高级英语写作
《高级英语写作(一)、（二）》教学大纲
李立编写
英语专业课程教学大纲
252 目录
前言 (253)
一、概述 (253)
二、课程教学目的和基本要求 (253)
三、课程主要内容及课时分配 (253)
四、相关教学环节 (254)
五、使用教材 (254)
Chapter I Introduction to Advanced English Writing (255)
Chapter II Planning an Essay (257)
Chapter III Description (261)
Chapter IV Narration (264)
Chapter V Argumentation (269)
Chapter VI Illustration (272)
Chapter VII Definition (276)
Chapter VIII Classification (279)
Chapter IX Contrast and Comparison (283)
Chapter X Understanding Cause and Effect Analysis (286)
Chapter XI Process Analysis (290)
Chapter XII Writing Letters (294)
Chapter XIII Writing a Resume and a Cover Letter (298)
Chapter XIV Writing Memos (301)
参考书目 (304)
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
前言
一、概述
《高级英语写作教程》(A Course for Advanced English Writing)是为外国语学院英语专业本科生第4、5学期开设的一门专业必修课。
在我国日益融入全球化进程的今天，英语书面交际能力在对外交流中占据着越来越重要的地位。这种重要性表现在对书面交际的需求日益增加、对写作能力的要求日益提高两个方面。高层次的书面交流，不仅要求使用语法正确、句子通顺、结构完整的英语表达思想，更重要的是要从中西文化差异、思维方式差异和表达习惯差异的角度出发，学会针对不同对象和目标，运用不同的语言达到交际和沟通的目的。
《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》对本科生大三、大四的英语写作能力提出了明确而量化的要求。与此同时，近年英语专业八级统测的作文题目越来越向测试学生使用英语表达创造性思维的方向发展。
全球化发展大环境的需求和《教学大纲》对英语写作提出的新要求，从两个不同侧面为高级英语写作教学指明了方向。英语专业高级写作教学的基本任务和目标，应该是帮助学生了解中西方思维、表达方式的差异，学会使用西方人更习惯因而更容易接受的方式表达思想，成功而又创造性地进行书面交流。本课程大纲就是在这样的方针指导下编写完成的。
二、课程教学目的和基本要求
本课程旨在使学生1）用英语连贯性地表达思想，2）了解不同体裁的英语写作，掌握不同体裁的结构特点及写作风格，以及3）了解并练习英语实用文体写作。
本课程要求学生完成以下三个方面并以此综合评分：（1）上课出勤及课堂讨论（30%）；（2）作业（40%）和（3）期末考试（30%）.
三、课程主要内容及课时分配
本课程分两大部分。
第一部分包括描写文、叙述文、论说文等各种不同体裁的写作。每讲分两部分。第一部分详细解释该体裁的结构特点和写作策略等。第二部分是范文选读，通过阅读该体裁的名家佳作数篇，使学生了解不同体裁的写作风格，最后布置适量的练习。
253
英语专业课程教学大纲
254 第二部分是实用性写作，包括书信(私人信件和商务信件)、简历和应聘信以及备忘录等写作，
这些都是学习英语写作的学生应掌握的写作技巧。
课程安排：本课程以每周一次(2课时)计，每学期36学时，包括2学时期中考试及16学时作业讲评。共上两个学期。
四、相关教学环节
本课程以任务教学法的方式分别训练学生的语言技能、不同体裁文章、实用交际文种等的写作基本方法，并紧扣《教学大纲》对专业六级和八级的写作要求，分不同步骤训练学生撰写各种正式文种，提高学生使用英语的能力，为写好毕业论文奠定坚实的基础。
本课程应该注意两个重点。一是教材内容本身，特别要注重培养学生掌握符合英语习惯的篇章结构和表达方式；二是对学生作文的课堂讲评。学生在完成有针对性的写作任务后，教师要从篇章结构、逻辑思维、语言连贯、选词得当等方面进行课堂讲评，让学生了解怎样从宏观和微观两方面体现英语表达的习惯，提高书面交际的能力与效果。
另外，教师在讲授过程中还应当强调学生对课文的预习、要启发学生独立思考和判断的学习主动性。教师的讲授主要在于分析和引导，帮助学生深化对文章的理解。做练习的方法与步骤以学生课外完成、课堂讨论、教师归纳总结的方式进行。
五、使用教材
丁往道、吴冰等主编，1994，《英语写作手册》，北京外语教学与研究出版社出版。
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
255
Chapter I Introduction to Advanced English Writing
Contents:
1.1 Introduction to Advanced English Writing 1.2 Class discussion
1.3 Group discussion
1.4 Assignment
Time Allotment:
Four teaching hours are allocated for this chapter.
1.1 Introduction to Advanced English Writing
z Course Description: This course will consist of two parts. Part One is intended as a review of the present writing skills, which students have already had. Part Two, as a supplement to and extension of composition courses, will introduce and describe different writing styles and practical writing.
z Course Objectives: The aims of the course are: (1) to enable students to express themselves coherently in English; (2) to instruct and support students in producing different styles of writing; and (3) to teach and help students in practical writing.
z Teaching Arrangements ：With 2 periods per week, this course is scheduled for 2 semesters. z Teaching Methods ：Much of the class time will be spent in lecturing sessions, discussions and workshops. Students will be given due instructions and guidance to the process of different styles of writing
z Class sessions:
Introduction to the Advanced English Writing Class
Planning an Essay
Description
Narration
Argumentation
Illustration
Definition
Classification
Mid-term test
Comparison and Contrast
Understanding Cause and Effect
Process of Analysis
Writing Letters
Writing Resumes and Cover Letters
Writing Memo
Punctuation
Revision
英语专业课程教学大纲
256 Course Requirements: Assessment will be based on (1) your regular participation in class lectures
and group discussions (30%); (2) Assignments (40%) and (3) Final exam (30%).
Reference Books:
丁往道、吴冰等，1994，《英语写作手册》，北京，外语教学与研究出版社。
1.2 Class discussion
Discuss the following topics in class:
Why is writing so important?
What is good writing?
1.3. Group discussion
Work in 4 or 5, discuss the following questions:
When was the last time you wrote in English? How did it go? Were you happy with the result? What was the easy part? What was the more difficult part? What do you think makes good writing in English? What do you think are the differences between writing in Chinese and writing in English?
Do you agree with the statement that writing abilities in Chinese and English can be mutually enhancing? Why (not)? Can they also work to your disadvantage? For example, your English writing may sound somewhat Chinese-ish or your Chinese writing may sound somewhat English-ish. How to overcome this?
Are you confident that you will be able to reach your goal of significantly improving your English writing abilities? What are your strengths and what are your weaknesses? How to make the best use of your strengths and how to work to overcome your weaknesses?
Do you want to join the debate whether it is possible or desirable for a non-native speaker to think in English directly? Have you ever dreamed in English? Has it ever happened to you that when you woke up in the morning you still remembered what you had said in English in the dream?
1.4 Assignment
Write a paper about 200 – 300 words about the differences between Chinese writing and western writing.
Further Reading
祁寿华，2001，《高级英语写作指南》，上海，上海外语教育出版社。
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
257
Chapter II Planning an Essay
Contents:
2.1 Choosing and limiting a topic
2.2 Determining your purpose
2.3 Gathering Material
2.4 Writing a thesis statement
2.5 Outlining an essay
2.6 Writing Assignment
Time Allotment:
Six teaching hours are allocated for this chapter.
2.1 Choosing and limiting a topic
Many of the topics you write about in college will be assigned by your teacher. In such cases, make sure that you know exactly what the subject or question demands.
Sometimes you will be allowed to choose a topic at your will. The only thing you need to do is to think hard and keep the following guidelines in mind. Then you are sure to think out a good topic:
Choose a topic that interests you and about which you either have some knowledge or can acquire it without much trouble.
Choose a topic which is small enough to handle in the usual essay of 500 to 700 words. Broad topics like "love", "happiness" and "war" would have to be narrowed down and restricted to be discussed adequately in a theme of this length.
Choose a topic which will be interesting to your readers. An elaborate description of your dog, while fascinating to you, might not hold your readers ' interest.
Try to avoid topics that have been written to death unless you have something fresh and new to say. Otherwise, you will bore your readers.
After you have decided on a subject, your next job is to reduce it to manageable proportions. You cannot cover everything related to this topic, because it will be too vague and general.
2.2 Determining your purpose
Once you've limited your subject, you need set your purposed that is, you should decide how you will communicate with your readers. You cannot hope to write a coherent essay until you set your purpose , because it is the purpose that gives the focus to your essay. It determines what you include and what you leave out; in other words, it controls the content of your writing. The purposes of writing can be classified into three:
To entertain or please the reader by making the subject enjoyable.
To inform or instruct the reader by conveying or explaining the meaning of certain information.
To persuade the reader by convincing him or her to follow a certain course of action.
英语专业课程教学大纲
258 In your writing, you will find that these purposes often overlap, with the result that you will
sometimes entertain your readers as you inform, or inform as you try to persuade. Nevertheless, each piece of effective writing has a main or dominant purpose. If it does not, it will be like a boat without a rudder, drifting without direction.
The best way to avoid confusion of purpose is to formulate a statement of purpose before writing. This is a sentence that states your purpose in relation to your readers and your subject. It helps you keep in mind your central idea and the response you want from your readers.
2.3 Gathering Material
Having selected a topic and determined your purpose, you are now ready to take the next step before writing your essay: gathering material.
To develop your topic, you need to gather ideas, facts, examples, and details. There are several techniques for collecting ideas about the topic. In your practice, you can choose any one of these techniques.
2.3.1 Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a pre-writing technique that is very helpful in generating ideas on a specific topic. When you are assigned a topic for an essay, write down anything and everything that the topic brings to mind. Write for a few minutes, putting down all the words and phrases that come to mind. Don't stop to correct your grammar and spelling--you are trying to get as many ideas down as quickly as possible. Brainstorming involves the listing of words and phrases rather than complete sentences. As you brainstorm, you will see divisions and aspects of the subject that you had not anticipated, and soon your paper will be filled with a list of ideas connected with your topic. Many of those ideas will not be usable, of course, but many will fit your needs. The point is to let your imagination race ahead unhampered.
2.3.2 Free-writing
Free-writing is another technique used in pre-writing. It means jotting down in rough sentences or phrases everything that comes to mind without worries about grammar, spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, sequence, or word choice until you get some ideas down on the page. The following steps are the procedure you take in free-writing.
Write your subject at the top of the page.
Start writing. Don't worry about sentence structure. Ramble as much as you like.
Keep up this pace for a specified length of time. Spend about four or six minutes writing.
Write whatever comes into your mind.
After your time is up, take a look at the ideas and expressions you have discovered.
2.3.3 Clustering
Clustering is a technique used for generating ideas through a visual representation or scheme. This method is useful for understanding the relationship between the topics and sub-topics of your chosen subject. Clustering is particularly useful in narrowing down a topic. To create your own cluster, use the following steps:
Put the subject in the center of a page. Circle or underline it.
As you think of other ideas, link the new ideas to the central circle with lines.
As you think of ideas that relate to the new ideas, add to those in the same way.
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
The result will look like a web on your page. Locate clusters of interest to you, and use the terms you attached to the key ideas as departure points for your paper. Clustering helps to discover new ideas on the topic. It is especially useful in determining the relationship between ideas. It makes you see links between sub-topics. You may identify specific ideas that might provide a thesis if your main topic is too broad. You will be able to distinguish how the ideas fit together, especially where there is an abundance of ideas.
2.4 Writing a thesis statement
After looking over your list of ideas, ask yourself what you want to say about them. What are you really trying to tell your readers about the topic? The answer to that question is expressed in the thesis statement, a sentence containing the main idea and purpose of the essay.
The thesis statement contains two parts: the topic and your assertion or view of the topic--what you intend to say about the topic. Thus, the effect of the new freeway on my hometown is a topic; the new freeway running through my hometown has transformed a sleepy little community is a thesis statement.
The thesis statement is similar to the topic sentence in that it contains an expression of an attitude, opinion, or idea about a topic; unlike the topic sentence, however, the thesis statement is broader and expresses the controlling idea for the entire essay. In fact, each of the developmental paragraphs should have a controlling idea that echoes or relates to the controlling idea in the thesis statement.
A good thesis has the following characteristics:
The thesis statement should be expressed in a complete sentence.
A thesis statement expresses an opinion, attitude, or idea; it does not simply announce the topic the essay will develop.
A thesis statement should express an opinion; it should not express a fact. Since it expresses an attitude, opinion, or idea about a topic, it is really a statement that someone could disagree with.
A thesis statement should express only one idea toward one topic; if a thesis statement contains two or more ideas, the essay runs the risk of lacking unity and coherence.
2.5 Outlining an essay
The last step before writing your essay is to organize and arrange the ideas you have collected in your gathering material stage according to your purpose and thesis statement. You try to achieve the most logical and attractive effect, yet you must recognize the boundaries you have to work within. The most interesting and exciting ideas will not be worth much in an essay if your readers can not follow them. This means that all of your facts, details, impressions, and examples have to be organized in a plan that makes sense to your readers.
Outlining is central to writing a good essay. An outline lets you see, and work on, the bare bones of a paper, without the distraction of a clutter of words and sentences. It develops your ability to think in a clear and logical manner, helps you organize your thoughts beforehand. Outlining provides a quick check on whether your essay will be unified. It also suggests right at the start whether your writing will be adequately supported, and shows you how to plan a well-organized writing.
2.6 Writing Assignment
Write down everything you can about a social issue for four minutes such as unemployment, China's entry into WTO and going abroad. Then underline three or four best ideas.
259
英语专业课程教学大纲
260 Write a thesis statement for each of the following subjects.
(1) The worst experience I ever had.
(2) Why I choose my major?
(3) Life in the city and countryside
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
261
Chapter III Description
Contents:
3.1 Understanding the Description
3.2 Strategies for writing a descriptive essay
3.3 Model essays
3.4 Writing Assignment
Time Allotment:
Four teaching hours are allocated for this chapter.
3.1 Understanding the Description
Descriptive writing can be compared to a good photograph: it presents a clear picture of an object, a person, or a scene. But good description goes a step further. It appeals to the reader's sense of sound, smell, touch, taste, and sight. It is filled with details that help to create a dominant impression; it has a focus.
3.1.1. Structure of a descriptive essay
In a descriptive essay, the introduction, Body, and conclusion all work together to bring a subject to life. The introduction captures the reader's attention. The thesis statement expresses one main impression of the subject. The body of supporting paragraphs brings the picture to life through specific details and words that appeal to the senses. The conclusion reinforces the overall impression by summarizing the specific details or by making a vivid comparison.
3.1.2. Features of a descriptive essay
A descriptive essay has one, clear dominant impression, a mood or atmosphere that reinforces your writing purpose.
A descriptive essay can be objective or subjective, giving the author a wide choice of tone, diction and attitude.
The purpose of a purely descriptive essay is to involve the reader enough so he or she can actually visualize the things being described.
The language of a descriptive essay also depends, to great extent, on whether your purpose is primarily objective or subjective.
3.2. Strategies for writing a descriptive essay
3.2.1. Focus on a dominant impression
Try giving all the details first; the dominant impression then is built from these details. Check your details to be sure that they are consistent with the dominant impression. The dominant impression of your description should be the heart of the person, place, or scene you are attempting to describe. You must carefully select details to support the dominant impression , omit details which are incongruent with the dominant impression. Although descriptive essays often imply, rather than explicitly state, the dominant
英语专业课程教学大纲
impression, that impression should be unmistakable. Unless the description is objective, you must be sure that the dominant impression conveys an attitude.
3.2.2. Organize the descriptive details
Select the organizational pattern that best supports your dominant impression. The paragraphs in a descriptive essay are usually sequenced spatially (from top to bottom, interior to exterior, near to far) or chronologically (as the subject is experienced in time). The paragraphs can also be ordered emphatically (ending with your subject's most striking elements) or by sensory impression (first smell, then taste, then touch, and so on).
3.2.3. Use vivid language and varied structure
Often the general statements at the beginning and end of a descriptive paragraph tell the reader something about the subject. In the body of the paragraph, however, the specific details show rather than tell, letting the reader's senses and imagination create a fresh experience. The words you select must create in the readers' minds the same picture that you have in yours.
i) You should use concrete sensory details in subjective description.
ii) You should use figurative language.
iii) You should vary sentence structure.
3.2.
4. Use transitions in descriptive essays
In a descriptive essay, transitional words and phrases guide the reader from one detail to another in space, time, or some other logical order. Use transitional words and phrases such as above, beside, farther, inside, next to, outside, and under to clarify relationships between objects.
3.3. Model essays
Glories of the Storm
It begins when a feeling of stillness creeps into my consciousness. Everything has suddenly gone quiet. Birds do not chirp. Leaves do not rustle. Insects do not sing.
The air that has been hot all day becomes heavy. It hangs over the trees, presses the heads of the flowers to the ground, sits on my shoulder. With a vague feeling of uneasiness I move to the window. There, in the west, lies the answer--cloud has piled to form a ridge of mammoth white towers, rearing against blue sky.
Their piercing whiteness is of brief duration. Soon the marshmallow rims flatten to anvil tops, and the clouds reveal their darker nature. They impose themselves before the late-afternoon sun, and the day darkens early. Then a gust of wind whips the dust along the road, chill warning of what is to come.
In the house a door shuts with a bang, curtains billow into the room. I rush to close the windows, empty the clothesline, secure the patio furnishings. Thunder begins to grumble in the distance.
The first drops of rain are huge. They split into the dust and imprint the windows with individual signatures. They plink on the vent pipe and plunk on the patio roof. Leaves shudder under their weight before rebounding, and the sidewalk wears a coat of shinny spots.
The rhythm accelerates; plink follows plunk faster and faster until the sound is a roll of drums and the individual drops become an army marching over fields and rooftops. Now the first bolt of lightening stabs the earth. It is heaven's exclamation point. The storm is here!
262
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
In spite of myself, I jump at the following crack of thunder. It rattles the windowpane and sends the dog scratching to get under the bed. The next bolt is even closer, it raises the hair on the back of my neck, and I take an involuntary step away from the window.
The rain now becomes a torrent, flung capriciously by a rising wind. Together they batter the trees and level the grasses. Water streams off roofs and out of rain spouts. It pounds against the window in such a steady wash that I am sightless. There is only water. How can so much fall so fast? How could the clouds have supported this vast weight? How can the earth endure beneath it?
Pacing through the house from window to window, I am moved to open- mouthed wonder. Look bow the lilac bends under the assault, how the day lilies are flattened, how the hillside steps are a new-made waterfall! Now hailstones thump upon the roof. They bounce white against the grass and splash into the puddles. I think of the vegetable garden, the fruit tree, the crops in the fields; but, thankfully, the hailstones are not enough in numbers or size to do real damage. Not this time.
For this storm is already beginning to pass. The tension is released from the atmosphere, the curtains of rain let in more light. The storm has spent most of its energy, and what is left will be expanded on the countryside to the east.
I am drawn outside while the rain still falls. All around, there is cool and welcome feeling. I breathe deeply and watch the sun's rays streak through breaking clouds. One ray catches the drops that form on the edge of the roof, and I am treated to a row of tiny, quivering colors--my private rainbow.
I pick my way through the wet grass, my feet sinking into the saturation soil. The creek in the gully runs bank-full of brown water, but the small lakes and puddles are already disappearing into the earth. Every leaf, brick, shingle and blade of grass is fresh-washed and shining.
Like the land, I am renewed, my spirit cleansed, I feel an infinite peace. For a time I have forgotten the worries and irritations I was nurturing before. They have been washed away by the glories of the storm.
3.4. Writing Assignment
Describe a storm from another point of view, that's to say, employ a different dominant impression. You can emphasize its violence, beauty or evil. You can also describe a snow, or a hot day. Try to use your language and various sentence structures to create vividness.
263
英语专业课程教学大纲
264
Chapter IV
Narration
Contents:
4.1 Understanding the Narration
4.2. Strategies for writing a narrative essay
4.3 Model essays
4.4 Writing assignment
Time Allotment:
Four teaching hours are allocated for this chapter.
4.1 Understanding the Narration
4.1.1. Structure of narration
Narration is the kind of writing you do when you want to tell your readers how something happened.
Your purpose in telling a story may be to illustrate a point, persuade, or entertain, but all good narrative essays follow a basic pattern. The introduction presents a thesis, an overall theme for the story. Then the story unfolds, usually in chronological order, with sufficient detail and description that your readers can experience the events along with you. The conclusion brings the story to a satisfying end and reinforces its point.
4.2. Strategies for writing a narrative essay
4.2.1. Decide on your point of view
All stories have a narrator, the person who tells the story. If you, as narrator, tell a story as you experienced it, the story is written in the FIRST- PERSON point of view or SUBJECTIVE point of view.
The point of view you should use will depend on the intent of your narration. Telling your own story will necessarily entail the use of the subjective point of view; telling someone else's, the objective.
4.2.2. Identify your purpose
The story you tell must have a clear purpose; it must have a point. Good narration not only tells who did what to whom, where, when, and how. It also states or clearly implies why the event or incident is significant. The subject of your essay is the point you are making, not the story you are telling. Your purpose also decides your focus.
The significance of the event, the specific point you want to make about it, is the essay's thesis, and can be either implicitly or explicitly expressed. As in other essays, this thesis should serve to focus your narration. When recounting your narration, be sure readers are clear about your narrative point, or thesis.
4.2.3. Develop only those details that advance the narrative point
When deciding what to include in your narration, you can answer the standard journalistic questions: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Most readers will want to know what happened, when it happened, where it happened, why it happened, how it happened, and who was involved. The unrelated details should be eliminated. In addition to determining your significant details, you must determine
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
which of these details require major emphasis, and which require minor emphasis. For some narrations, who and where may deserve extended treatment, while the why, when, and how need less development. Yet other narrations may involve detailed discussion of the why. The selecting of details and their different treatment is determined by the purpose of your narration and your audience.
4.2.4. Organize the narrative sequence
Once the details are selected, they need to be arranged in an appropriate and effective way. Every narrative begins somewhere, presents a span of time, and ends at a certain point. There are three ways to arrange the details:
Chronological order.
Flashback.
Flash-forward.
4.2.
5. Make the narrative easy to follow
Make sure that your opening paragraph introduces the scene and major characters fully enough that your readers are not confused. In your closing paragraph, draw the strings together to leave your readers with a feeling of satisfactory closure. Describing each distinct action in a separate paragraph helps readers grasp the flow of events. You should be sure to use time signals when narrating a story. Words like now, then, next, after, and later ensure that your readers will not get lost as the story progresses.
4.2.6. Make the narrative vigorous and immediate
A compelling narrative provides an abundance of specific details, making readers feel as if they are experiencing the story being told. Readers must be able to see, hear, touch, smell, and taste the event you are narrating. Three devices can be adopted to achieve this effect.
z Using sensory description.
z Dialogue.
z Varied sentence structure.
4.2.7. Keep verb terse consistent
In writing narratives, knowing whether to use the past or present tense is important. In most narrations, the past tense predominates, enabling the writer to span a considerable period of time. Although rarely used, the present tense can be powerful for events of short duration--a wrestling match or a medical emergency, for instance. A narrative in the present tense prolongs each moment, intensifying the reader's sense of participation. Whichever tense you choose, avoid shifting midstream- starting in the past tense and switching to present tense.
4.3. Model essays
Shame
Dick Gregory
I never learned hate at home, or shame, I had to go to school for that. I was about seven years old when I got my first big lesson. I was in love with a little girl named Helene Tucker, a light-complicated little girl with pigtails and nice manners. She was always clean and she was smart in school. I think I went to school mostly to look at her. I brushed my hair and even got me a little old handkerchief. It was a lady's handkerchief, but I didn't want Helene to see me wipe my nose on my hand. The pipes were frozen again, there was no water in the house, but I washed my socks and shirt every night. I'd get a pot, and go over to Mr. Ben's grocery store, and stick my pot down into his soda machine, and scoop out some chopped ice.
265
英语专业课程教学大纲
By evening the ice melted to water for washing. I got sick a lot that winter because the fire would go out at night before the clothes were dry. In the morning I'd put them on, wet or dry, because they were the only clothes I had.
Everybody's got a Helene Tucker, a symbol of everything you want. I loved her for her goodness, her cleanliness, her popularity. She'd walk down my street and my brothers and sisters would yell, "Here comes Helene," and I'd rub my tennis sneakers on the back of my pants and wish my hair wasn't so nappy and the white folks' shirt fit me better. I'd run out on the street. If I knew my place and didn't come too close, she'd wink at me and say hello. That was a good feeling. Sometimes I'd follow her all the way home, and shovel the snow off her walk and try to make friends with her Momma and her aunts. I'd drop money on her stoop late at night on my way back from shinning shoes in the taverns. And she had a Daddy, and he had a good job. He was a paper hanger.
I guess I would have gotten over Helene by summertime, but something happened in that classroom that made her face hang in front me for the next twenty-two years. When I played the drums in high school it was for Helene and when I broke track records in college it was for Helene and when I started standing behind microphones and heard applause I wished Helene could hear it, too. It wasn't until I was twenty-nine years old and married and making money that I really got her out of my system. Helene was sitting in that classroom when I learned to be ashamed of myself.
It was on a Thursday. I was sitting in the back of the room, in a seat with a chalk circle drawn around it. The idiot's seat, the troublemaker's seat.
The teacher thought I was stupid. Couldn't read, couldn't do arithmetic. Just stupid. Teachers were never interested in finding out that you couldn't concentrate because you were so hungry, because you hadn't had any breakfast. All you could think about was noontime, would it ever come? Maybe you could sneak into the cloakroom and steal a bite of some kid's lunch out of a coat pocket. A bite of something. Paste. You can't really make a meal out of paste, or put it on bread for a sandwich, but sometimes I'd scoop a few spoonfuls out of the paste jar in the back of the room. Pregnant people get strange tastes. I was pregnant with poverty. Pregnant with dirt and pregnant with smells that made people turn away, pregnant with cold and pregnant with shoes that were never bought for me, pregnant with five other people in my bed and no Daddy in the next room, and pregnant with hunger. Paste doesn't taste too bad when you're hungry.
The teacher thought I was a troublemaker. All she saw from the front of the room was a little black boy who squirmed in his idiot's seat and made noises and poked the kids around him. I guess she couldn't see a kid who made noises because he wanted someone to know he was there.
It was on a Thursday, the day before the Negro payday. The eagle always flew on Friday. The teacher was asking each student how much his father would give to the Community Chest. On Friday night, each kid would get the money from his father, and on Monday he would bring it to the school. I decided I was going to buy me a Daddy right then. I had money in my pocket from shinning shoes and selling papers and whatever Helene Tucker pledged for her Daddy I was going to top it. And I'd hand the money right in. I wasn't going to wait until Monday to buy me a Daddy.
I was shaking, scared to death. The teacher opened her book and started calling our names alphabetically.
"Helene Tucker?"
"My Daddy said he'd give two dollars and fifty cents."
266
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
"That's very nice, Helene. Very, very nice indeed."
That made me feel pretty good. It wouldn't take too much to top that. I had almost three dollars in dimes and quarters in my pocket. I stuck my hand in my pocket and held onto the money, waiting for her to call my name. But the teacher closed her book after she called everybody else in the class.
I stoop up and raised my hand.
"What is it now?"
"You forgot me."
She turned toward the blackboard. "I don't have time to be playing with you, Richard."
"My Daddy said he'd ..."
"Sit down, Richard, you are disturbing the class."
"My daddy said he'd give... fifteen dollars."
She turned around and looked mad. "We are collecting this money for you and your kind, Richard Gregory. If your Daddy can give fifteen dollars you have no business being on relief."
"I got it right now, I got it right now, and my Daddy gave it to me to turn in today, my Daddy said... "
"And furthermore," she said, looking right at me, her nostrils getting big and her lips getting thin and her eyes open wide, "we know you don't have a Daddy."
Helene Tucker turned around, her eyes full of tears. She felt sorry for me. Then I couldn't see her too well because I was crying, too.
"Sit down, Richard."
And I always thought the teacher kind of liked me. She always picked me to wash the blackboard on Friday, after school. That was a big thrill, it made me feel important. If I didn't wash it, come Monday the school might not function right.
"Where are you going, Richard?"
I walked out of school that day, and for a long time I didn't go back very often. There was shame there.
Now there was shame everywhere. It seemed like the whole world had been inside that classroom, everyone had heard what the teacher had said, and everyone had turned around and felt sorry for me. There was shame in going to the Worthy Boys Annual Christmas Dinner for you and your kind, because everybody knew what a worthy boy was. Why couldn't they just call it the Boys Annual Dinner, why'd they have to give it a name? There was shame in wearing the brown and orange and white plaid mackinaw the welfare gave to 3,000 boys. Why'd it have to be the same for everybody so when you walked down the street the people could see you were on relief? It was a nice warm mackinaw and it had a hood, and my Momma beat me and called me a little rat when she found out I stuffed it in the bottom of a pail full of garbage way over on Cottage Street. There was shame in running over to Mister Ben's at the end of the day and asking for his rotten peaches, there was shame in asking Mrs. Simmons for a spoonful of sugar, there was shame in running out to meet the relief truck. I hated that truck, full of food for you and your kind. I ran into the house and hid when it came. And then I started to sneak through alleys, to take the long way home so people going into Whitens Eat Shop wouldn't see me. Yeah, the whole world heard the teacher that day, we all know you don't have a Daddy.
4.4. Writing assignment
267
英语专业课程教学大纲
268 Decide on a story you would like to tell. If you have trouble thinking of a story, consider the
following subject areas:
(1) An incident in school
(2) An unusual outing
(3) The time you learned an important lesson
(4) A memorable gathering
高级英语写作(一)、（二）
269
Chapter V Argumentation
Contents:
5.1 Types of Argumentation
5.2 Strategies for writing an argumentative essay
5.3 Model Essays
5.4 Writing Assignment
Time Allotment:
Four teaching hours are allocated for this chapter.
5.1 Types of Argumentation
An essay that presents an argument is designed to influence people to believe something or to behave in a specific way. There are two basic types of arguments . One type is designed to convince readers to accept a particular point of view . Another type of argument is designed to convince readers to take a certain action or to do something. Essays that present this type of argument might urge an uncompromising action against fake goods for the benefit of customers. An effective argumentative essay needs to meet the following specific requirements.
z It introduces and explains the problem or issue, sometimes tracing its causes,
z In some cases it states the possible positions to be taken on the problem.
z It states the position that this essay will take.
z It offers proof that the position taken in this essay is reasonable to hold.
z It anticipates objections to this specific position and refutes them.
z It affirms this position and makes a final appeal.
5.2 Strategies for writing an argumentative essay
5.2.1. Identifying the controversy
The first step in writing argumentative essay is to identify the controversy over the issue and your position.
Then you must formulate your proposition in your thesis statement. The thesis statement in an argumentative essay must not be a statement of fact; it must be a proposition the reader can differ. An effective thesis statement for an argumentative essay should:
z Provide a clear, specific statement of your viewpoint.
z State the main ideas you will use to support your argument.
z Tell why the topic is important.
5.2.2. Providing strong support for the thesis
Convincing evidence is a crucial part of an argumentative essay. As in any effective essay, the evidence must be unified, adequate, specific, accurate and representative . Although the number of points varies with the topic, you should try to develop more than two in order to be convincing. Brainstorming is a particularly helpful way of gathering strong evidence. \
英语专业课程教学大纲
270 Supporting evidence might consist of personal experiences or observations, statistics, facts, examples
or authoritative quotations.
z Personal observation or experience.
z Statistics.
z Examples.
z Experts' views.
5.2.3. Acknowledging and refuting differing viewpoints.
If your essay has a clear thesis and strong supporting evidence, you have taken important steps toward a convincing essay. However, because argumentation focuses on controversial issues, you should also consider contrary points of view. To deal with the different viewpoints effectively, you need to go through RAISE-AND-COUNTER- OBJECTIONS process. First you state what the opposition would say in response to your argument, raising the objection. Second, make this objection less compelling in some way. Make sure that opposition arguments are stated briefly and refuted at length, so that your readers know that you do not support the opposition's points. If the different viewpoint is really valid, concede that point. It does little good in an argument to ignore any valid points the other side may have. You can concede them and then go on to show that your points are more important anyway.
5.2.4. Organizing an argumentative essay
z Introduction
z Evidence.
z Refutation.
z Conclusion.
5.3 Model Essays
I Wish They'd Do It Right
Jane Doe
My son and his wife are not married. They have lived together for seven years without the benefit of license. Though occasionally marriage has been a subject of conjecture, it did not seem important until the day they announced, jubilantly, that they were going to have a child. It was happy news. I was ready and eager to become a grandmother. Now, I thought, they will take the final step and make their relationship legal.
I was apprised of the Lamaze method of natural childbirth. I was prepared by Leboyer for birth without violence. I admired the expectant mother's discipline. She ate only organic foods, abstained from alcohol, avoided insecticides, smog and trauma. Every precaution was taken to insure the arrival of a healthy, happy infant. No royal birth had been prepared for more auspiciously. All that was lacking was legitimacy.
Finally, when my grandson was two weeks old, I dared to question their intentions.
"We don't believe in marriage," was all that was volunteered.
"Not even for your son's sake?" I asked. "Maybe he will."
Their eyes were impenetrable, their faces stiffened to masks. "You wouldn't understand,' I was told.
And I don't Surely they cannot believe they are pioneering, making revolutionary changes in society. That frontier has long been tamed. Today marriage offers all the options. Books and talk shows have surfeited us with the freedom offered in open marriage. Lawyers, psychologists and marriage counselors
华中师大《高级英语写作》期末考试备考资料全集题及答案参考答案
华中师范大学网络教育学院 《高级英语写作》练习测试题库参考答案 I. Complete each o f the following sentences with the correct choice of the words given in the brackets. 1.accounting 2.capitalization 3.consolidate 4.electronic 5.frequently 6.indent 7.intelligent 8.location 9.cultural 10.professional 11.accurately 12.description 13.imagination 14.italicize 15.peaceful 16.publicity immediately 17. 18.celebration 19.explanation
20.joyous 21.modify 22.reaction 23.specialty 24.traditional 25.typical 26.available 27.depend 28.excited 29.habitual 30.include 31.invite 32.prediction 33.transportation https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8111579701.html,bine 35.punctuate 36.screaming 37.effective 38.generous 39.gratefully 40.immediately 41.interrupt II. Revise the following sentences. For the revision of some of the sentences, please follow the directions before them.
大学英语作文模板
1. My view on…(就...问题，我的观点) Model 1 模板一 Para 1第一段 Different people have different views on... It is held/ believed/ thought/ recognized/ acknowledged that...But it is also held that ... 就 ...而言，不同的人有不同的观点（见仁见智）。大家都认为...但也有人认为... Those who hold the first opinion feel…In contrast/however/on the contrary, those who hold the second view believe/suggest/argue/believe/think that… 持第一个观点的人认为...相反地，持第二个观点的人认为 Para 2 第二段 As to me, I agree with the former/latter opinion. Admittedly… /后者 In my opinion, I am for From my standpoint / viewpoint, I am in favor of From my point of view, I am supportive of As far as I am concerned What’s more，… Moreover，… Furthermore，… ，… Para 3 结尾段 In a word, … In sum In brief In short It’s necessary to take a correct attitude to…. Only …, can we … In conclusion 对...持正确的态度是有必要的。只有...，我们才能... To sum up As is mentioned above, Taking all the above into consideration, Model 2 模板二 Para 1第一段 随着...到来/诞生，在我们生活/社会中...变得越来越... When asked about ..., different people will offer different opinions.
高级英语写作-2020.1国家开放大学2019年秋季学期期末统一考试试题及答案
试卷代号：1359 国家开放大学2 0 1 9年秋季学期期末统一考试 高级英语写作试题 2020年1月 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校（工作站）名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the examinees: ●This examination consists of 3 parts. They are: Part l:Vocabulary and Structure [10 points] Part 2:Paragraph Organization and Development [40 points] Part 3:Writing an Essay [50 points] ●The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Timeallowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes. ●There will be no extra time to transfer answers to the AnswerSheet; therefore, you should write ALL your answers on theAnswer Sheet as you do each task Part I Vocabulary and Structure [10 points] Questions l-5 are based on the following task. Choose the appropriate words or expressions from the box to complete the following paragraph. There are THREE extra choices that you don ' t need. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. for"dwarf," nano is a one-billionth unit of measurement. (2)______a nanometer is abillionth of a meter, and a virus is nearly 100 nanometers across. Nanotechnology is theterm (3)______describe a wide array of theoretical and experimental approaches toengineering tiny machines: everything from making smaller microchips. to envisioningmolecular robots that could swim through our bloodstream and fight disease. People workingin the field of nanotechnology today are divided between two disciplines : those working fromthe "bottom up," mostly chemists attempting to create structure by connecting molecules;(4)______those working from the "top down", engineers taking existing devices, (5) ______transistors , and making them smaller. Part 2 Paragraph Organization and Development [40 points]
[东北师范大学]《高级英语写作》20春在线作业1-2
【奥鹏】-[东北师范大学]高级英语写作20春在线作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 第1题,As a writer I am very lucky to have so many friends with whom I can discuss art and ____. A、literature B、literacy C、literary D、literate 正确答案:A 第2题,He is very ____ and well-qualified, so he should reach the top of his profession. A、urgent B、ambitious C、proud D、jealous 正确答案:B 第3题,Now able to pay his own____, he continued his schooling at the University of Zurich. A、costs B、payments C、prices D、expenses 正确答案:D 第4题,Our people are afraid that the rate of growth is not ____ with economic stability. A、instant B、considerable C、constant D、consistent 正确答案:D 第5题,The （chief） of the police department demand sever punishments for criminals.选择能代替括号里的选项 A、head B、ruler C、technician D、personnel
大学英语作文全
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking meals and washing clothes.
2020年春 高级英语写作 离线作业答案
离线考核 《高级英语写作》 满分100分 I. Tell an unforgettable thing that happened between you and your father (or mother, or one of your relatives). (40分) 答：I can forget one thing that benefit me enormously. That happened when I studied at Middle School. I studied very hard. I wanted to be the best student in my class. But, I could catch up with my deskmate, Liu Fang. She didn’t have father. She was very poor. But I didn’t know my father cared for her. Once we joined the Maths compition. She did better than me. I was envious of her success. I told it to my father. My father said that I should stuely to her. Don’t envy her. She’s a good student and my good friend. Next day ,my father invited her to my home and cooked many delicious food for her. But Li Fang thought that I was her best friend. She remembered our friend ships. And my father’s loving care for her. I thank my father. Now Li Fang is my best friend. II. What do you want your child to be like? (Or what do you want your future child to be like?) (60分) 答：If I have a child , he must be polite and helpful . When he was a baby , we teach him how to touch with the others , let him know become a usefualman must to do it when he is a baby . As the age is older , if he meet someone , he must say hello to them, and if someone have difficulties , he must try his best to help them , let him do the all the things by himself . Sometimes we will give him some advice . Trains him into a man if he meet problems . No matter the life or study , he must have his advice , we also inviode his advice , let him know we are his friends and assistants . We don’t take part in the strict parents . In the study , we couldn’t force him to study , he must try his best to learn what the teachers teach . Spo much for this , if he become a usefulman , he knows o lot , but the important thing is he must inspect the others first so the others can inspet him . do you think so ?
大学英语作文高级词汇自编
要点:四级120-150六级150-180长短句交叉,不多次重复,高级词汇15个 被动句,插入语,定语从句,强调,名词从句,问句 句型 There is no denying the fact that......不可否认是It is undeniable that……毋庸置疑的是…… It is indisputable that......不可争辩是 when it comes to sth,the overwhelming majority of ......说到sth An increasi ng great number of……一个数目增加的…… It is,therefore,high time that same applicable approaches were implemented by……。Thus,its competetive edge will be sharpened effectively。适当方法被用，提高竞争力。 sth exert a tremendous fascination on sb某人对某物感兴趣 It is no exaggeration to sa y……说……是毫不夸张的 Recently the issue of the phenomenon of……has been brought into focus……问题已成为焦点 As the （classical）proverb goes,‘’……‘’正如谚语所说 With the rapid growth of……,随着……快速增长, 名词短语 fresh point/look新论点/看法 applicable/apposite/appropriate approaches恰当的方法an empty slogan一个空洞的口号 income/generation gap收入差距/代沟 a local point of view狭隘的看法 specialized knowledge and skills专业知识与技能sustainable/rapid development可持续/快速发展 Pandora's Box潘多拉的魔盒 international prestige国际地位 culture/economic globalization文化/经济全球化 vigor and vitality生机与活力 macro regulatory and control ability宏观调控能力Ivory Tower象牙塔 maintenance of ecological balance保护生态平衡 urban/affuent life城市/富足的生活 indispensable element不可或缺的要素 domin/experiential/rudimentary knowledge领域/经验/基础知识 merits and demerits优点和缺点 a two-edged sword双刃剑 动词短语 hatch and breed孕育与培养 seize the opportunities and rise to the challenges抓住机遇,迎接挑战 scrape up/reinfore one's knowledge积累/巩固知识 differentiate virtue from vice区分善恶 （be）despised and condemned被蔑视和谴责 take sth seriously严肃对待 pay a heavy price付出代价 be virtually impossible极不可能 focus attention on self-image注重自我形象 be proficient in精通于 reap the benefits of因/从……得到好处 be conducive to sth有助于 turn a bleed eye on无视 sharpen one' competitive edge提高某人竞争力 be inclined to do想要,倾向做 contribute directly to直接有助于 pray in aid of求助于 frown upon反对 ignite one's enthusiasm点燃热情 swarm into涌入 exert a positive/negative impact on对……有积极/消极影响discriminate against/（in favour of）歧视/偏爱 illustrate sth with sth用……解释……strengthen basic and public construction加强公共基础建设 google the Internet上网搜索 deliver emails发邮件 undertake correspondent obligation承担相应义务function in the disservice of对……有害 foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses扬长避短 连词 Ironically讽刺地说 Unquestionably毋庸置疑 on most occasions大多情况下 Specifically speaking具体地说 Conspicuously显然 as a consequence of由于……（不好）Confronted with sth(问题)面临...... In my perspective在我看来 whereas/howbeit=however as an illustration作为例子 in that＝because principally最重要地 be the occasion of引起 futhermore/moreover/additionally另外,此外,而且 in consequence/consequently结果（不好）（be）in contradiction of与……矛盾 in the foreseeable future在可预见的将来 Albeit/notwithstanding虽然,即使
东师高级英语写作17春在线作业2-3
东师高级英语写作17春在线作业2 一、单选题 1、D 2、C 3、D 4、B 5、A 一、单选题（共 25 道试题，共 100 分。）V 1. George went house-hunting for a week but still he didn’t find a room ____. A. to live B. to be living C. for living D. to live in 正确答案：D 2. They daren’t ask for they are afraid _____. A. of laughing at B. to be laughed C. of being laughed at D. have been treated 正确答案：C 3. The main road through the city was blocked for three hours today after an accident__ two buses . A. containing B. connecting C. including D. involving 正确答案：D 4. We ___ on it for many hours but we have not yet reach any conclusion. A. work B. have been work C. have work D. are working 正确答案：B 5. Many new ____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A. opportunities B. realities C. necessities D. probabilities 正确答案：A 6. I am confident of his ___ to get work by himself. A. ability B. talent C. genius D. originality 正确答案：A 7. While I am on holiday, ring me at my hotel only if there are any ___ message
大学英语作文30篇
1. Earthquake A severe earthquake occurred all of a sudden at 10 a.m yesterday in a rurai erea , about 200 kilometers east of the city . Initial reports coming out of the region indicate the earthquake has coused widespread damage and heavy causualties .Many adolescents were among those injured or killed . Yet it remains obscure exactly how many people were hurt and killed as the entire area has been enveloped in rubble . However , one thing is certain : many of the survivors may face years of pain and suffering . Local people were clearly shaken by this remainder of their mortality . Some religious ones have gatheered to pray that it will never recar . 2. Human and Nature When talking about human and nature , first , I alwafs think the nature give our human veary much —— foods、water、sunshine、warmth or something . We have enough space , and we are enjoying the favor of the nature every now and then . But sometimes , nature is cruel to us , and our human is powerless . For example , earthquake、flood、drought、and so on . 3. Dreams As I was growing up , my dream was always changing . In my childhold , my dream bbecome a policeman in future , So that I could cath the thief and criminal . However , by jonior middle school , my dream was to a People’s Liberation Army man in future . This dream was not changed until I college and I konwn it was don’t prealize . At the university , I attended the national flag guard . We raise flag in morning and flay down at night every day .Where I was deeply in love with militry life . Tody , I have a new dream . I hope to find a good job after graduate or will creat my own career . Then I consider my marriage . In order to be able to find a good job after graduate , I’m going to learn professonal knoledge now . 4. Green Consumption The conception of green consumption has gradually become popular in China . More and more green foods make their appearance on the market and more people become conscious of environmental protection . However , there still exist quite a few difficulties in the further promotion of this gerrn consumption . On the one hand , many people are still not quite clear of the advantages of green foods . On the other one hand , driven by high profits , make fake green foods are found in the m arket . Moreover , many consumers don’t want to pay extra money for the green foods . There maybe several ways to solve these problems . Firstly , the government should supervise the good quality strictly to protect the conssumers’ benfit . Secondly , th e conception of green consumption should be futher promoted and emphasized . Thirdly , the government should work together with the manufacture to make the price more reasonable .
大学英语作文高级词汇
作文高级词汇短语 要点 : 四级 120-150 六级 150-180长短句交叉 , 不多次重复 , 高级词汇15 个 被动句 , 插入语 , 定语从句 , 强调 , 名词从句 , 问句 句型 There is no denying the fact that...... 不可否认是 It is undeniable that??毋庸置疑的是?? It is indisputable that......不可争辩是 when it comes to sth,the overwhelming majority of ......说到 sth An increasing / great number of??一个数目增加的?? It is ,therefore,high time that same applicable approaches were implemented by??。 Thus,its competetive edge will be sharpened effectively。适当方法被用，提高竞争力。 sth exert a tremendous fascination on sb某人对某物感兴趣exert positive impact有积极影响 It is no exaggeration to say??说??是毫不夸张的 Recently the issue of the phenomenon of?? has been brought into focus ??问题已成为焦点 As the（ classical） proverb goes,‘’??‘’正如谚语所说 With the rapid growth of ?? , 随着??快速增长 , 名词短语 fresh point/look新论点 / 看法applicable /apposite/appropriate approaches 恰当的方法an empty slogan一个空洞的口号bridge the income/generation gap缩小收入差距 / 代沟 a local point of view狭隘的看法specialized knowledge and skills专业知识与技能sustainable/ rapid development可持续 / 快速发展 Pandora's Box潘多拉的魔盒 international prestige国际地位culture/economic globalization文化 / 经济全球化 vigor and vitality生机与活力macro regulatory and control ability宏观调控能力Ivory Tower象牙塔maintenance of ecological balance保护生态平衡 urban / affuent life城市 / 富足的生活indispensable element 不可或缺的要素 domin/ experiential/rudimentary knowledge 领域 / 经验 / 基础知识 merits and demerits优点和缺点 a double-edged sword双刃剑 动词短语 hatch and breed孕育与培养develop / cultivate/ foster培养 seize the opportunities and rise to the challenges抓住机遇 , 迎接挑战 scrape up/reinfore one's knowledge积累 / 巩固知识differentiate virtue from vice区分善恶 （ be）despised and condemned被蔑视和谴责take sth seriously严肃对待 pay a heavy price 付出代价be virtually impossible 极不可能 focus attention on self-image注重自我形象be proficient in 精通于 reap the benefits of因 / 从??得到好处be conducive to sth有助于 turn a bleed eye on无视sharpen one'competitive edge 提高某人竞争力 be inclined to do想要 , 倾向做contribute directly to 直接有助于 pray in aid of求助于frown on/upon反对ignite one's enthusiasm点燃热情 swarm into涌入exert a positive /negative impact on 对??有积极 / 消极影响discriminate against/ （in favour of）歧视 / 偏爱illustrate sth with sth用??解释??strengthen basic and public construction加强公共基础建设 google the Internet上网搜索deliver emails发邮件 undertake correspondent obligation承担相应义务 function in the disservice of对??有害 foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses扬长避短 连词 Ironically讽刺地说Unquestionably毋庸置疑on most occasions大多情况下 Specifically speaking具体地说Conspicuously显然as a consequence of 由于??（不好）Confronted with sth(问题 ) 面临 ...... In my perspective在我看来whereas/howbeit=however as an illustration作为例子in that＝ because principally最重要地 be the occasion of引起futhermore/moreover/additionally另外, 此外, 而且 in consequence/consequently结果（不好）（ be） in contradiction of与??矛盾
枣庄学院成人教育《高级英语写作》期末考试复习题及参考答案
《高级英语写作》课程复习提纲 一、单选题 1.Fast service and low cost are important in the United States. （A ） A、simple sentence B、compound sentence C、periodic sentence D、complex sentence 2.What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.”?（D ） A、Metaphor B、Personification C、Simile D、Hyperbole 3.What are good manners in one country may not be appropriate in another.（ C ） A、simple sentence B、compound sentence C、complex sentence D、compound-complex sentence 4.A paragraph is a:（ B ） A、long paper of 500 to 750 words B、short paper of 150 to 200 words C、journal D、topic sentence 5.A topic sentence is a(n):（A ） A、opening point B、series of details C、paragraph D、journal 6.An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay.（ B ） A、ignore B、introduce C、develop D、emphasize 7.In an essay that emphasizes_____, a writer tells a story that illustrates or explains some point. （B ） A、description B、narration C、process D、definition 8.In _____, a writer takes a strong position about an issue and defends that position by presenting solid reasons. （ D ） A、exemplification B、exposition C、narration D、argumentation 9.A recipe is an example of a piece of writing that emphasizes _____. （ B ） A、comparison and/or contrast B、process C、narration D、argumentation 10.If you want to write to a friend about a beautiful sunset, you would use writing that emphasizes _____. （ D ） A、division-classification B、definition C、process D、description 11.__________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”.（C ） A、Conciseness B、Appropriateness C、Arbitrariness D、Accuracy 12.A summary is also referred to as a(n) _____.（ C ） A、outline B、report C、abstract D、All of these 13.If your writing is clear, spelled accurately, and uses correct grammar, it will _____.（D ） A、have unity B、have support C、have coherence D、demonstrate effective sentence skills 14.Behind every successful man, there is a woman and behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.（ B ） A、personification B、antithesis C、euphemism D、oxymoron