophones of the same phoneme /p/. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard. In most cases, it is rule-governed.

33.Phone (音素) A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce

during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phones include phonemes and allophones.

34.Phone, phoneme and allophone 音素，音位与音位变体

A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.

A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value (有区别意义的功能）

The phones that represent a phoneme are called its allophones.

35.Determining phonemes of a language : A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language

is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes.

36.Phonemic contrast and complementary distribution音位对立互补分布

Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways:

–If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast,

e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit], [bit]

–If they are allophones of the same phoneme, they do not distinguish meaning but occur in different phonetic environment. They are in complementary distribution.

– e.g. clear [l] and dark[l]; [p] and [ph]

37.Phonetics and Phonology 语音学与音位学

Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech sounds.

But they differ in their approach and focus.

Phonetics is general, descriptive, classificatory. It studies speech sounds as they are.

Phonology is interested in the sound system of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

38.Some rules of Phonology

Sequential rules (序列规则))—in what way the phonemes in a language can be combined.

Assimilation rule (同化规则)—one segment assimilates another by ?copying‘ a fe ature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar.

Deletion rule (省略规则)—when a sound should be deleted although it is orthographically represented.

39.Suprasegmental features (超音段特征)-—features that run over a sequence of two or more

phonemic segments (the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment)

--Stress, including word and sentence stress, distinguishes meaning in English.

-- Tone, Three frequently used tones in English: Fall tone(降调)—affirmative Rise tone(升调)—interrogative, uncertain Fall-rise tone(降升调)—an implied message

--Intonation When pitch(音高), stress(重音) and sound length(音长) are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.

40.Tone language （声调语言）In some languages the pitches of words make a difference in

their meaning. Such languages are called tone languages. Chinese is a tone language, and English is not a tone language.

41.Morphemes((词素,语素) —the minimal units of meaning. Some words are formed by

combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The basic element of meaning is called morpheme.

42.Free morphemes and Bound morphemes自由语素与黏着语素

Free morphemes(自由语素)—morphemes that are also independent words.

Bound morphemes(黏着语素)—morphemes that have to attach to other morpheme(s) to form words.

43.Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes 派生语素和屈折语素

Derivational morphemes—when they are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is derived.

Inflectional morphemes—morphemes which do not add any lexical meaning, but which represent the concept of tense and aspect.(P.36)

44.Open Classes and Closed Classes开放性词类与封闭词类

Open classes-- Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives Adverbs: new words are regularly added to them.

Closed classes—all the rest: hardly any new words are added in recent times.

45.Word formation

Compounds (复合词) are words formed by combining two or sometimes more than two words.

Derivatives(派生词) are words formed by adding affixes to roots.

46.Views of language meaning：

--The naming theory命名论Plato (427-347, Greek philosopher) thinks that the meaning of a word is the object in the world that it ?stands for‘ or ?refers to‘.（Only some of the nouns can be explained this way.(nouns that refer to actual things in the world) Even with nouns that refer to actual objects, this theory comes with problems.

--Conceptualist view 概念主义The relationship between word and the referent is not direct, they are linked through ?concept‘— what people think it is.

--Contextualism语境论Context—meaning is based on context

--Behaviorism 行为主义?language shoul d be treated as a mode of action, not an instrument

of reflection‘

47.Sense and reference 涵义与指称义Sense and reference refer to two related but very

different aspects of meaning:

Sense—system of relationships between the linguistic elements themselves; intra-linguistic relations

Reference—relationships between the linguistic elements and the non-linguistic world of experience; ultra-linguistic relations

48.Sense relations between words

Synonymy 同义关系

Polysemy and homonymy 多义词同音(或同形)异意

Hyponymy 上下义关系

Antonymy 反义关系

心理学专业英语复习资料

心理学专业英语复习资料 I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese 1. Research Methods 研究方法 2. Psychophysics 心理物理学 3. Theories of Learning 学习理论 4. Social Cognition 社会认知 5．Personality Test 人格测试 6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量 7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究 8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力 9. Motor control 运动控制 10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体 11. Group Thinking 群体思维 12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠 13. Social Exchange 社会交换 14. Social Approval 社会赞许 15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散 16. Recency Effec 近因效应 17．Trace Decay 痕迹消退 18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘 19. Social Support 社会支持 20. Self-efficacy 自我效能 21. Case Study 个案研究 II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English 1. 机能主义functionalism 2. 自我实现self—actualization 3．一般规律研究法nomothetic method 4. 分层抽样stratified sampling 5. 外在信度external reliability 6. 选择性注意selective attention 7. 知觉恒常性perceptual constancy 8. 自我概念self concept 9. 液体智力fluid intelligence 10. 安全型依恋secure attachment 11. 性别图示gender schema 12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior 13. 从众实验conformity experiment 14. 头脑风暴brain storming 15. 社会助长social facilitation 16. 旁观者效应bystander effect 17. 标准差standard deviation 18. 柱状图bar chart 19. 正态分布normal distribution

英语专业-语言学考点汇总

Chapter 1 三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s lang uages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’. 3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。 5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.

英语专业语言学课件

Linguistics is a systematic study of language. ?Language is a system of verbal, arbitrary symbols for human communications. 3. Design features of language Design features: the features that define human languages. ▲arbitrariness ▲duality ▲creativity ▲displacement 4. Do animals have languages? 5. Perspectives of language studies Language involves three activities: a. Human brain b. muscular activity of the body c. social activity ?5.1 Language as innate天生的human knowledge Noam Chomsky (1928-) ?Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG) language acquisition is innately(biologically ) determined, that we‘re born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. (innateness hypotheses) ?Cook(1985) defines UG as being made up of ―the language properties inherent in the human mind.‖ ?There are 2 components which contribute to language acquisition: ※the innate knowledge of the learner (UG: principles) ※the environment (parameter) ?5.2 Language as a fixed code Language is a code, namely, it is the sets of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that, together with the lexicon, can be used to construct any or all sentences of a language; ?when these sentences are combined into larger units, we get texts. ?5.3 Language as a system ?5.4 Language as interaction ?― Language and communication are the two sides of the sa me coin‖. Implications for classroom teaching ?（1）to provide opportunities for communication. ? ?（2）To provide opportunities for group work. 6. Functions of language ?6.1 Referential function Informational信息的, or referential指示的, or ideational概念的function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described. ?6.2 Interpersonal function It is concerned with interaction betw. the addresser and addressee in a discourse 交谈situation and the addresser‘s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. ?6.3 Performative function ?6.4. Emotive function (in the hearer) ?6.5 Phatic communion ?Different cultures have different topics of phatic交流感情的communion: 6.6 Recreational function 7. Important distinctions in linguistics

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