大学英语专业语言学重点概念复习
术语解释：
Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific and systematic study of language.
Design features（甑别性特征）: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
Arbitrariness(任意性): It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds
Productivity /creativity (创造性）: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
Recursiveness(递归性）: according to some linguistic theories , the capacity that enables the grammar of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences.
Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.
Interchangeability(可交替性）：means that any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.
Displacement（移位性）: Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication.
Duality（二元性）: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.
Informative(信息功能）: The use of language to record facts to state what things are like, and to exchange information.
Interpersonal Function(人际功能）: It is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.
Performative(行为功能）:Language can be used to do things, to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.
Emotive Function(情感功能）：Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.
Phatic Communion(交流功能）:This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.
Ritual exchange: exchange that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.
Recreational Function(娱乐功能）: the use of language to have fun.
Metalingual Function(元语言功能）：language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.
研究语言学坚持的原则：Exhaustiveness穷尽性Consistency一致性Economy 经济性Objectivity客观性
Phonetics（语言学）: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. / the characteristics of speech sounds and provide methods for their description, classification, transcription
Phonology(音韵学): The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication.
Morphology（形态学）: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.
Syntax（句法）: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. / the rule governing the combination of words into sentences
Semantics（语义学）: It studies how meaning is encoded in a language. / The study of meaning in language is called semantics.
Pragmatics(语用学): The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学）: the interdisciplinary study of language.
Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.
Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.
Anthropological Linguistics(人类语言学）: It mainly concerned with the change of language, the different between language in the past and in the present, and its evolution.
Computational Linguistics(计算机语言学）: an interdisciplinary branch of study in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied often with the aid of a computer.
Applied linguistics（应用语言学）: Finding in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学）：It studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Descriptive(描述的）:If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.
Prescriptive(规定的）：It aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language.
Competence（能力）: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal speaker's knowledge of the underlying system of rules in a language,
Performance(表现）: refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.
Synchronic(共时性）：study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. It refers to the description of a language at some point of time in history.
Diachronic(历时性）：study examines language through the course of time. It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time.
langue（语言）: refers to the speaker's understanding and knowledge of the language that he speaks.It's a social phenomenon,an abstraction shared by all the members within a speech community.
Parole（言语）: Parole refers to the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker. It's an individual linguistic phenomenon .
Differences: Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language use rs all have to follow; Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is relatively stable, while Parole varies fro m person to person, from situation to situation. Langue is abstract; Parole is concrete.
第二章
Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）: is the study of the production of speech sounds.
Acoustic phonetics（听觉发音学）: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.
Auditory/Perceptual phonetics（感知语音学）: is concerned with the perception of …
Speech Organs（发音器官）: Organs in human body whose secondary use is in the production of speech sounds.
International phonetic alphabet（国际音标）: It is a standardized and internation ally accepted system of phonetic transcription.
Consonants(辅音):The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point of the vocal tract.
Vowels(元音）:sounds in the production of which no two articulators come very close together and no airstream is obstructed at any point of vocal tract
Vowel glides/ Diphthongs(双元音）: It's produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.It's has an audible change of quality.
Coarticulation(协同发音）：when such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.
Complementary distribution(互补分布）：when two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
Free variation(自由变体）;when the substitution of one sound for the other does not produce a new word.
Phoneme(音素）: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. / minimal linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish.
Allophone（音位变体）: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
Phonetic similarity(语音相似性）：means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.
Intonation（声调）: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
phone （音子）: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
phonemic contrast（音位对立）: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
Tone（语气）: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
minimal pair（最小音差）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
语言学重点概念总结
Design features（定义特征）: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. Synchronic（共时的）: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic（历时的）: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Prescriptive（规定式）: to make an authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Descriptive（描写式）: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Competence（语言能力）: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance（语言运用）:
the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue（语言）: the language system shared by a “speech community”. 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole（言语）: the concrete utterances of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Phonology（音系学）： the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. International Phonetic Alphabet（国际音标）: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include
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第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form
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